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SOCSCI 2nd Quarter > Social and Political Stratification > Flashcards

Social and Political Stratification Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the division of large social groups into smaller groups
based on categories determined by economics.

A

Social stratification

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2
Q

gives rise to inequality in society, as members are
distinguished by their membership in and relation to social groups and categories.

A

Social stratification

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3
Q

the common bases of social stratification

A

-wealth
-property
-access to material
-cultural goods
-access to political power.

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4
Q

Other identifiable bases of social
stratification

A

-race
-gender
-religion

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5
Q

This
refers to the process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the
wider circles of society

A

social exclusion

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6
Q

Systems of Stratification

A

Closed system
Open system

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7
Q

impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who
belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy.

A

Closed system and open system

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8
Q

is based
on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility, and better interaction among
social groups and classes.

A

Open systems

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9
Q

impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who
belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy. This system is also resistant to
change, particularly in the social roles of its members.

A

Closed systems

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9
Q

promote belief in fate, destiny, and the will of a higher spiritual power rather
than the promotion of individual freedom.

A

Caste systems

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10
Q

A caste system, therefore, promotes ___________________

A

social inequality

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11
Q

are closed stratification systems because people are unable to change
their social standing.

A

Caste systems

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12
Q

In 1948, the __________________________ instituted apartheid, a system of racial segregation which lasted until 1994.
Under this system, the rights and activities of black South Africans were curtailed, and
the rule of white citizens was emphasized.

A

South African
government

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12
Q

is another system of stratification that is determined by personal
effort and merit. Social standing and advancement in this system is
determined by how well a person performs his or her social role.

A

Meritocracy

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13
Q

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

A

-Functionalism,
-Conflict theory
-Symbolic interactionism.

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14
Q

The functionalist perspective examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensuring
its stability and continued function.

A

FUNCTIONALISM

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15
Q

believe that each part or aspect of society
serves an important purpose. They also believe that social stratification is based on the intrinsic
value of social activities or roles.

A

Functionalists

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16
Q

proposed that a social role that has a greater functional purpose will
result in greater reward, and that stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different
types of work.

A

Davis-Moore hypothesis

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17
Q

Who introduced the Davis-Moore hypothesis

A

Kingsley Davis and
Wilbert Moore in 1945

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18
Q

is further defined by the fact that highly
demanding jobs that require more skills to perform can only be
performed by a few, select individuals, Thus, highly skilled and
greatly-rewarded workers, such as doctors and engineers, tend to be
few.

A

stratification (functionalism)

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19
Q

proposed an alternative perspective on the significance of
employment on social stratification. He criticized the Davis-Moore hypothesis and said
that it was unable to consider situations where individuals of little talent or skill are able
to access better opportunities or occupy higher positions in society, citing the example
of media personalities who attain great social status but do not possess traits that would
characterize them as productive citizens.

A

Melvin Tumin (1953)

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20
Q

sees social stratification as
being defined by the lack of opportunities for the less-privileged sectors of society.

A

Melvin Tumin

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21
Q

takes a critical view of social stratification and considers society as benefitting
only a small segment.

A

Conflict theory

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22
Q

believe that stratification perpetuates inequality, and
they draw many of their ideas from the works of Karl Marx.

A

Conflict theorists

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23
Q

believed that social
stratification is influenced by economic forces and that relationships in society are defined by
the factors of production.

A

Karl Marx

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24
Q

He considered society as being divided between two groups

A

Karl Marx

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25
Q

According to Karl Marx, society i divided into two:

A

bourgeoisie or the capitalists

proletariat

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26
Q

own the factors of production such as resources, land, and
businesses

A

bourgeoisie or the capitalists

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27
Q

are the workers that provide the manual labor needed to
produce goods

A

proletariat

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28
Q

The ________________ belongs to the upper classes of society and gained wealth
due to the profits from their businesses.

A

bourgeoisie

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29
Q

The _____________ belongs to the lower
classes, lacks power and influence, and experiences great hardships.

