Fundamentals Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What was the result of the first phase of the internet in the mid-1990s?
A
The first phase of the internet provided basic connectivity giving people access to web services and email.
2
Q
How did the second phase of the internet impact businesses?
A
The second phase enabled the networked economy by allowing e-commerce and digitizing businesses which increased efficiency and profit. It also connected suppliers
3
Q
What caused personal interactions to become digitized in the third phase of the internet?
A
The rise of social media cloud services
4
Q
What did the fourth phase of the internet or the IoT phase enable?
A
The fourth phase enabled new services and applications by connecting various devices and integrating the four major components of the IoT ecosystem: things, data, people, and processes, creating new values and having a greater impact on businesses and communities.
5
Q
Why is the IoT phase of the internet considered different from previous phases in terms of data creation?
A
In the IoT phase, data are created primarily by sensors and devices, rather than by people, marking a shift from earlier phases where data generation was more human-driven.
6
Q
What was the effect of connecting suppliers, vendors, and consumers during the second internet phase?
A
Connecting suppliers, vendors, and consumers during the second phase facilitated the growth of e-commerce and provided widespread access to online shopping, boosting the networked economy.
7
Q
How does the connection of things, data, people, and processes in the IoT phase impact businesses and communities?,
A
The connection of things, data, people, and processes in the IoT phase creates new values and has a significant impact on businesses and communities by enabling more advanced, data-driven services and applications.
8
Q
What was the primary characteristic of the first phase of the internet in the mid-1990s?,
A
Basic connectivity allowing access to web services and email.
9
Q
What was the key feature of the second phase of the internet’s evolution?
A
The networked economy enabling e-commerce and digitizing businesses for increased efficiency and profit.
10
Q
How did the second phase of the internet affect suppliers, vendors, and consumers?
A
It connected them, allowing widespread access to online shopping.
11
Q
What advancements defined the third phase of the internet’s evolution?
A
The digitization of personal interactions through social media cloud services
12
Q
What is the fourth evolutionary phase of the internet known as?
A
The “digitized world” or the Internet of Things (IoT).
13
Q
What enables new services and applications in the fourth phase of the internet?
A
The connection of various devices.
14
Q
What are the four major components of the IoT ecosystem?
A
Things, data, people, and processes
15
Q
How does data creation differ in the IoT phase of the internet compared to previous phases?
A
In the IoT phase data are created by sensors and devices rather than people.
16
Q
What is the impact of the IoT phase on businesses and communities?
A
It creates new values and has a greater impact on both businesses and communities.
17
Q
What is the main difference between M2M communication and IoT?
A
M2M communication involves isolated machines that do not necessarily require an active internet connection and connect directly to other devices using the same protocols. In contrast IoT networks are scalable
18
Q
Why is scalability limited in M2M networks?
A
Scalability is limited in M2M networks because they connect point-to-point with other devices using the same protocols which restricts their ability to expand and integrate with diverse systems.
19
Q
How does IoT achieve better scalability compared to M2M?
A
IoT achieves better scalability by supporting almost any device with an active internet connection making it more flexible and capable of handling larger, more diverse networks.
20
Q
What is the key characteristic of M2M communication regarding internet connectivity?
A
M2M communication does not necessarily require an active internet connection as it can connect directly to other devices using the same protocols.
21
Q
In terms of data volume how do IoT networks differ from M2M networks?
A
IoT networks typically handle a much larger volume of data compared to M2M networks
22
Q
What is the main focus of IoT networks in comparison to M2M?
A
IoT networks are more software-based focusing on data integration,processing, and connectivity across a wide range of devices via the internet while M2M networks are more hardware based.
23
Q
What is the role of sensors in an IoT device?
A
Sensors measure physical parameters and collect data such as temperature or humidity
24
Q
What does an actuator do in an IoT device?
A
Actuators interact with the physical world by performing tasks such as controlling an electric valve or operating a machine.
25
How does an IoT device connect to the internet?
An IoT device uses a communication unit, typically through wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and ZigBee.
26
What is the primary power source for most IoT devices, and why is low energy consumption important?
Most IoT devices are battery-powered, and low energy consumption is important for long-term use since these devices need to function efficiently with minimal energy.
27
What is the function of the processing unit in an IoT device?
The processing unit usually a low-cost microcontroller, processes and analyzes the data collected from the sensors and controls other systems like power and communication units.
