Social Behaviour

Question 1

cooperative breeding

Answer 1

individuals forgo reproduction to help others raise young

Question 2

3 criteria for Eusociality

Answer 2

1. overlapping generation
2. cooperative breeding
3. division of labour

Question 3

Social Behaviour

Answer 3

ineraction with and responses to other individuals of the same species

Question 4

cooperation

Answer 4

behaviour that benefits all individuals in question

Question 5

Altruism

Answer 5

behaviour increases another individual’s fitness at at a cost to one’s own fitness

Question 6

why would individuals take action that increase fitness of others at their cost

Answer 6

shared direct benefits

if both F have children: cooperation against predator reduces energy cost and potential injury and increase offspring survival but theory doesnt work if one F doesnt have children

Question 7

Moral of Prisoner’s Dilemma

Answer 7

Reciprocity
It does not always pay to be selfish

Question 8

Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma strategy

Answer 8

1. Cooperate on first encounter
2. Copy partner’s last move

Question 9

Kin selection

Answer 9

animal engages in self-sacrificial behaviour that benefits the genetic fitness of its relatives.

Question 10

Alturist vs non-alturist for random individuals

Answer 10

non-alturist

Question 11

alturist vs non-alturist for genetic relative

Answer 11

alturist

Question 12

Hamilton’s Rule
c, b, r

Answer 12

c= cost of alturism to actor
b= benefit of alturism to recipient
r= genetic coeffeciant of relatednnes
br>c

if you increase cost, you have to increase something on the other side

r= what porportion of gnes are likely to be shared/ likelihood that randomly chosen gene in one individual is shared by another

Question 13

parent-offspring

Answer 13

offspring wants to to take more than a parent wants to give
conflict exists when offspring and parents weigh costs and benefits differently

Question 14

B(p)
C(p)

Answer 14

fitness of focial offspring
number of future offspring ‘given up’

we want to maximize benefit-cost

Question 15

offspring (benefits-costs)

Answer 15

• a gene thay causes offspring to demand more resources will increase replication through that offspring but decrease replication through future siblings
• Benefit: more provinsioned resources
• Cost: future sibling given up*
• B(p) - 1/2 C(p)

* resources are given to one child not enough for the others

Question 16

parent (benefit-cost)

Answer 16

b(p)= fitness of focal offspring
c(p)= # of future offspring given up
1/2 B(p) - 1/2 C(p)

Question 17

Cost and Benefit of deserting for parents

Answer 17

Benefits: increased quantity of offspring through remating
Cost: reduced quality of each offspring*

* reduced survival or fecundity

Question 18

if x - y of leaving are z for a, we’d predict that a will be more likely to desert and vice versa

Answer 18

x= benefits, y= costs, z= higher, a= females