Fundamentals Flashcards
What was the result of the first phase of the internet in the mid-1990s?
The first phase of the internet provided basic connectivity giving people access to web services and email.
How did the second phase of the internet impact businesses?
The second phase enabled the networked economy by allowing e-commerce and digitizing businesses which increased efficiency and profit. It also connected suppliers
What caused personal interactions to become digitized in the third phase of the internet?
The rise of social media cloud services
What did the fourth phase of the internet or the IoT phase enable?
The fourth phase enabled new services and applications by connecting various devices and integrating the four major components of the IoT ecosystem: things, data, people, and processes, creating new values and having a greater impact on businesses and communities.
Why is the IoT phase of the internet considered different from previous phases in terms of data creation?
In the IoT phase, data are created primarily by sensors and devices, rather than by people, marking a shift from earlier phases where data generation was more human-driven.
What was the effect of connecting suppliers, vendors, and consumers during the second internet phase?
Connecting suppliers, vendors, and consumers during the second phase facilitated the growth of e-commerce and provided widespread access to online shopping, boosting the networked economy.
How does the connection of things, data, people, and processes in the IoT phase impact businesses and communities?,
The connection of things, data, people, and processes in the IoT phase creates new values and has a significant impact on businesses and communities by enabling more advanced, data-driven services and applications.
What was the primary characteristic of the first phase of the internet in the mid-1990s?,
Basic connectivity allowing access to web services and email.
What was the key feature of the second phase of the internet’s evolution?
The networked economy enabling e-commerce and digitizing businesses for increased efficiency and profit.
How did the second phase of the internet affect suppliers, vendors, and consumers?
It connected them, allowing widespread access to online shopping.
What advancements defined the third phase of the internet’s evolution?
The digitization of personal interactions through social media cloud services
What is the fourth evolutionary phase of the internet known as?
The “digitized world” or the Internet of Things (IoT).
What enables new services and applications in the fourth phase of the internet?
The connection of various devices.
What are the four major components of the IoT ecosystem?
Things, data, people, and processes
How does data creation differ in the IoT phase of the internet compared to previous phases?
In the IoT phase data are created by sensors and devices rather than people.
What is the impact of the IoT phase on businesses and communities?
It creates new values and has a greater impact on both businesses and communities.
What is the main difference between M2M communication and IoT?
M2M communication involves isolated machines that do not necessarily require an active internet connection and connect directly to other devices using the same protocols. In contrast IoT networks are scalable
Why is scalability limited in M2M networks?
Scalability is limited in M2M networks because they connect point-to-point with other devices using the same protocols which restricts their ability to expand and integrate with diverse systems.
How does IoT achieve better scalability compared to M2M?
IoT achieves better scalability by supporting almost any device with an active internet connection making it more flexible and capable of handling larger, more diverse networks.
What is the key characteristic of M2M communication regarding internet connectivity?
M2M communication does not necessarily require an active internet connection as it can connect directly to other devices using the same protocols.
In terms of data volume how do IoT networks differ from M2M networks?
IoT networks typically handle a much larger volume of data compared to M2M networks
What is the main focus of IoT networks in comparison to M2M?
IoT networks are more software-based focusing on data integration,processing, and connectivity across a wide range of devices via the internet while M2M networks are more hardware based.
What is the role of sensors in an IoT device?
Sensors measure physical parameters and collect data such as temperature or humidity
What does an actuator do in an IoT device?
Actuators interact with the physical world by performing tasks such as controlling an electric valve or operating a machine.
How does an IoT device connect to the internet?
An IoT device uses a communication unit, typically through wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and ZigBee.
What is the primary power source for most IoT devices, and why is low energy consumption important?
Most IoT devices are battery-powered, and low energy consumption is important for long-term use since these devices need to function efficiently with minimal energy.
What is the function of the processing unit in an IoT device?
The processing unit usually a low-cost microcontroller, processes and analyzes the data collected from the sensors and controls other systems like power and communication units.
What happens to the data collected by IoT devices?
The data are transmitted to the cloud for processing cleaning, and secure storage. Time-sensitive data are processed closer to the IoT devices (edge computing), while less critical data can be stored in central databases for long-term analysis.
How do people interact with IoT networks, and why is privacy important?
People develop, operate, and benefit from IoT networks by interpreting analyzed data to enhance their businesses. Privacy is important because IoT sensors collect personal data, requiring individuals to be aware of the privacy implications.
How can IoT data be used to optimize industrial processes?
The data gathered and analyzed by IoT sensors can be utilized to optimize industrial processes making them more efficient and intelligent.
Why is edge computing important in IoT networks?