A

proletariat

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30
Q

Karl Marx

A

believed that the
inequality prevalent in societies causes workers to experience alienation, isolation, and great
misery due to their powerless status. The inequalities brought about by social stratification lead
to class conflict.

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31
Q

refrains from looking into the larger structural factors that define social
stratification and contribute to inequality and poverty. Instead, it examines stratification from a
micro-level perspective and attempts to explain how people’s social standing affects their
everyday interactions.

A

Symbolic interactionism

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32
Q

often leads people to
interact with others within their own social class - people who have the same background,
interests, and way of life. Social stratification, therefore, is a system that groups people together.

A

Social Stratification (for symbolic interactionism)

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33
Q

is the ability of individuals or groups to change their positions within a social
stratification system. It also refers to how individuals progress from a lower to a higher social
class, or even how individuals lose their status and occupy a much lower social position in
society.

A

SOCIAL MOBILITY

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34
Q

Two main types of social mobility

A

Upward mobility
Downward mobility

35
Q

refers to an upward movement in
social class.

A

Upward mobility

36
Q

Examples of upward mobility

A

people who have gained wealth and
individuals who rose to fame or power like politicians and celebrities.

37
Q

refers to the lowering of an individual’s social class.

A

Downward mobility

38
Q

When considering how people from different generations experience social mobility, the phenomenon can be classified as

A

intragenerational or
intergenerational mobility

39
Q

refers to the changes in social standing
experienced by individuals belonging to different generations.

A

Intergenerational mobility

40
Q

focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same
generation.

A

Intragenerational mobility

41
Q

Societies are usually characterized by divisions.

A

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

42
Q

__________________ reflect
an unequal distribution of status, wealth, and power within society and
result in individuals and groups occupying different positions of
influence and power.

A

Social divisions

43
Q

may be expressed differently
from society to society but is often seen in distinctions in class,
gender, religion, ethnicity, and age.

A

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

43
Q

are important concepts in understanding social
inequality.

A

Social class and stratification

44
Q

are derived from the inequalities brought about by the
possession and control of resources, as well as access to opportunities for education
and employment.

A

Social classes

44
Q

considered class as an essential characteristic based on
the economic structure of society.

A

Karl Marx

45
Q

defined stratification
through the concept of status which he defined as the esteem or “ocial honor”
given
to certain individuals or groups.

A

Max Weber

46
Q

suggested that class is
influenced by cultural factors such as lifestyle and
consumption patterns.

A

Warner, Meeker, and Eels

47
Q

is usually composed of the rich, well-born, powerful, or a combination of
these.

A

upper class

48
Q

refers to those employed in low-paying wage jobs with very little
economic security.

A

Lower class or working class

48
Q

the most contested
of the three categories-refers a group of people who fall socioeconomically between the
lower and upper classes.

A

middle class

49
Q

They are also sometimes called blue-collar workers.

A

Lower class

50
Q

____________, ___________, and ____________ are also important factors that define social inequality

A

Income, affluence, and poverty

51
Q

Poverty is defined according to three types

A

Absolute poverty
Relative poverty
Subjective poverty

52
Q

refers to the lack of basic
resources like food, clean water, safe housing, and access to health care needed to
maintain a quality lifestyle.

A

Absolute poverty

53
Q

applies to those who may be able to obtain basic necessities but are still
unable to maintain an average standard of living compared to the rest of society.

A

Relative poverty

54
Q

The _______________ specifically defines absolute poverty as living
on less than $1.25 daily.

A

World Bank

55
Q

is a type of poverty that is defined by how an individual evaluates his or
her actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions.

A

Subjective poverty

56
Q

is another important aspect of social inequality. Gender
refers to the culturally imposed characteristics that define masculinity and
femininity.

A

Gender inequality

57
Q

is different from sex, which refers to biological and
anatomical differences that distinguish males from females.

