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YEAR 1 Semester 2👩🏼‍🎓 > Social🗣 > Flashcards

Social🗣 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: Darwin

A

Gestures are specific, facial expressions are universal
Discrete entities
Move towards (dominance) or away (submission)signals intent
Evolutionary- Duchenne facial muscles and adaptive action codes

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2
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: James-Lange theory

Criticisms and newer theory

A

Emotions are physiological response to environment

Separating brain from body still has emotional response
Prompting physiological effects does not result in corresponding emotion

Two factor theory- use cognitions to decide if stimulus is good or bad when physiologically aroused

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3
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: Cannon-Bard Theory

Proof

A

Emotions from brain not body
Thalamus/hypothalamus generate emotion, cortex inhibits emotion

Emotion is affected if thalamus is damaged, electrodes induce emotions

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4
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: Arnold’s appraisal theory

A 
Thoughts and cognitions generate emotions
Evaluate world (appraisal events) and decide how to respond

Automatic appraisal- unconsciously
Discrete appraisal- relevant to goals
Dimensional appraisal- certainty, responsibility, legitimacy

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5
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: Schacter and Singer

Proof

A

Emotions from physiological arousal (adrenaline) taken from cues

Wobbly bridge fear attributed to sexual attraction

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6
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: Freud

A

Emotions core of pathologies, expression reveals unconscious thoughts and emotions

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7
Q

Emotion theoretical approaches: Goffman

A

Sociological theory,
Act in a role, emotions part of this
Signal and request things from others, follow script but happier when more authentic

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8
Q

Studying emotions: 4 areas of emotion

A

Affect- mental state, evaluate relationship with environment
Emotion- short lived response to object
Mood- longer lasting, generalised
Affective wellbeing- disorders if impaired

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9
Q

Models of emotion

A

Dimensional (circumplex) -
Emotions placed by underlying dimensions more emphasis on pleasure. Dimensions opposite each other are independent

Discrete (categorical)-
Innate, universal and corresponds to physiological systems. Joy, sadness, disgust, fear, anger. 15 compound emotions

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10
Q

Social function of emotions Van Kleef

Behaviour affected by other’s emotional expressions

A

Inferential process- infer other’s feelings (conscious)
Affective reactions- emotional contagion (unconscious)

Depends on
Info processing (amount attended to)
Social relational factors (attend more based on relationship)

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11
Q

Measuring affect

A

Self report scales
Neuroimaging, physiological, cognitive measures
Emotional stimuli ( film clips, international affect picture system)

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12
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

And research

A

Feedback from facial expressions about how happy/sad we are
Cognitively (infer how they feel)
Physiologically (automatic)

More amused holding pen with teeth (smiling muscles)
Inconclusive replications

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13
Q

Motor mimicry

And research

A

Primitive emotion, contagion (unconscious)
Take upon another’s emotion (facial feedback)

Participants faced each other, low mood people changed mood to higher
Triggers action codes

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14
Q

Emotion contagion

And research

A

Emotions spread, understand and identify with others
Weak effect, no effect if think someone has better reason to feel way, some more susceptible

Post more negatively with more negative posts. Post negatively when raining, also affects friends

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15
Q

Impulses to share emotion- Rimé

A

Strong impulse to share, report one episode per day
Can heighten negative emotion by reactivating
Recovery requires socio cognitive not socio affective response

Strengthens social bonds however, info for who to trust

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16
Q

Emotions importance

A

Claims importance of things to you, request comfort etc
Progress in a social goal e.g. anger if threatened and maintain status
Rebate and break social relationships
Communicate goals to each other

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17
Q

Three types of social motivation (Three As)

A

ATTACHMENT (offers protection)
Anxiety- comfort regulate

AFFILIATION (offers bonding)
Sadness- joy regulate

ASSERTION (offers status)
Shame-anger regulate

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18
Q

4 damaging behaviours: affiliation

A

Criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling
Use of these predicted divorce in 17 years with 93% accuracy

Forgiveness- less better if have issues
Anger- readjust relationship when feel wronged

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19
Q

Three types of social motivation: assertion

A

Anger- power, high status
Benefit in negotiations but less successful outcome
More likely to punish others even if angry from unrelated source

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20
Q

Attitudes definition (3 aspects)

A

Mental state of readiness organised through experience, save cognitive energy (don’t figure out stance again by scratch)