Edge computing is important because it allows the most time-sensitive data to be processed closer to the IoT devices ensuring timely and efficient decision-making while reserving bandwidth for less critical data.
What is the effect of including sensors and actuators in the hardware block of an IoT solution?
Sensors and actuators capture and act upon data enabling IoT devices to gather information and perform actions based on that data.
How does the connectivity network contribute to an IoT solution?
The connectivity network delivers data captured by sensors to the backend systems (servers) allowing for data collection and further analysis.
What role do Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) like Deutsche Telekom and T-Mobile play in IoT solutions?
MNOs provide the connectivity infrastructure (e.g., 3G/4G, satellite) necessary to transmit data from IoT devices to backend systems.
Why are IoT platforms considered the central backbone of an IoT solution?
IoT platforms serve as the connection between hardware and applications by providing features for managing devices
What happens when IoT data are sent to backend systems?
The data are stored, managed, and processed in the backend systems allowing businesses to analyze sensor data and take actions based on real-time information.
How do APIs and SDKs add value to IoT platforms?
APIs and SDKs provide tools and procedures that allow developers to create applications enabling external systems to access IoT platform features and data.
What is the result of system integrators developing IoT applications for specific industries?
System integrators create industry-specific IoT applications that help businesses manage processes and automate tasks
How does Salesforce’s IoT application benefit businesses?
Salesforce offers customer relationship management (CRM) and automation software allowing businesses to streamline customer interactions and automate workflows.
What effect do IoT platforms like Microsoft Azure and AWS have on IoT solutions?
These platforms provide cloud-based services that allow IoT devices to store and analyze data, manage devices remotely and integrate third-party applications.
What role do chipsets and SIMs play in IoT hardware?
Chipsets and SIMs enable IoT devices to connect to networks allowing data communication between sensors
What is an IoT vertical, and how is it categorized?
An IoT vertical refers to use cases in a specific industry segment that share similar data storage,processing and analysis needs. Each vertical has unique regulatory entities, procedures, protocols, and standardization organizations.
How do smart grid and smart meter IoT use cases benefit the energy vertical?
Smart grid and smart meter IoT use cases increase efficiency and reliability in the energy vertical.
What benefit does IoT provide in the transportation vertical?
IoT use cases like connected vehicles and asset tracking enhance in-transit visibility in the transportation vertical.
How can IoT use cases improve agriculture?
Smart irrigation and product monitoring IoT use cases increase crop productivity in the agriculture vertical.
What are some IoT use cases in smart cities, and what benefits do they offer in smart cities?
In smart cities, IoT use cases like smart street lighting, traffic control, and environmental monitoring improve safety and enhance the experiences of citizens.
How can connected factories benefit from IoT use cases?
Connected factories use IoT to reduce human error and operational costs in the industrial segment.
What are the benefits of IoT use cases in the home environment?
IoT can automate home systems and increase security.
How do IoT use cases in healthcare enable better decision-making?
In the healthcare vertical IoT use cases like health monitoring and activity recognition allow for data-driven decisions.
What are the major technical and business challenges organizations face when implementing IoT networks?
Organizations face challenges in architectural design, implementation, operation, and managing a large number of sensors, actuators, and communication protocols.
Why is scalability a challenge in IoT networks compared to typical IT networks?
IoT networks may consist of millions of devices, far more than typical IT networks, which require more complex installation, configuration, and management.
Why can’t IoT networks rely on IPv4 for scalability and what is the solution?
IPv4 lacks the address space for the massive number of IoT devices but IPv6 with its 128-bit address space can support the required scalability.
What makes interoperability a challenge in IoT networks?,
IoT devices come from different vendors with varying standards and communication protocols making it difficult to ensure compatibility without using tunneling or protocol translation mechanisms.
Why is security a significant concern in IoT networks?
IoT devices come from different vendors, use various protocols, and are often physically exposed, requiring different security measures at each layer of the network.
What security measures are required at the edge and communication layers in IoT networks?
IoT devices must be tamper-proof, authenticated, and authorized at the edge layer, while data must be encrypted during communication to prevent attacks such as man-in-the-middle.
Why is privacy a concern in IoT networks and what types of data are most at risk?
IoT sensors collect sensitive personal and business data, including location, health information, and business data that can be valuable to competitors, making privacy a major concern.
What is the challenge with big data and analytics in IoT networks?
IoT generates high volumes of diverse data that must be properly prepared,structured, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights.
What are the legal challenges associated with IoT networks particularly in connected vehicle use cases?
Legal challenges include determining intellectual property rights among multiple entities and establishing liability in case of malfunctions.