28
What happens to the data collected by IoT devices?
The data are transmitted to the cloud for processing cleaning, and secure storage. Time-sensitive data are processed closer to the IoT devices (edge computing), while less critical data can be stored in central databases for long-term analysis.
29
How do people interact with IoT networks, and why is privacy important?
People develop, operate, and benefit from IoT networks by interpreting analyzed data to enhance their businesses. Privacy is important because IoT sensors collect personal data, requiring individuals to be aware of the privacy implications.
30
How can IoT data be used to optimize industrial processes?
The data gathered and analyzed by IoT sensors can be utilized to optimize industrial processes making them more efficient and intelligent.
31
Why is edge computing important in IoT networks?
Edge computing is important because it allows the most time-sensitive data to be processed closer to the IoT devices ensuring timely and efficient decision-making while reserving bandwidth for less critical data.
32
What is the effect of including sensors and actuators in the hardware block of an IoT solution?
Sensors and actuators capture and act upon data enabling IoT devices to gather information and perform actions based on that data.
33
How does the connectivity network contribute to an IoT solution?
The connectivity network delivers data captured by sensors to the backend systems (servers) allowing for data collection and further analysis.
34
What role do Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) like Deutsche Telekom and T-Mobile play in IoT solutions?
MNOs provide the connectivity infrastructure (e.g., 3G/4G, satellite) necessary to transmit data from IoT devices to backend systems.
35
Why are IoT platforms considered the central backbone of an IoT solution?
IoT platforms serve as the connection between hardware and applications by providing features for managing devices
36
What happens when IoT data are sent to backend systems?
The data are stored, managed, and processed in the backend systems allowing businesses to analyze sensor data and take actions based on real-time information.
37
How do APIs and SDKs add value to IoT platforms?
APIs and SDKs provide tools and procedures that allow developers to create applications enabling external systems to access IoT platform features and data.
38
What is the result of system integrators developing IoT applications for specific industries?
System integrators create industry-specific IoT applications that help businesses manage processes and automate tasks
39
How does Salesforce’s IoT application benefit businesses?
Salesforce offers customer relationship management (CRM) and automation software allowing businesses to streamline customer interactions and automate workflows.
40
What effect do IoT platforms like Microsoft Azure and AWS have on IoT solutions?
These platforms provide cloud-based services that allow IoT devices to store and analyze data, manage devices remotely and integrate third-party applications.
41
What role do chipsets and SIMs play in IoT hardware?
Chipsets and SIMs enable IoT devices to connect to networks allowing data communication between sensors
42
What is an IoT vertical, and how is it categorized?
An IoT vertical refers to use cases in a specific industry segment that share similar data storage,processing and analysis needs. Each vertical has unique regulatory entities, procedures, protocols, and standardization organizations.
43
How do smart grid and smart meter IoT use cases benefit the energy vertical?
Smart grid and smart meter IoT use cases increase efficiency and reliability in the energy vertical.
44
What benefit does IoT provide in the transportation vertical?
IoT use cases like connected vehicles and asset tracking enhance in-transit visibility in the transportation vertical.
45
How can IoT use cases improve agriculture?
Smart irrigation and product monitoring IoT use cases increase crop productivity in the agriculture vertical.
46
What are some IoT use cases in smart cities, and what benefits do they offer in smart cities?
In smart cities, IoT use cases like smart street lighting, traffic control, and environmental monitoring improve safety and enhance the experiences of citizens.
47
How can connected factories benefit from IoT use cases?
Connected factories use IoT to reduce human error and operational costs in the industrial segment.
48
What are the benefits of IoT use cases in the home environment?
IoT can automate home systems and increase security.
49
How do IoT use cases in healthcare enable better decision-making?
In the healthcare vertical IoT use cases like health monitoring and activity recognition allow for data-driven decisions.
50
What are the major technical and business challenges organizations face when implementing IoT networks?
Organizations face challenges in architectural design, implementation, operation, and managing a large number of sensors, actuators, and communication protocols.
51
Why is scalability a challenge in IoT networks compared to typical IT networks?
IoT networks may consist of millions of devices, far more than typical IT networks, which require more complex installation, configuration, and management.
52
Why can't IoT networks rely on IPv4 for scalability and what is the solution?
IPv4 lacks the address space for the massive number of IoT devices but IPv6 with its 128-bit address space can support the required scalability.