Affective, Cognitive, Behavioural

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21
Q

Extent attitudes predict behaviour research

A

1/184 restaurants refused service to Chinese customers but
92% claimed they don’t accept them 6 months after

Behaviours different from attitudes
Only 10% variance in behavioural measures can be accounted for by attitude

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22
Q

4 elements of attitude and behaviour (things that affect them)

A

Action, Target, Context, Time

Correspondence greater between attitudes and behaviour when measured at same specificity

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23
Q

Opinions and attitude and behaviour correlation research

A

Greater correlation between attitude and behaviour when opinion (what is asked) is more specific
Birth control opinion .08
Pills .32
Pills next two years .57

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24
Q

Attitude strength 2 factors

A

Accessibility- recalled easier and expressed quicker

Temporal stability- strong attitudes resistant to change

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25
Q

Greenpeace attitudes research

A

Strong attitudes correlated to donation

Personal importance- greater impact
Direct experience- more knowledge

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26
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

Attitude and subjective norm (whether people important to you approve of you performing behaviour)
Intention
Behaviour

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27
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

(Theory of reasoned action plus testing variable of perceived control)

Attitude
Subjective norm
Perceived control (perceived ability to perform given behaviour)

Intention

Behaviour

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28
Q

Evaluate theory of planned behaviour

A

Intention-behaviour gap=certain things influence behaviour so don’t always carry it out
Other variables e.g. may predict behaviour
Decision making not always rational
Sufficiency assumption- assumes constructs and relationships explain intentions
May be moderator variable

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29
Q

Additional variables theory of planned behaviour

Descriptive norms, anticipated regret, moral norms, habit

A 
Descriptive norms (what significant others do)
Anticipated regret (worries before losses materialise)
Moral (Perceptions of moral correctness, personal responsibility)
Habit (Past behaviour determines  behaviour, using condoms)
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30
Q

Additional variables theory of planned behaviour

Volitional processes

A 
How intentions are translated into actions or behaviour
Action planning (when, where, how) 0.16
Action control (self monitoring, awareness of standards) 0.34
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31
Q

Hunter et al TPB making an appointment

A

Subjective norm- if family would encourage
perceived behavioural control-ability to get help
Interventions to seek help-how likely see doctor for 12 symptoms

Identity of symptoms greatest indicator of seeking help

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32
Q

Attitude toward seeking professional psychological help

Westerhof et al 2008

A

Assess help seeking propensity, indifference to stigma and psychological openness

Intentions for help indicated by help seeking propensity and psychological openness

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33
Q

TPB to develop interventions

Web based interventions: lung cancer symptoms

A

Interview patients and family, PPI event (patient and public involvement) Identify behaviour change techniques, tailoring and think aloud evaluation
Beliefs- no cause, fear and fatalistic beliefs
Normative beliefs-time wasting, value stoicism, stigma
Control beliefs- limited access to health care, availability
=best with intervention, tailored info and TPB

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34
Q

The Self

A

Symbolic construct reflecting: consciousness of own identity and awareness we exist as an individual separate from others

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35
Q

Self awareness

Research

A

Psychological state in which people are aware of their traits, feelings and behaviours

9-18 month baby- no interest in spot on face, see reflection as another child until 18 months. Spindle cell growth in anterior cingulate

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36
Q

Private self awareness

And 3 components

A

Evoked looking in mirror, psychological arousal

Emotional response (positive feelings when more positive)
Clarification of knowledge (accuracy in reporting interval events)
Adherence to personal standards of behaviour (less susceptible to external forces)
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37
Q

Public self awareness

A

Others aware of you, evoked in public speaking

Increase evaluation apprehension
Nervousness and reduced self esteem
Adherence to social standards of behaviour e.g. group norms even if against beliefs

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38
Q

Self consciousness

A

Personality trait

Individual differences in chronic self awareness (traits, feelings and behaviour)

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39
Q

Private self consciousness

A

More intense emotion, act in line with personal beliefs
Less likely to suffer ill health, attend to issues earlier
Depression and neuroticism from rumination

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40
Q

Public self consciousness

A

Concerned with other’s perceptions, adhere to group norms

Avoid embarrassment, more concerned with appearance, judge others on theirs

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41
Q

Self schema and self concept

A

Organise knowledge about social world
Influences what people notice, think about and remember

