Social And Economic Significance Flashcards
1
Q
What has digitizing the real world inspired?
A
It has inspired a wave of innovation and created a vision of a different future for people, businesses, and governments.
2
Q
What capability does the Internet of Things (IoT) have in businesses and industries?
A
IoT can transform and digitize businesses, automate industry processes, and make certain areas autonomous.
3
Q
What technologies will help capture the full potential of IoT?
A
Powerful and low-cost connectivity and data analytics technologies will capture the full potential of IoT.
4
Q
What are some areas where IoT can improve the quality of life?
A
IoT can improve quality of life in healthcare, safety, shopping experiences, transportation, and education.
5
Q
How do connected devices benefit businesses?
A
They create new revenue models, enhance productivity, monitor and track assets, and improve machine performance.
6
Q
How can governments improve services and reduce costs using IoT?
A
Through smart city initiatives, IoT helps governments deliver better services and reduce costs.
7
Q
What are some examples of IoT applications in agriculture?
A
Crop field monitoring, irrigation automatization, and cattle management systems are examples of IoT in agriculture.
8
Q
What is the estimated yearly economic impact of IoT by 2025?
A
McKinsey Global Institute estimates the yearly economic impact of IoT applications could exceed $3.9 trillion.
9
Q
What other economic impact is expected from IoT besides growth?
A
Cost savings are also expected as part of the economic impact.
10
Q
How will IoT impact job opportunities?
A
IoT will generate millions of job opportunities in various social and industrial segments.
11
Q
How can IoT disrupt consumer interactions with retailers and products?
A
By automating household chores, providing control over appliances, and offering personalized in-store and online experiences.
12
Q
What is the estimated economic impact of household IoT applications by 2025?
A
Household IoT applications are estimated to generate more than $350 billion in economic impact by 2025.
13
Q
How much can IoT reduce the time required for household chores?
A
IoT can reduce household chore time by 17 percent.
14
Q
What is an example of a smart IoT appliance in the household?
A
A smart refrigerator that tracks groceries, shops, and monitors delivery.
15
Q
How can IoT help retail managers dynamically manage in-store shelves?
A
By analyzing data from sensors, retail managers can adjust rental fees for shelves based on demand and usage.
16
Q
How can beacons assist customers in a retail store?
A
Beacons can guide customers and provide personalized recommendations based on their profiles and purchase history.
17
Q
What condition should innovative IoT services in retail follow?
A
They must not violate customer privacy.
18
Q
How can IoT improve supply chain processes?
A
By connecting inventory, vehicles, and distribution centers to the internet, IoT can identify and fix bottlenecks to enhance efficiency.
19
Q
What types of data help supply chains become more responsive and prepared for changes?
A
Data from consumer behavior, social media, Google searches, and marketplace trends.
20
Q
How do smart shelves enhance retail operations?
A
Smart shelves use RFID tags and sensors to detect misplaced items, prevent theft, and notify staff about restocking.
21
Q
What is automated checkout, and how can it impact the retail industry by 2025?
A
Automated checkout scans and processes payments via mobile apps, reducing cashier staff requirements by 75 percent and potentially saving $150—$380 billion.
22
Q
How can in-store layout optimization benefit retailers?
A
IoT sensors track shopper behavior, enabling retailers to optimize store layouts, potentially increasing productivity by five percent and resulting in an economic impact of $79—$158 billion by 2025.
23
Q
What are the benefits of smart signage in retail stores?
A
Smart signage provides dynamic promotions and real-time, location-based advertising, enhancing the customer experience.
24
Q
How can IoT be used for personalized discounts?
A
IoT sensors track customers’ behavior and offer personalized discounts through mobile apps when they enter a venue.
25
What role do IoT sensors play in supply chain management?
They monitor conditions like temperature, humidity, and location, ensuring higher quality and faster delivery of products.
26
What is the potential economic impact of smart inventory systems by 2025?
Smart inventory systems could have an annual economic impact of $5—$15 billion by automating reordering and replenishment.
