Social and emotional development: L12

Question 1

define self concept

Answer 1

a conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about one’s self
-> physical being, social characteristics and internal characteristics

Question 2

“I” self definition

Answer 2

self as knower, actor; inner life not accessible to others

Question 3

“me” self definition (3)

Answer 3

object of evaluation

1. material - what is mine
2. social - you have as many social selves as people who know you
3. spiritual - enduring and intimate part of self

Question 4

what purpose does self concept serve?

Markus & Nurius

Answer 4

essential for regulation of ALL behaviour

1. lense for interpreting stimuli
2. self expectations, goals, guide behaviour

Desire Action Belief

Question 5

how does self concept develop over time?

Answer 5

• thoughts and attitudes about self

- complexities of the “material”, “social” and “spiritual” selves

Question 6

self concept over time:

1. toddlerhood
2. early childhood
3. middle childhood
4. early adolescence

Answer 6

1. 1-2 y/o, pronouns & body control
2. 3-5 y/o, unrealistic abilities (i can fly)
3. 6-9 y/o, comparing oneself socially
4. conflicting descriptors (im shy in this setting but loud in a different setting)

Question 7

define identity

Answer 7

a description of self often externally imposed e.g. through a membership/group

-> a person sense of who they are, where and how they belong, values and directions they wish to pursue

Question 8

identity vs identity confusion

1. how does identity develop
2. how is it achieved

Answer 8

1. across different domains

2. exploration + commitment

Question 9

name 4 status in identity formation

Answer 9

1. identity diffusion
2. moratorium
3. foreclosure
4. identity achievement

Question 10

define identity diffusion

-> symptoms

Answer 10

• not exploring, not committing
• not ideal for long term
• early adolescence
• > depression, risky behaviour, apathy

Question 11

define moratorium

-> symptoms

Answer 11

• exploring, not committing
• necessary for exploring alternatives
• overwhelming
• not always possible (money)
• > positive self esteem, critical thinking

Question 12

define foreclosure

-> symptoms

Answer 12

• not exploring, committing
• typically accepted in cultures & families
• > intolerance, inflexibility, difference of opinion as a threat

Question 13

define identity achievement

-> symptoms

Answer 13

• exploring, committing
• rewarding, difficult to achieve, not permanent
• > positive self-esteem, critical thinking, advanced moral reasoning

Question 14

define ethical identity (2)

Answer 14

1. sense of belonging to an ethnic group

2. the degree to which a person associates their thinking, feelings, perceptions & behaviour to the group

Question 15

“phases” of ethnic identity (4)

-> are these linear or sequential progression?

Answer 15

1. diffusion
2. moratorium
3. foreclosure
4. achievement

-> neither, they are interchangeable and people can move freely between

Question 16

ethnic identity: diffusion

Answer 16

• not explored ethnic identity

- not committed

Question 17

ethnic identity: moratorium

Answer 17

• exploration of ethnic group (or other ethnic groups)

- not committed

Question 18

ethnic identity: foreclosure

Answer 18

• not explored ethnic identity but strongly committed

Question 19

ethnic identity: achievement

Answer 19

• exploration of ethnic group (or others)

- conscious commitment

Question 20

What helps the development of cultural identity?

Answer 20

• living in a multicultural place

- living in a minority culture encourages thought about cultural identity more

Question 21

How does ethnic identity relate to self-esteem?

Answer 21

-positively related (self esteem can be increased by strengthening ethnic identity)

Question 22

immigrant youth: acculturation, identity and adaptation

4

Answer 22

1. separation ethnic: high ethnic, low national
2. marginalisation diffuse: low ethnic, low national
3. integration achieved: high both national & ethnic
4. assimilation national: high national, low ethnic

Question 23

immigrant youth: best group for psychological & social adaptation Study: Berry (2006)

Answer 23

5,300 partic (13-18)
13 countries
ethnic id questionnaire

separation ethnic = ^ psych, low social
integration achieved = ^ psych & social
marginalisation diffuse = low psych & social
Assimilation national= low psych, - social

= integration

-> provide ways to strengthen ethnic AND national identity