Self schema- organise knowledge about self, perception on and experiences
Self concept-made of a number of self schemas, highly embedded in self

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42
Q

Self esteem

And parenting styles

A

Authoritative- reasoned arguments, boundaries, unrestricted control (high SE)
Permissive- total acceptance, no restrictions or boundaries (low SE)
Authoritarian-controlling, absolute obedience (low SE)

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43
Q

Meta analysis self esteem stability

A

50 studies
Children 6-11 unstable
Greatest stability 20s
Declines 60 life changes

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44
Q

Consequences for low and high self esteem

A

Low-Dampen positive feelings, worse after negative event,
Less goals to improve following failure

High- unstable, reliant in validation, narcissistic and extroverted, crave attention and less empathetic

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45
Q

3 Self motives

A

Self assessment- desire to know ourselves
Self verification- verify what already believe
Self enhancement- see self in best light (most important to us)

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46
Q

Strategies to enhance the SELF

A

Self affirmation theory- respond to threatened self esteem by publicly affirming positive aspects

Self serving attribution bias- interpret events in manner favourable to view of ourselves (successes internal , failures external, memorise self enhancement)

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47
Q

Strategies to enhance the SOCIAL SELF

A

Group membership, positive collective
Low status members join higher status groups
Bask in reflected glory from group’s achievements even if not involved directly

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48
Q

Cultures and the self

Research

A

Individualistic- the self (western)
Collectivist-the group (eastern)

Students primed to individualism/collectivism wrote self descriptions in line with primed group

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49
Q

Alteration model- biculturalism

A

Alter cultural orientation depending on situation, belong to both

Better problem solving, interpersonal skills
Higher self esteem, less ethnic conflict
Higher cognitive functioning, better mental health

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50
Q

Self determination theory

A

Understand our own and other’s roles in providing the right conditions for best outcomes

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51
Q

Application of Self determination theory: education

A

Students perceiving teacher as supporting autonomy, competence and relatedness= higher level satisfaction and motivation
Fulfilment of three basic psychological needs

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52
Q

Theories self determination theory is built upon

A 
Relationship motivation 
Organismic integration theory 
Cognitive evaluation theory 
Causality orientation theory 
Basic psychological needs 
Goal contents theory
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53
Q

Organismic motivation theory

A

Seek opportunities for optimum growth

Extrinsic motivation outside of behaviour itself

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54
Q

Cognitive evaluation theory

A

Positive environments cause psychological need for growth

Need competence and autonomy, intrinsic

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55
Q

Basic psychological needs

A

Optimal functioning predicted by autonomy, competence and relatedness

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56
Q

Causality orientation theory : 3 causality orientations

A

autonomy, control and amotivation

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57
Q

Goal contents theory

A

Distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic goals and impact on wellbeing

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58
Q

Relationship motivation theory

A

Develop and maintain personal relationships for wellbeing

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59
Q

What are the theories of self comparison

A

Compare self to self

Control theory of self regulation
Self discrepancy theory

60
Q

Theories of self comparison

Control theory of self regulation

A

Examine whether meet goals, if not address

BUT oversimplified, limited cognitive resources to self regulate (performed worse on subsequent task with self control ignoring cookies)

61
Q

Theories of self comparison

Self discrepancy theory

A

Motivated to match:

Actual self, Ideal self, Ought self
Discrepancies cause psychological discomfort
Actual ideal discrepancy- dejection
Actual ought discrepancy- agitation

62
Q

Extrinsic motivation

And the theory

A

Influenced by autonomy e.g. money

Organismic integration theory

63
Q

Intrinsic motivation

And the theories

A

Inherent, right social and environmental conditions enhance

Cognitive evaluation theory and Basic psychological needs theory

64
Q

Theories of individual comparison

A

Compare self to others
Social comparison theory- upward/downward comparison to others
Self evaluation maintenance model- maintain positive self esteem when compare against others
Social reflection- sense of value from accomplishments of those close to us

65
Q

Theories of group comparison

A

Social identity theory- aspects of self: personal and social identity (context dependent)

Self categorisation theory- group norms define collective identities, shared group features, adhere to group norms

66
Q

Interdependence theories

Michelangelo phenomenon

A

Role of others and how they shape who we are/become

Michelangelo phenomenon- close partners can sculpt our ideal self. Self enhancement most important to us, strive for growth and developments