27
How can IoT improve customer satisfaction in retail?
IoT sensors monitor customer behavior, gather feedback, and provide insights to enhance both online and in-person shopping experiences.
28
What data sources can retailers use to improve in-store engagement and customer targeting?
Data from video cameras, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi beacons, motion sensors, social media, and external sources can be used to optimize store layout, product positioning, and marketing campaigns.
29
What is Industry 1.0, and when did it occur?
Industry 1.0 refers to the first industrial revolution when steam power was applied to mechanical production in the late eighteenth century.
30
What characterized Industry 2.0, and when did it take place?
Industry 2.0 occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and was marked by the use of electric power to enable mass production.
31
When did Industry 3.0 begin, and what was its main development?
Industry 3.0 began in the early 1970s with the emergence of computers and IT networks, leading to the automation of industrial operations.
32
What is considered the main driver of Industry 4.0?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered the main driver of Industry 4.0, as noted by the World Economic Forum in 2016.
33
How do intelligent machines in Industry 4.0 operate?
Intelligent machines equipped with smart sensors communicate with each other, predict failures, and have self-healing features to minimize human intervention.
34
What is the role of smart sensors in Industry 4.0?
Smart sensors allow machines to communicate, make intelligent decisions, and enhance efficiency in connected factories.
35
What is the key feature of connected factories in Industry 4.0?
Connected factories can make intelligent decisions, predict failures, and reduce the need for human intervention with self-healing machines.
36
Who identified IoT as the main driver of the Fourth Industrial Revolution?
The World Economic Forum identified IoT as the main driver of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2016
37
What are the main issues with traditional, disconnected industrial enterprises?
There is little visibility into operations, leading to inefficiencies and safety issues due to different components like plant floors, suppliers, and front offices operating in independent silos.
38
How does the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) improve operational productivity and reliability in factories?
IIoT enhances productivity and reliability by interconnecting smart sensors, actuators, and robots with industrial control systems like Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs), SCADA, and PLCs.
39
What technologies are used in IIoT to provide real-time diagnostic data?
Smart sensors, IP-enabled machines, cameras, and robots transmit real-time diagnostic and informational data.
40
How do machine-to-human connections benefit operators in smart factories?
They provide real-time sensor data directly to operators, eliminating the need to move between the plant floor and central control room, allowing immediate decisions to be made.
41
What is predictive maintenance, and how does IIoT enable it?
Predictive maintenance uses IoT-enabled devices to predict when maintenance is required. For example, Kaeser's IoT-enabled air compressors can predict maintenance needs.
42
What role do Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS) and RFID tags play in smart factories?
RTLS with RFID tags help communicate the status and location of items on assembly lines, allowing operators to identify bottlenecks and take immediate action.
43
What are the benefits of IIoT for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)?
IIoT improves products by making them smart, enhances customer service through dealer integration, accelerates product development, optimizes operations, and improves management efficiency.
44
What is the primary purpose of deploying IIoT technology in large corporations?
The primary purpose is to increase productivity.
45
What is a major barrier to the adoption of IIoT technology in industries?
Cybersecurity threats are a major barrier, as manufacturers fear losing vital business data to competitors.
46
How does IIoT improve product development for SMEs?
IIoT reduces the time needed to develop an idea and introduce it to the market by improving engineering processes.
47
Has industrial technologies and advancements transformed people’s lives?
Yes, they have improved people's lives over the past few decades.
48
What role do IoT-enabled devices play in a connected world?
IoT-enabled devices sense the environment and transmit information to advanced data analysis tools.
49
What challenges can be addressed using innovative IoT approaches?
Challenges like climate change, air pollution, safety, and healthcare issues can be addressed.
50
What is the impact of IoT on human welfare?
IoT introduces innovative approaches that improve human welfare by addressing various societal challenges.
51
How does deploying IoT technologies impact people’s quality of life?
IoT improves people's quality of life at home, work, and on the go by introducing smarter, more efficient technologies.
52
What role does artificial intelligence play in IoT-connected "things"?