53
What makes interoperability a challenge in IoT networks?,
IoT devices come from different vendors with varying standards and communication protocols making it difficult to ensure compatibility without using tunneling or protocol translation mechanisms.
54
Why is security a significant concern in IoT networks?
IoT devices come from different vendors, use various protocols, and are often physically exposed, requiring different security measures at each layer of the network.
55
What security measures are required at the edge and communication layers in IoT networks?
IoT devices must be tamper-proof, authenticated, and authorized at the edge layer, while data must be encrypted during communication to prevent attacks such as man-in-the-middle.
56
Why is privacy a concern in IoT networks and what types of data are most at risk?
IoT sensors collect sensitive personal and business data, including location, health information, and business data that can be valuable to competitors, making privacy a major concern.
57
What is the challenge with big data and analytics in IoT networks?
IoT generates high volumes of diverse data that must be properly prepared,structured, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights.
58
What are the legal challenges associated with IoT networks particularly in connected vehicle use cases?
Legal challenges include determining intellectual property rights among multiple entities and establishing liability in case of malfunctions.
59
Why are limited resources a challenge for IoT devices compared to traditional IT networks?
Most IoT devices are low-power, inexpensive, with limited memory and processing capabilities, resulting in constrained and low data transmission rates.
60
How does human resistance pose a challenge to the implementation of IoT solutions?
Employees may fear that IoT solutions will replace their roles requiring education and assurance that IoT can create new opportunities and serve as a tool not a threat.
61
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
An interconnection of public webpages available via the internet and connected using hyperlinks.
62
What is the relationship between the web and the internet?
The web is a service offered by the internet.
63
What does HTTP stand for and what is its function?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, designed to govern data exchange between web servers and web clients.
64
What is the purpose of a URL or URI?
To serve as the web address to access a resource on the internet.
65
What does HTML stand for and what is its role?
HyperText Markup Language the standard language used to create and display web documents in a web browser.
66
Who developed the World Wide Web and for what purpose?
Timothy Berners-Lee developed the web in 1989 to enable data sharing between international scientists at CERN in Geneva Switzerland.
67
What important tools did Timothy Berners-Lee create in 1990?
He developed the first web server browser.
68
What was the primary characteristic of Web 1.0 (the first generation of the web)
Web 1.0 also known as the syntactic web, was information-centered and static.
69
How did Web 2.0 differ from Web 1.0?
Web 2.0 was people-centered and enabled human interactions through social media platforms.
70
What was the focus of Web 3.0
Web 3.0 was machine-centered allowing machines to read and understand data shared between services and applications.
71
What defines Web 4.0, the latest generation of the web?
Web 4.0 is agent-centered where artificial intelligence (AI) enables human-machine symbiotic interactions to create a connected world.
72
What is another name for Web 1.0?
Web 1.0 is also called the web of cognition or the Syntactic Web.
73
What was the primary purpose of Web 1.0?
Businesses used it to deliver content and share information via read-only webpages.
74
What were people able to do on Web 1.0?
People could search the web for information and read it but there was little to no interaction or contribution through feedback or comments.
75
How was information disseminated to users in Web 1.0?
Information was disseminated via a push model where content was delivered without user interaction.
76
What communication protocol did Web 1.0 use?
Web 1.0 used HTTP as the communication protocol.
77
What language was primarily used to develop Web 1.0 pages?
Web 1.0 pages were developed in HTML.
78
What was a major limitation of Web 1.0?
It was passive with static webpages that offered little to no user interaction
79
What type of content was available on Web 1.0?
Content on Web 1.0 was read-only.
80
Who could read the content on Web 1.0 webpages?
Only humans could read the web pages they were not machine-compatible.
81
When was information available to users on Web 1.0?
Information was available to anyone at any time.
82
Who was responsible for updating and managing the content of Web 1.0 websites?
The webmaster was responsible for updating and managing the content.
83
What language was used to publish static webpages on Web 1.0?
Static webpages were published via HTML.
84
What was a major limitation of Web 1.0 in terms of webpage representation?
Dynamic representation was not possible on Web 1.0 websites.
85
Who defined the second generation of the web as a "read-write web" in 2004?
Dale Dougherty defined it in 2004.
86
What is another name for Web 2.0?
Web 2.0 is also known as the Social Web.
87
What was the primary goal of Web 2.0?
To assemble and manage social interactions across the globe turning the internet into a communication platform.