67
Q

Partner behavioural and perceptual affirmation and partner verification and enhancement

A

Partner perceptual affirmation- extent partner perceives target in ways compatible to target’s ideal self

Partner behavioural affirmation- partner behaves in ways that support target to achieve ideal self

Partner verification- Partner’s behavior congruent with how person sees self

Partner enhancement-partner perceives and behaves beyond how target sees themselves

68
Q

Emotion transfer in groups

A

Ripple effect- confederate brings mood of group in line
Greater cooperation with pleasant group mood
Can be treated as a variable

69
Q

Pygmalion phenomenon

A

Partner reflects ideas on how person should become

70
Q

Affiliation

A

Social link between two or more individuals. Tendency from a young age
We are social, attachment theory (Bowlby)predisposes to form close bonds

71
Q

Psychological determinants of affiliation

A

Privacy regulation theory-ideal level of privacy fluctuates over time
Dialectic principle-desire for privacy changes in response to context
Optimisation principle-align actual contact with others on what they desire
Social affiliation model-homeostasis affected by contact with others

72
Q

Affiliation individual differences

A

Central nervous system- introverts avoid interaction to prevent uncomfortable arousal levels

Culture-more individualist countries desire affiliation

73
Q

Social anxiety and affiliation

A

Unpleasant, from concern of evaluation.
Expect rejection, quick and strong reaction to it.
May attract it from nervousness

74
Q

Two factor theory

And research

A

When anxious and unsure why, look to others to understand our physiological state

Told either sound would make relaxed or anxious. If anxious, gave better speech from attributing anxiety to noise so didn’t feel anxious from it

75
Q

Loneliness

A

Poor quality contact
More likely shy, depressed, introverted, self conscious and low self esteem
Less time with women, less intimacy and disclosure
Sociocognitive tendencies e.g. judge harshly

76
Q

Friendships theories

A

Social penetration theory-friendships break down and develop:

Self disclosure: changes in intimacy, initially follow norms and reciprocate. If too much or quick feel threatened and reevaluate
Depenetration- emotionally withdraw, may direct hurtful info

77
Q

Social penetration theory negatives

A

Some click instantly and disclose without gradual increase
Cultural differences
Self disclose more depending on style of communication

78
Q

Social media friendships intimacy

A

Not very intimate but upholds relationships
Private messages intimate
Connections also from positive friends’ posts

79
Q

Gender differences friendships

A

Men-activities, expect agency and strength
Women-face to face, expressive and communal, disclosure and intimacy. Reciprocity and solidarity

Meet up just to talk most common for both, women more emotionally expressive. Women self disclose more to other women

80
Q

Research men and women self disclosure

A

Story about man/woman who either gave false explanation of problem and concealed or disclosed
Rate for psychological adjustment

Male better if false explanation and female better if truthful

81
Q

Attraction

A

Interpersonal attraction-desire to approach another for interaction

82
Q

Male friends physical contact

A

Less contact with same sex friends, seen less appropriate in west but Indian friends hold hands

Men socialised to heterosexual masculinity, avoid female traits

83
Q

Attraction physical characteristics

A

Slim preferred where has reliable food supply (evolution)
0.7 waist to hip ratio, youthfulness, fertility, symmetry, statistically average. Immature females and mature males
Slightly feminine male faces most attractive
Male attractiveness can depend on menstrual cycle

84
Q

Attractive people assumptions

A

Halo hypothesis- Assumed more social, better prospects and grades given to attractive female
Self fulfilling prophecy and may be more confident

85
Q

Attraction and similarity to self

A

Attracted to similar demographic beliefs
If shared more attitudes, liked other participant more

Matching hypothesis-similarly attractive people for less risk of rejection
If physically similar, more intimate and greater love

86
Q

Complementary traits and attraction

Research

A

Attracted to those with traits we don’t have (want status exchange)
Male misattributes arousal from fear to female

87
Q

Similarity to self theories

A

Balance theory-cognitive consistency in thoughts
Social comparison-prefer those who agree with us
Evolutionary- similar people pass on similar genes

88
Q

Knapp’s relationship model

A

1) initiate (first intro)
2) experiment (test)
3) intensify (self disclose)
4) integrate (shared identity)
5) bonding (relationship)

89
Q

Contemporary dating online

A

Matched by computers, algorithms
Learn about them before meeting vs interactions before