AI enhances connected devices, making them more efficient and able to improve various aspects of life.
53
How can IoT technologies improve urban life in smart cities?
IoT technologies make urban life more attractive, safe, and convenient by supporting infrastructure with smart solutions like street lighting, waste management, traffic control, and public transportation.
54
What are some examples of IoT-enabled services in smart cities? (9)
Smart street lighting, energy-efficient buildings, smart waste management, smart traffic control, public transportation, smart parking meters, smart irrigation, and air pollution monitoring systems.
55
How do IoT services in smart cities help improve traffic and the environment?
IoT services reduce traffic jams, improve air and water quality, and optimize energy use.
56
What key elements of smart city services can ICT providers support?
ICT providers can support smart infrastructure like public transportation, traffic control, energy systems, and environmental monitoring.
57
Who facilitates smart city services?
ICT providers, such as mobile network operators, facilitate smart city services.
58
What stakeholders collaborate to provide smart city services?
Stakeholders include the government, citizens, industry, and scientific centers.
59
Which city is an example of a smart city where IoT initiatives have been deployed?
The city of Yinchuan, China
60
What types of infrastructure are installed in many cities for smart city initiatives?
City-wide sensors and infrastructure for various IoT purposes.
61
What role do mobile network operators play in smart cities?
They help facilitate the delivery of IoT-enabled smart city services.
62
What is the importance of collaboration in smart city development?
Collaboration between government, citizens, industry, and scientific centers is essential for successful smart city services.
63
How can IoT-enabled sensors improve environmental health in big cities?
IoT sensors monitor air and water quality and alert citizens when pollution reaches dangerous levels.
64
How can analyzing sensor data help address pollution issues?
Advanced machine learning algorithms can identify the source of pollution from the data collected by IoT sensors.
65
What example demonstrates the use of IoT for air quality monitoring in London, UK?
Drayson Technologies has installed environmental monitoring sensors on vehicles and bicycles in London, creating a real-time heat map of the city's air quality.
66
How did Aclima contribute to environmental monitoring in Oakland, California?
Aclima partnered with Google to equip Google Street View cars with environmental sensors, creating an air pollution map of the city.
67
How does IoT improve agriculture practices?
IoT technology, such as soil sensors and drone imagery, reduces water and fertilizer consumption by up to 40% and enhances product quality.
68
What are the benefits of continuously monitoring agricultural products using IoT?
It minimizes crop loss, boosts productivity, and facilitates better operations management by providing farmers with market data.
69
What health-related applications do smart wearables provide?
They collect and analyze health data like heart rate, pulse, and blood pressure; monitor daily activities; and track patients.
70
How is IoT technology used to address COVID-19 outbreaks?
IoT sensors and cameras are used to measure temperatures, detect face masks, and track infected patients.
71
What IoT technology example is used for early breast cancer diagnosis?
Sensors embedded in breast patches monitor temperature changes in breast tissue, helping detect early-stage breast cancer.
72
What are some potential security and privacy challenges associated with IoT?
IoT devices are vulnerable to security threats like attacks on traffic lights or pacemakers, and there are concerns about personal information being shared without authorization.
73
Why are people concerned about the electromagnetic safety of IoT devices?
Some worry about the effects of radio frequency (RF) radiation on mental and physical health, especially in places like smart schools and apartment buildings.
74
What is the suggested approach to addressing people's concerns about IoT risks?
People should be educated about IoT's potential risks and benefits, making it clear that the advantages far outweigh the risks, which can be mitigated.
75
What is the overall conclusion about the risks and benefits of IoT?
The benefits of IoT far outweigh the potential risks, and it may be more costly not to adopt IoT technology.
76
What should businesses do to stay competitive in the face of IoT technology?
Businesses need to pay special attention to deploying IoT to remain agile and avoid falling behind competitors.
77
What is the estimated global business spending on IoT in 2022?
It is estimated to exceed $1.2 trillion for IoT hardware, software, services, and connectivity.
78
What are some potential benefits of implementing IoT in businesses?