88
How did Web 2.0 change the way people interacted with the web compared to Web 1.0?
In Web 2.0 people could both read and write content, collaborating to create web content unlike the passive read only content of Web 1.0
89
What are some examples of social media platforms that emerged during Web 2.0?,
LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram.
90
What technologies and standards drove Web 2.0 and enabled an interactive experience?
Technologies like Extensible HTML (XHTML), JavaScript, Document Object Model (DOM), and Ajax.
91
What were some outstanding features of Web 2.0 technologies?
Flexibility in designing, creativity in reusing, collaboration in modifying web content, and social media integration.
92
How did Web 2.0 revolutionize businesses?
By turning the internet into a bilateral communication platform enabling businesses to interact with users and leverage collective intelligence.
93
What is another name for the third generation of the web (2010—2020)?
The third generation of the web is known as the Semantic Web.
94
What feature was added to web documents in Web 3.0?
A machine readability feature was added to allow machines to understand, interpret, and respond to semantically structured human requests.
95
What does the common framework of the Semantic Web enable?
It enables data to be used in various applications and shared across communities and enterprises more easily.
96
What improvements did Web 3.0 bring to data management?
Web 3.0 improved data management, supported mobile internet, and organized social media collaborations.
97
In Web 3.0, how are data treated between services or application devices?
Data are shared, not owned, by services or application devices, representing different views of the same data.
98
Give an example of how shared data is used across services in Web 3.0.
For example, when a user searches for a flight, other services use the data to provide information about nearby hotels or car rentals at the destination.
99
What is the architectural model used to describe the Semantic Web's layered development?
It is known as the "semantic cake" or a layered architectural model.
100
What does URI/IRI stand for, and what is its purpose in Web 3.0?
URI stands for Uniform Resource Identifier and IRI stands for Internationalized Resource Identifier. They are used for naming resources (things) by a unique string that serves as an identifier or address.
101
What is typically used for URIs in Web 3.0?
HTTP URIs are typically used in Web 3.0.
102
What is Extensible Markup Language (XML) used for in Web 3.0?
XML is a markup language used to represent hierarchically structured data in a text file format that can be read by both humans and machines.
103
What does the Resource Description Framework (RDF) do in Web 3.0?
RDF formulates logical statements about arbitrary things (resources) using directed graphs. These statements are triples that consist of a subject, predicate and object.
104
What are the components of an RDF triple?
An RDF triple consists of a subject, predicate, and object.
105
What is the purpose of ontology in Web 3.0?
Ontology describes a vocabulary for a specific area of knowledge organizing terms or classes and their relationships. It also includes rules for inference and integrity, allowing new knowledge to be derived through logical reasoning.
106
What is an example of an ontology term or class and an instance in Web 3.0?
An example is "city" as a class and "Berlin" as an instance of that class.
107
What role do inference and integrity rules play in ontologies in Web 3.0?
They ensure valid inferences are made and enable the derivation of new knowledge from existing knowledge through logical reasoning.
108
What is the primary aim of logic in the context of Web 3.0?
The primary aim of logic is to formalize arguments (statements) in order to check their validity.
109
What type of logic is commonly used for formalizing arguments?
First-order predicate logic is commonly used for formalizing arguments.
110
What does proof entail in the logic layer of Web 3.0?
Proof involves verifying the automatic conclusions established in the logic layer by searching the web for rules and ontologies until those conclusions can be confirmed or disproved using a heuristic engine.
111
What is the purpose of a heuristic engine in the proof process?
The heuristic engine is used to confirm or disprove the conclusions drawn from the logic layer by searching for relevant rules and ontologies.
112
How does trust function within the context of Web 3.0?
Trust is established through the use of digital signatures which help determine whether the proof should be trusted or not.
113
What is the relationship between proof and trust in Web 3.0?
Proof provides verification of conclusions, while trust relies on digital signatures to assess the validity and reliability of those conclusions.
114
What is the significance of checking arguments for validity in Web 3.0?
Checking arguments for validity ensures that the information and conclusions derived from the web are logically sound and reliable.
115
What is another name for Web 4.0?
Web 4.0 is also referred to as the symbiotic web or smart web.
116
What capabilities do intelligent machines have in Web 4.0?
Intelligent machines in Web 4.0 can engage with the real world and interact with humans using mind-controlled interfaces.
117
What technologies contribute to the proactive and autonomous nature of Web 4.0 services?