Both prefer better looking partner with higher income. Prefer same race, education, age and religion

90
Q

Matching hypothesis and Tinder

A

Motivations= popularity, design, interpersonal relationships, hook up, geographic closeness
Aged around 22
Preinteraction mechanisms and promote the best self. Eliminate spontaneity with initiation

91
Q

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

A

Love classified in degree of passion, intimacy and commitment

Strong evidence for passionate love and compassionate

92
Q

Three factor theory of Passionate love

with negative evaluation

A

Attribute physiological arousal to partner
Understand and accept concept of love (not all cultures do)

But cannot be produced in lab (physiological) additional factors such as attractiveness and beliefs

93
Q

Three factor theory of compassionate love

A

Affection when lives are deeply entwined

Replaces and more enduring than passionate, see selves as collective

94
Q

Relationship satisfaction theories

A

Social exchange theory- benefits outweigh costs, compare to alternative relationships
Equity theory- expect equivalent exchanges of love, emotional and financial support. More satisfied if equal than getting more
Intimacy-caring partner who loves us, accurate perception of how we see self. Communicates and supports our points of view

95
Q

Knapp’s model and Facebook

A

Initiate: meet online
Experimental: send message, reduce uncertainty (look up)
Intensifying: update relationship status
Pressure to make it public

96
Q

Lee’s love styles

A

Passionate (Eros)
Game playing (ludos)
Friendship (storge)

Passionate and game playing- possessive
Friendship and game playing-pragmatic
Passionate and friendship-altruistic

97
Q

Models on whether relationship will last

A

Investment model-commitment depends on high satisfaction, quality of alternatives, size of investment

Relationship protecting behaviours- resist the opposite sex
Less goal directed mimicry of opposite sex

98
Q

Interdependence theory

A

Consider impact of situational factors on individuals and process between partners

99
Q

Attachment theory

A

Take experiences from previous close relationships (expectations, behavioural patterns)

100
Q

Social networks and social comparison in couples

A

Social networks-more satisfaction when networks are integrated

Social comparison-couples feel better when compared well to other relationships

101
Q

Couples interpretation of faults

A

Happy- problems blamed on self, give partner credit for solving

Unhappy- problems blamed on partner, see them affecting relationship and unlikely to improve

102
Q

Relationship breakdown

A

Intrapsychic- think of sources of problems, cost benefit analysis. Repress or discuss with friends
Dyadic-negotiation and attempts at reconciliation or argue
Social-both turn to friends for support during/after split
Grave dressing-divide property etc, accepting and getting over it
Resurrection-new self, learn from experience, ready to mingle

103
Q

Facebook during breakup

A

Minimal or no Facebook activity
Relational cleansing (alter relationship status)
Self regulation (distracted from Facebook)
Some creeping on ex partners profile

104
Q

Facebook after breakup

A 
Impression management (new you)
Minimal Facebook activity 
Relational cleansing and transgressions (negative thoughts of partners)
Social network support 
Surveillance creeping 
Withdrawing access

SOCIAL, GRAVE DRESSING AND RESURRECTION PHASES

105
Q

Changing health behaviour

A

Reduce harmful/risky health behaviours
Increasing health promoting/preventative behaviours
Coping and stress

Non communicable diseases are a risk, can modify factors and change behaviour. 43% tumours preventable with lifestyle

106
Q

Difficulties in changing health behaviour

A

Can become learned habits if learned in childhood
Difficult to change, revert to what is comfortable
Immediate reward is maximised, long term costs less tangible
Behaviours can be reinforced by social environment and peers

107
Q

Theory of planned behaviour and binge drinking (attitude, self efficacy, perceived control)

A

Attitude, self efficacy and perceived control negatively predicted binge drinking intentions which predicted binge drinking one week later

108
Q

Social norms theory

A

Engage in behaviours we think others are involved in

Perception of the norm, where, how to achieve etc

109
Q

Binge drinking beliefs

A

Over 8 units in a single session (men) or 6 (women’s

Change normative beliefs, norm that other’s drunk more than them
Perceive close friends drink more often, more and greater amounts for other students
Greater misconceptions with greater social distance

110
Q

Reducing binge drinking

A

Computer delivered PNF small but significant, maintained 3-6 months

Feedback on amount drank, thought others drank and how much students actually drink
Reduced binge drinking after seeing norms
Prevention paradox- small changes across many is a wide effect