IoT can create new revenue streams and transform operational models.
79
What security measures should businesses consider when deploying IoT?
Businesses must take proper security measures and educate staff about potential security and privacy issues arising from IoT use.
80
How can IoT support employee well-being in organizations?
IoT can improve health and fitness, support well-being, and strengthen employee morale through the use of wearables.
81
In what way can IoT assist recruiters in finding talent?
IoT can help recruiters find capable employees through psychometric assessment methods or gamification.
82
What is a significant risk for businesses that do not adopt IoT technology?
The risk of falling behind competitors who are using IoT solutions is high.
83
What do businesses need to invest in due to the large amount of data generated by smart devices?
Businesses need to invest in their computing and cloud storage capabilities and enhance their big data analysis tools.
84
Why is there an enhanced need for security in the context of IoT and data?
Data is considered the currency of the future and needs protection from cybersecurity breaches, but there is a shortage of cybersecurity professionals.
85
What challenges do organizations face regarding cybersecurity professionals?
There is a lack of cybersecurity experts compared to the demand, necessitating organizations to train specialized staff for security purposes.
86
How can wearables transform the office environment?
Wearables can empower employees with mixed reality, improve safety by monitoring environmental parameters and health signals, and enhance teamwork through virtual collaboration.
87
What technologies do Microsoft’s HoloLens smart glasses utilize?
HoloLens uses advanced optics, IoT sensors, depth cameras, video and RGB cameras, gazing and gesture sensors, and holographic technology.
88
How do wearables enhance teamwork in remote office settings?
Wearables enable the creation of virtual offices using augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), facilitating effective collaboration among employees in different locations.
89
What are some environmental parameters that wearables can monitor to improve employee safety?
Wearables can constantly monitor environmental parameters such as air quality, temperature, and individual health signals.
90
Where does data reside in traditional IT networks?
In traditional IT networks, data reside in physically secure infrastructure and on dedicated servers of enterprises.
91
What challenges do scalable IoT initiatives face regarding data collection?
Scalable IoT initiatives require collecting massive amounts of data from a wide range of sensors that are exposed to the real world.
92
How is data processed and stored in IoT systems?
Data in IoT systems are processed at the edge of the network, stored in clouds and distributed databases, and analyzed using big data tools and technologies.
93
Why could the impact of a security breach in IoT be more significant than in traditional IT networks?
The impact could be more significant due to the scale and diversity of IoT devices, communication media, protocols, platforms, and software applications.
94
What are the potential consequences of a breach or misuse of IoT data?
A breach or misuse of IoT data can have devastating and negative impacts on individuals, organizations, critical infrastructures, and social sectors.
95
What is crucial to deploy to protect data in IoT systems?
It is crucial to deploy a scalable and robust security mechanism to protect data throughout its lifecycle—from collection to processing, storage, and analysis.
96
What does end-to-end security entail in IoT system design?
End-to-end security involves considering and addressing security throughout the entire device lifecycle, from initial design to the operational environment.
97
What are the security measures needed at each layer of an end-to-end IoT solution?
The required security measures at each layer include protecting data during collection, processing, storage, analysis, and sharing with other applications and entities.
98
What is a key security measure for IoT hardware in the Things Layer?
It is important to physically protect the IoT hardware and make it tamper-proof.
99
What must happen before an IoT device can connect to the network?
Devices must be authenticated and authorized before being connected to the network.
100
What techniques can be used to assign proper access permissions to IoT devices?
Techniques include biometrics, grid codes, one-time passwords (OTPs), and security tokens.
101
What is the primary focus of security in the Communication Layer?
The primary focus is to ensure that data transmitted in the communication medium is encrypted end-to-end.
102
Why is encryption important in the Communication Layer?
Encryption ensures that information cannot be altered or accessed by unauthorized users while in transit or stored in memories.
103
What are two types of data encryption techniques mentioned?
The two types are private-key cryptography (symmetric) and public key cryptography (asymmetric).
