Social and Cultural Bases of Behavior Flashcards
Types of Schema
Person, Self, Role, Event
Correspondent Inference Theory
Jones and Davis (1965): People identify explanations of people’s personal characteristics from their behavior
Covariation Model of Attribution
Kelley (1972) We assess similarities (covariation) across situations to help make causal attributions
Weiner (1985) theory on achievement attributions
3 dimensions of attributions: stable and unstable; internal and external; controllable and uncontrollable
Impression formation
Primacy effect of first impression. Three tactics: self-promotion, self-monitoring, self-handicapping (verbal or behavioral)
Factors that influence attraction
Physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, reciprocity, self-disclosure, reinforcement
Gain-loss theory
Attraction is maximized when an individual’s evaluation of a person is at first negative and then changes to positive
Social exchange theory
Attraction occurs when relationship’s rewards exceed its costs and when the rewards and costs are reciprocal.
Equity theory
Perceptions of equity in a relationship are more important that the magnitude of costs and rewards
Motivations of altruism
Benefit to self (egoism), benefit to other (altruism). benefit to group (collectivism), moral principal (principlism).
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
Altruism is evoked by desire to help someone who is suffering.
Causes of bystander apathy
Diffusion of responsibility
Latane and Darley (1970): social comparison and evaluation apprehension
Allport (1954) causes of intergroup prejudice
Prejudice arises from combination of historical, cultural, economic, cognitive, and personality factors
Kellman: 3 effects of social influence on behavior/forms of compliance
compliance, identification, internalization
Reactance
Person feels his or her choices or altneratives are being taken away or limited and the reaction is opposite of what is desired
Bases of social power
French & Raven (1959): coercive, reward, expert, referent, and legitimate
Minority influence
Minority changes opinion of majority. Reflects shift in personal opinion. Most likely to occur when point of view is consistent, flexible, clear, and aligned with current social trends
Social impact theory
Latane (1981). Information most likely to influence personal views based on: strength of the source, immediacy of the event, number of sources with same info
Dynamic social impact theory
Latane and Herrou (1996). Components of group dynamics that influence opinions: consolidation (diversity reduced by minority opinion accepting majority opinion), clustering (subgroups of differing opinions); correlation (previously unconnected ideas become connected); continuing diversity (when subgroups exist, consolidation will not wipe out minority opinion)
Principles of persuasion
Cialdini (2001). Reciprocity; commitment and consistency; social proof (people do things when they see others doing them); authority; liking (people are persuaded by people they like); scarcity
Elaboration likelihood model
(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). 2 communication routes to changing attitudes: peripheral and central.
Persuasion - primacy effect
When two sides of an argument are being presented one after another, the side presented first is more likely to change attitudes
Persuasion - recency effect
If there is time between two presenting viewpoints, the second message has a greater impact on attitude change
Crowding`
High population density situations. Associated with negative performance on complex tasks, but not simple tasks. In residential areas, associated with increased mental and physical health problems, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, and higher mortality rates.
Darwin’s sexual selection theory
Same-sex competition and preferential mate choices as driving force for mating adaptations
Trivers’ parental investment theory
Animals are selective of mates when investment in offspring is greatest (with females typically having greatest investment)
Polygynous
One male mate with numerous females
Polyandry
Females compete for access to numerous males, and after mating with an individual male, abandon the male and offspring entirely. Found in less thatn 1% of preindustrial cultures.
Short-term mating strategies
Both females and males mate with multiples of the opposite sex. Tend to be brief relationships.
Freud’s theory of personality
Id develops at birth; Ego around 6 months in response to id’s inability to gratify all needs; Superego around age 4-5 is internalization of society’s values and standards conveyed to a child through reward and punishment.
Stages of Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Sue & Sue, 1999)
- Conformity
- Dissonance
- Resistance and immersion (rejection of dominant society; appreciates attitudes towards self and members of one’s own group
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness
Stages of Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)
- Pre-encounter
- Encounter
- Immersion-emersion
- Internalization stage (3 possible identities pro-Black, nonracist; biculturist integrating Black and white or other salient cultural identity; or multiculturalist).
Berry et al.: 4 categories of acculturation
Integration: maintains own minority culture and incorporates aspect of new culture
Assimilation: Accepts majority culture
Separation: Withdraws from dominant culture and acceptst culture of origin
Marginalization: doesn’t identify with either culture
ADDRESSING
Age; Developmental or acquired Disabilities; Religion; Ethnicity; SES; Sexual orientation; Indigenous heritage; National origin; Gender
