Social and Cultural Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Schema

A

Person, Self, Role, Event

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2
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

Jones and Davis (1965): People identify explanations of people’s personal characteristics from their behavior

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3
Q

Covariation Model of Attribution

A

Kelley (1972) We assess similarities (covariation) across situations to help make causal attributions

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4
Q

Weiner (1985) theory on achievement attributions

A

3 dimensions of attributions: stable and unstable; internal and external; controllable and uncontrollable

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5
Q

Impression formation

A

Primacy effect of first impression. Three tactics: self-promotion, self-monitoring, self-handicapping (verbal or behavioral)

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6
Q

Factors that influence attraction

A

Physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, reciprocity, self-disclosure, reinforcement

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7
Q

Gain-loss theory

A

Attraction is maximized when an individual’s evaluation of a person is at first negative and then changes to positive

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8
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Attraction occurs when relationship’s rewards exceed its costs and when the rewards and costs are reciprocal.

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9
Q

Equity theory

A

Perceptions of equity in a relationship are more important that the magnitude of costs and rewards

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10
Q

Motivations of altruism

A

Benefit to self (egoism), benefit to other (altruism). benefit to group (collectivism), moral principal (principlism).

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11
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

Altruism is evoked by desire to help someone who is suffering.

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12
Q

Causes of bystander apathy

A

Diffusion of responsibility

Latane and Darley (1970): social comparison and evaluation apprehension

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13
Q

Allport (1954) causes of intergroup prejudice

A

Prejudice arises from combination of historical, cultural, economic, cognitive, and personality factors

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14
Q

Kellman: 3 effects of social influence on behavior/forms of compliance

A

compliance, identification, internalization

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15
Q

Reactance

A

Person feels his or her choices or altneratives are being taken away or limited and the reaction is opposite of what is desired

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16
Q

Bases of social power

A

French & Raven (1959): coercive, reward, expert, referent, and legitimate

17
Q

Minority influence

A

Minority changes opinion of majority. Reflects shift in personal opinion. Most likely to occur when point of view is consistent, flexible, clear, and aligned with current social trends

18
Q

Social impact theory

A

Latane (1981). Information most likely to influence personal views based on: strength of the source, immediacy of the event, number of sources with same info

19
Q

Dynamic social impact theory

A

Latane and Herrou (1996). Components of group dynamics that influence opinions: consolidation (diversity reduced by minority opinion accepting majority opinion), clustering (subgroups of differing opinions); correlation (previously unconnected ideas become connected); continuing diversity (when subgroups exist, consolidation will not wipe out minority opinion)

20
Q

Principles of persuasion

A

Cialdini (2001). Reciprocity; commitment and consistency; social proof (people do things when they see others doing them); authority; liking (people are persuaded by people they like); scarcity

21
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). 2 communication routes to changing attitudes: peripheral and central.

22
Q

Persuasion - primacy effect

A

When two sides of an argument are being presented one after another, the side presented first is more likely to change attitudes

23
Q

Persuasion - recency effect

A

If there is time between two presenting viewpoints, the second message has a greater impact on attitude change

24
Q

Crowding`

A

High population density situations. Associated with negative performance on complex tasks, but not simple tasks. In residential areas, associated with increased mental and physical health problems, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, and higher mortality rates.

25
Q

Darwin’s sexual selection theory

A

Same-sex competition and preferential mate choices as driving force for mating adaptations

26
Q

Trivers’ parental investment theory

A

Animals are selective of mates when investment in offspring is greatest (with females typically having greatest investment)

27
Q

Polygynous

A

One male mate with numerous females

28
Q

Polyandry

A

Females compete for access to numerous males, and after mating with an individual male, abandon the male and offspring entirely. Found in less thatn 1% of preindustrial cultures.

29
Q

Short-term mating strategies

A

Both females and males mate with multiples of the opposite sex. Tend to be brief relationships.

30
Q

Freud’s theory of personality

A

Id develops at birth; Ego around 6 months in response to id’s inability to gratify all needs; Superego around age 4-5 is internalization of society’s values and standards conveyed to a child through reward and punishment.

31
Q

Stages of Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Sue & Sue, 1999)

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance and immersion (rejection of dominant society; appreciates attitudes towards self and members of one’s own group
  4. Introspection
  5. Integrative awareness
32
Q

Stages of Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)

A
  1. Pre-encounter
  2. Encounter
  3. Immersion-emersion
  4. Internalization stage (3 possible identities pro-Black, nonracist; biculturist integrating Black and white or other salient cultural identity; or multiculturalist).
33
Q

Berry et al.: 4 categories of acculturation

A

Integration: maintains own minority culture and incorporates aspect of new culture
Assimilation: Accepts majority culture
Separation: Withdraws from dominant culture and acceptst culture of origin
Marginalization: doesn’t identify with either culture

34
Q

ADDRESSING

A

Age; Developmental or acquired Disabilities; Religion; Ethnicity; SES; Sexual orientation; Indigenous heritage; National origin; Gender