104
What is a key concern regarding data privacy in the Cloud Services Layer?
The privacy of data stored in databases should be carefully managed and protected.
105
What must be done to avoid unauthorized access to layer four data (Application Layer)?
Users (people and applications) requesting access must be identified to avoid unauthorized access.
106
Why are IoT systems more vulnerable to security risks compared to traditional IT networks?
IoT systems are more vulnerable due to several factors, including mobility, limited device capabilities, and heterogeneous technologies.
107
What characteristic of most IoT sensors contributes to their vulnerability?
Most IoT sensors are highly mobile, dynamic, and have no defined perimeter.
108
What limitations do inexpensive and simple IoT devices have regarding security mechanisms?
They may lack the complex capabilities to easily deploy existing security mechanisms like authentication and end-to-end encryption.
109
What is a potential consequence of protecting the core IoT network with sophisticated security techniques?
It may result in network congestion, making the network vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks.
110
Why can IoT devices be considered heterogeneous in terms of security?
They have diverse security requirements due to different communication technologies, application protocols, and platforms.
111
What issue arises from some IoT devices not being Internet Protocol (IP)-enabled?
They cannot connect to the internet, limiting their functionality and integration.
112
How does exposure to the real world impact the security of IoT devices?
IoT devices can be exposed to physical threats and may not be physically protected.
113
What is a concern regarding the management of IoT objects by third parties?
IoT objects can be controlled and managed by third parties, raising potential security and privacy issues.
114
What types of personal information can be inferred from IoT metadata collected by wearables?
IoT metadata can infer individuals' activity, personal interests, location, habits, and preferences.
115
Why is it crucial to protect IoT data at rest, in transit, and during access?
It is essential to ensure individuals' identities are not compromised and that only authorized users and applications have access to the data.
116
What might deter individuals from adopting connected cars?
Concerns about which third parties have access to their location, driving habits, and other information could deter individuals.
117
Why is data protection important for businesses in IoT?
IoT data can reveal sensitive information about profit margins, supply chain sources, and staff, making data protection essential.
118
What measures should IoT systems implement to protect data?
IoT systems should implement access control techniques to authenticate users and applications to determine who has the right to access the data.
119
How have cyber security threats evolved over the years?
Cyber security threats have become more advanced, dynamic, and sophisticated, requiring more robust and customized data protection techniques.
120
Why is a static, “one-size-fits-all” approach to security ineffective in IoT?
Due to the complexity and diversity of IoT systems, different solutions require tailored security and privacy techniques to address specific risks.
121
What is a crucial security consideration for healthcare IoT solutions?
Medical devices and wearables must be authorized and authenticated carefully, even if the process takes longer.
122
In vehicle-to-vehicle IoT systems, why is fast authentication important?
Fast authentication is critical for supporting real-time responses in scenarios requiring immediate action, such as collision avoidance.
123
What factors need to be balanced when deploying security measures in IoT devices?
There should be a careful trade-off between security measures, cost, energy consumption, and response time.
124
What is a specific challenge for a drone operating over a smart farm regarding authentication?
The drone needs to save energy and cannot afford long wait times for sensors to be authenticated and generate encryption keys.
125
How can energy consumption be minimized in the authentication process for IoT devices?
Security techniques can be designed so that sensors begin generating encryption keys while the drone is approaching, minimizing delays.
126
What expertise is needed for the optimal use of IoT hardware in security deployment?
Expertise and careful analysis of the IoT solution, along with its security and privacy requirements, are essential for optimal deployment.
127
How is the data surface expanded in IoT systems?
The data surface is expanded from the cloud to IoT gateways and aggregation nodes at the fog level, and sensors/actuators at the edge of the IoT network.
128
What is the role of edge processing in IoT systems?
Edge processing typically handles the most time-sensitive data to ensure quick responses and minimize latency.
129
Where is less time-sensitive data processed in IoT systems?
Less time-sensitive data is passed to the cloud for big data analytics and long-term storage.
130
What are the three levels of data management in IoT systems?