A

Gender

58
Q

is an
unchanging aspect of a person’s identity while gender, being a social
construct, is a fluid concept that changes depending on the mores, norms,
and values espoused by a particular society.

A

Sex

59
Q

is another important concept which refers to how a person identifies himself or herself as belonging to a particular gender.

A

Gender identity

59
Q

is particularly important in determining the gender role of
individuals, which refers to specific tasks and behaviors expected of a person
by virtue of his or her sex.

A

Gender

60
Q

refers to the socially sanctioned and systematic domination of
males over females, and this is expressed in various aspects of society. For
example, men are the traditionally recognized head of the family and when
couples are married, the woman usually takes on the family name of her
husband.

A

Patriarchy

61
Q

________________ stress the notion that gender differences and the sexual division of labor contribute
to social stability and integration.

A

Functionalists

62
Q

explain gender inequality in
terms of social and cultural attitudes. They believe that sexism and discrimination
can be countered by political, social, and economic reforms like giving equal
access to both men and women.

A

Liberal feminists

63
Q

argue that
men are responsible for the exploitation of women through patriarchy. From this
perspective, nothing short of a “sexual revolution”
could transform society and end
gender inequality

A

Radical feminists

64
Q

identifies factors such
as class and ethnicity, in addition to gender, as essential for understanding the
oppression experienced by non-white women.

A

Black feminism

65
Q

is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a particular population, cultural
group, or territorial area.

A

Ethnicity

66
Q

refers to a group of people who share a
common ancestry. It refers to physical or genetic differences among humankind that
distinguish one group of people from another such as skin and hair color, physique,
and facial features.

A

Race

67
Q

is a scientifically and politicallv controversial term.
Scientific evidence suggests that there is no such thing as
“race” in the sense of a
species-type difference between people. T

A

Race

68
Q

refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior
treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or
ethnic group.

A

Racism

68
Q

involves holding
“stereotypes”
or preconceived views that are often based on faulty generalizations about members
of a race or particular ethnic or other groups

A

Prejudice

69
Q

_______________ and _____________ are psychological mechanisms
associated with prejudice and discrimination.

A

Displacement and scapegoating

70
Q

also manifests as close-mindedness or an inflexible way of thinking regarding certain ideas and beliefs in
society

A

Prejudice

71
Q

refers to actions or behavior of members of a dominant
social group that negatively impacts other members of society that do not belong to
the dominant group.

A

Discrimination,

72
Q

Other groups that may be considered belonging to the minority include

A

-persons with disabilities (WDs)
-the elderly, certain religious groups
-communities living in isolated areas.

72
Q

A prominent example of this fact is the armed conflict in
Mindanao where Muslim groups are fighting for their right to have more autonomy or
establish a ________________ or a ______________

A

Bangsamoro or a Moro state

73
Q

Certain
religious groups have to deal with being subjected to stigma or isolation because
other members of society perceive their beliefs and behavior as
___________ and __________

A

“peculiar” or “dangerous.”

74
Q

is not limited to fringe beliefs of so-called
sects.

A

Religious discrimination

75
Q

refers to the unequal distribution of
wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, highlighting patterns of social
inequality and resulting.

A

Global stratification

76
Q

This theory believes that
poverty can be eliminated by overcoming or adjusting cultural values like negative
attitudes regarding work, limiting government intervention in economic affairs, and
encouraging high rates of savings and investment.

A

Market-oriented
theories such as modernization theory

77
Q

The world-systems theory, meanwhile, focuses on the relationship
among the _______, __________, and ____________
countries in the global economy.

A

core
peripheral
semiperipheral

78
Q

involves the categorization of large social groups based on their
control over basic resources. It therefore involves structural inequality associated
with membership in each of these social categories or groups.

A

Social stratification

79
Q

where there is movement and interaction between the layers

A

Open Social Stratification System

79
Q

where there is little change in social
position

A

Closed Social Stratification System

SOCSCI 2nd Quarter (5 decks)

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