Development within the family: L15

Question 1

the family as a dynamic system

Answer 1

• parts of the system are also their own systems

- change to one part changes the relationships between the parts + entire system

Question 2

dynamic system model of family resilience

Answer 2

• > distressful event occurs

- event triggers change in relationships

Question 3

family resilience, how do families strengthen in the face of a distressful event? (3)

Answer 3

1. family belief system
2. family structure/ organisation
3. communication

Question 4

1. belief system

Answer 4

• making meaning of event
• hopeful outlook
• transcendence

Question 5

2. family organisation

Answer 5

• flexible structure (share roles)
• connectedness
• external support

Question 6

3. communication

Answer 6

• clear information about event
• emotional sharing
• collaborative problem solving

Question 7

family matters most for development

Answer 7

look at birth order

Question 8

Peers matter most for development

Answer 8

look at peer network, amount of time spent with peers compared to family

Question 9

4 types of parent-attachment

Answer 9

1. secure
2. insecure resistant
3. insecure avoidant
4. disorganised

Question 10

what is parent-child attachment?

Answer 10

emotional bond enduring across time and contexts

Question 11

parental-attachment serves 3 purposes

Answer 11

1. security (confidence to explore)
2. survival (food)
3. co-regulation (of emotions)

Question 12

influence of parent-child attachment on child’s development:
1. pre-attachment

Answer 12

0-6weeks

child = innate signals 
caregiver = responds to innate signals, comforts

Question 13

2. attachment in the making

Answer 13

6w -8m

child = shows preference for familiar people 
adult = responds to infant's needs, builds trust

Question 14

3. clear-cut attachment

Answer 14

8. • 1.5y

child = actively seeks caregiver contact 
caregiver = secure base, facilitate exploration

Question 15

4. reciprocal relationships

Answer 15

1.5 y +

child = recognises caregivers feelings 
caregiver = mutual regulation, working partnership

Question 16

child-care and family predictors of attachment study

1. info
2. results

Answer 16

1. 1140 us families, data collected at 15 & 36 months

2. no direct relationship between the quality of child-care & attachment

Question 17

What did affected attachment in the study?

Answer 17

1. quality of relationship between mother and child
2. low SES &/or low maternal sensitivity = insecure attachment
3. low SES / maternal sensitivity + low quality of childcare = insecure attachment
4. when high SES/ maternal sensitivity there was no effect on quality of childcare

Question 18

the effects of attachment on social development:

Answer 18

• vary in continuity and changes for different children depending on mental health, personality
• mediated by child’s interpretation of the relationship
• better explained by parent-child discourse (child’s world is construct from what they are taught by parents)

Question 19

Attachment on development conclusions

Answer 19

• probably doesn’t have a strong influence. insecure attachment doesn’t = negative consequences in the child’s future
• attachment is a reciprocal relationship between 2 people who are constantly changing

Question 20

infant attachment and the onset of puberty study

1. info
2. results

Answer 20

1. 363 females, data collected from 15m - 15 years
2. link between attachment and physical development
   -> secure & insecure attachment at 15m had different patterns of pubertal onset
   insecure = onset earlier
   secure = onset later
   (not definitive, didn’t occur in all children)

Question 21

Parent-infant attachment is influenced by

Answer 21

1. family dynamics
2. family circumstances
3. caregivers characteristics

Question 22

parent-child attachment has implications for

Answer 22

1. social development
2. psychological development
3. physical development

Question 23

siblings and development: conflict & rivalry

1. typical
2. problematic

Answer 23

1. normal, frequent, important for learning conflict resolution, mental state talk (parents -> children)
2. no conflict resolution, parents have marital conflict, parents are uninvolved, older sibling aggression

Question 24

siblings and development:
coalition 
1. older siblings help
2. younger siblings help
3. both help

Answer 24

1. socio-cognitive capacity, protection, teaching
2. reciprocate behaviour, offer trust and respect
3. prosocial behaviour, dealing with parents/other children