The three levels are the edge, fog, and cloud.
131
What does it mean for data to be at rest?
Data is at rest when it is stored in databases and not actively being transmitted or processed.
132
What does it mean for data to be in transit?
Data in transit refers to data that is actively being transmitted across communication mediums between the edge, fog, and cloud levels.
133
Why is it important to manage data effectively across the IoT stack?
Effective data management is crucial for optimizing processing speed, ensuring timely responses, and utilizing cloud resources efficiently for analytics and storage.
134
What types of data might be processed at the fog level?
The fog level may handle intermediate data that requires a balance between immediate processing needs and longer-term analytics.
135
Why is combining data from various sensors valuable?
Combining data from various sensors enhances its overall value, allowing for more comprehensive insights and analysis.
136
What are the cybersecurity and privacy threats associated with IoT data?
The combination of data from different sensors increases vulnerability to unauthorized access and potential misuse, posing cybersecurity and privacy threats.
137
What are the four key requirements for protecting sensitive IoT data?
The four key requirements are confidentiality, integrity, availability, and trustworthiness.
138
What does confidentiality ensure in IoT data protection?
Confidentiality ensures that unauthorized users are denied access to sensitive data, often through cryptographic techniques.
139
Why might cryptographic techniques pose challenges for IoT devices?
Cryptographic techniques require high computing capabilities, which may not be available in simple, inexpensive IoT devices.
140
How is data integrity maintained in IoT systems?
Data integrity is maintained through access control techniques that ensure only authorized users can modify the data.
141
What does availability mean in the context of IoT data?
Availability assures authorized users that the data will be accessible whenever they need it.
142
What does trustworthiness involve regarding IoT data?
Trustworthiness ensures that data is up-to-date, free from errors, and originates from reputable sources, utilizing data quality techniques, provenance methods, and reputation assessment techniques.
143
What are some concerns regarding data processing in IoT systems?
Concerns include transparency about how data is processed, potential loss of control over data, and challenges in obtaining consent from individuals and companies for various data uses.
144
What impact might lack of transparency have on IoT services?
A lack of transparency and granularity may lead users to refuse to consent to certain data processing aspects, which could result in the rejection of the entire IoT service.
145
How does IoT improve shopping experiences for consumers and retailers?
IoT makes shopping more efficient and productive by enhancing convenience for consumers and enabling retailers to better manage their stores and gain insights into customer behaviors.
146
What are some benefits of smart cities powered by IoT technologies?
Smart cities improve the quality of life by effectively controlling traffic, managing streetlights, monitoring the environment, and optimizing waste and snow removal.
147
How do wearables and medical IoT devices contribute to individual well-being?
These devices constantly monitor vital health signals such as heart rate, pulse, and blood pressure, thereby helping to improve individuals’ health and well-being.
148
In what ways do IoT sensors benefit smart farms?
IoT sensors monitor soil conditions, manage irrigation, and track agricultural products, which helps save water and reduce waste.
149
What implications does IoT have for businesses and enterprises?
IoT enables businesses to create new revenue streams and transform their operational models, enhancing overall efficiency.
150
What are some challenges associated with the application of IoT in everyday life?
Challenges include data security and privacy concerns, as breaches or misuse of IoT data can have significant negative impacts on individuals, businesses, and communities.
151
Why is it crucial for people and businesses to feel assured about their IoT data?
It is essential for individuals and businesses to trust that their IoT data are protected against cybersecurity attacks and not shared with unauthorized users or applications.
152
What potential consequences might arise from breaches or misuse of IoT data?
Such breaches could lead to significant negative impacts on individuals, businesses, and communities that could otherwise benefit from the advantages of IoT.
153
How can IoT innovations lead to automation in industries?
IoT allows for automation by providing real-time data and analytics, which streamline operations and enhance productivity.
154
What is the overall impact of digital transformation and IoT on people's lives?
Digital transformation and IoT will significantly enhance efficiency, convenience, and quality of life across various sectors, but they also necessitate strong security measures to protect data and privacy.