Artificial intelligence, semantic technologies, and reasoning technologies contribute to the proactive and autonomous nature of Web 4.0 services.
118
How do smart web services like virtual reality (VR) utilize intelligent agents?
Smart web services like VR access web databases through intelligent agents to present adaptive content.
119
What is the role of software agents in Web 4.0?
Software agents can reason and collaborate with other agents on the internet to perform tasks on behalf of humans.
120
What characteristics define the services of Web 4.0?
Web 4.0 services are defined as proactive autonomous ,collaborative, and self-learning.
121
In what ways do intelligent machines interact with humans in Web 4.0?
Intelligent machines interact with humans using mind-controlled interfaces allowing for more intuitive and seamless communication.
122
What is the significance of reasoning technologies in Web 4.0?
Reasoning technologies enhance the ability of web services to make decisions,collaborate, and adapt based on user interactions and data.
123
What are the four evolutionary stages of the internet mentioned in the text?
The four evolutionary stages are not explicitly listed in the provided text, but they correspond to the phases of the web: Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, and Web 4.0.
124
What is the current generation of the internet referred to as?
The current generation of the internet is referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT).
125
What is the current phase of the web called?
The current phase of the web is called the symbiotic web.
126
What significant impact do the phases of the internet and the web have compared to the previous stages?
Each phase has had significant business and social impacts compared to the stage before.
127
What is the key characteristic of the current generation of both the internet and the web?
The key characteristic is the realization of an “always on” world.
128
How do the evolutionary stages of the internet and the web relate to each other?
The four evolutionary stages of the internet have some temporal mismatches with the four phases of the web but both evolve in parallel and impact society and business significantly.
129
What does the term "always on" world imply in the context of the current generation of the internet and web?
The term "always on" world implies continuous connectivity and interaction between devices and users enabled by IoT and the symbiotic web.
130
What was the primary characteristic of Web 1.0?
Web 1.0 was characterized by static pages that could only be read by humans with little or no interaction.
131
What is the main advancement seen in Web 4.0 compared to earlier versions of the web?
Web 4.0 features proactive and autonomous web services that collaborate with each other allowing smart machines to read webpages and perform tasks on behalf of humans, largely due to advancements in AI.
132
How many evolutionary phases has the internet gone through and what do they create?
The internet has gone through four evolutionary phases,creating a world where people, devices, and processes are connected, leading to the development of an Internet of Things ecosystem.
133
What benefits do the data collected by intelligent devices in the IoT ecosystem provide?
The data collected by intelligent devices are analyzed to increase efficiency, safety, transparency, and accuracy, optimizing processes for businesses and people.
134
What are the key components of the IoT value chain that need to be developed for end-to-end solutions?
The key components are hardware, connectivity, platform, and application components.
135
How are the components of the IoT value chain developed?
The components of the IoT value chain are developed separately or collaboratively by various businesses and entities.
136
What role does AI play in the evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 4.0?
AI enables proactive and autonomous web services in Web 4.0 allowing for collaboration among smart machines that can perform tasks on behalf of humans.
137
What are the main goals of connecting people, devices, and processes in the IoT ecosystem?
The main goals are to share data and create an efficient, safe, transparent, and accurate operational environment for businesses and individuals.
138
What are the key components of the IoT value chain that need to be developed for end-to-end solutions?
The key components of the IoT value chain include hardware, connectivity, platform, and application components.
139
What are the two major challenges that IoT solution architects face in implementation?
The two major challenges are scalability and interoperability.
140
Why is scalability a challenge in IoT implementation?
Scalability is a challenge because IoT use cases typically require a massive number of smart “things” from various manufacturers and vendors to connect to the internet.
141
What is necessary to ensure the secure transfer and storage of IoT data?
It is crucial to ensure that information is only shared and accessed by legitimate entities.
142
What major hurdle affects the analysis of data collected from IoT sensors?
Handling and analyzing the vast data collected by thousands of sensors is a major hurdle.
143
What kind of legal issues can affect the deployment of IoT use cases?
Legal issues related to data privacy compliance with regulations.
144
How do the challenges of scalability and interoperability impact daily life?
These challenges can hinder the widespread adoption and effectiveness of IoT solutions in daily life.
145
What is the role of IoT solution architects in addressing these challenges?
IoT solution architects are responsible for designing systems that can effectively manage scalability and interoperability.