111
Q

Protection motivation theory

Appraisal processes

A

Threat appraisal- assess severity and probability of being vulnerable to it

Coping appraisal- assess efficacy of health behaviour for dealing with threat to be able to engage in it

If vulnerable enough, engage in behaviour to reduce threat
Manipulated with persuasive communication e.g. appeals

112
Q

Fear appeals

A

Message- address issues that instil fear (from behaviours)
Audience- target most susceptible to risk
Recommended behaviour- how to avert/reduce risk

113
Q

Effectiveness of fear appeals (cigarettes)

A

90% read labels on cigarettes: 3 months later 23% attempted or quit
Those who thought about labels at greater depth are more likely to quit

114
Q

Fear appeals issues

A

Fear could cause defensive regimes (denial)
May be ignored if too extreme
May only work when accompanied efficacy message
More effective to change one time behaviours
More effective for woman

115
Q

Preventable behaviours and PMT research

A

Compare risk of heart disease vs not risk
Compare protection motivation factors associated with CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) use

Sufferers- behaviours not significantly related to health behaviours
Family risk-highest CAM predictor to prevent, not for future health however
No risk- behaviours for preventative and future health

116
Q

Routes personality affects health through (2)

A

Direct route- stress on immune system, certain personality traits more so

Indirect route-fewer health protective behaviours, more unhealthy habits accumulate

117
Q

The big five and health

A

Openness-intellect may link to health behaviours, logical
Conscientiousness-organisation and self discipline for health discipline, less risk
Extraversion- social aspects can protect or risk health
Agreeableness-cooperative and social aspects for health but put others first
Neuroticism-emotional instability or extra concern

118
Q

Self regulation resource model (personality traits and health)
Research by Sirois

A

HEALTH AND BETTER AFFECT= Conscientiousness, agreeableness

LESS HEALTH=Neuroticism

119
Q

Perfectionism and health behaviour

A

Experience frequent cognitions about attaining ideal standards

Perfectionist concerns- critical of self preoccupied with other’s evaluation, inability for satisfaction when goals are met
Perfectionist striving- excessively high unrealistic standards
Meta analysis= striving is related to health behaviours

120
Q

Importance of studying health behaviours

A

Target factors causing negative health behaviours for interventions
Small change across population cause large effect in population
Perfectionism is increasing, affecting health behaviours

121
Q

Emotion at work

A 
17 workers mood checklist, 4x a day for one year
EMOTION: (affects wellbeing)
Determine job outcome/performance 
Part of job process/meetings 
Part of group dynamics/leadership
Part of job role/emotional displays
122
Q

Hochschild flight attendants

A

Emotional labour- display appropriate emotions for a wage
Display rules- what emotions ought to be expressed by employees, societal, occupational norms

Surface acting-displays emotion but does not feel it
Deep acting- displays and feels emotion

123
Q

Emotion affects organisations

A 
Immediate gains (sales)
Contagion gains (spread word)
Encore gains (repeat business)
124
Q

Emotion affects employees

A

Performance (tips)

Physical and mental wellbeing

125
Q

Meta analysis surface and deep acting

A

Surface- negative relationship wellbeing, positive for emotional performance and customer satisfaction. More ADVERSE AFFECTS

Deep acting-positive relationship with emotional performance and customer satisfaction

126
Q

Adverse effects of emotional labour

A

Occurs with a mismatch between displayed and felt emotion and display rules

Deviance-display rules disregarded
Dissonance-expressed emotions clash with actual feelings

127
Q

Emotional labour

Social identity theory and social interaction model

A

Social identity theory- More authentic if identity in role but suffer more if company fails or cannot fulfil demands

Social interaction model- personal outcome depends on response of customer

128
Q

Work home overload

A

Work overload when emotion management is high at home and work. Conflict when norms differ

129
Q

Managing emotional labour

A

Training, feedback, rewards, socialisation, scripts
Labour withdrawals
More humanistic practices

130
Q

Parkinson- hairdressers study

A

Those not using deceptive impressions had higher job satisfaction and wellbeing
Openness/expressiveness for tips. Openness easier to train

131
Q

Sutton debt collectors findings

A

Rewarded for emotional expression, more unpleasant to customers reluctant to pay
Warm to anxious customers, irritated to those under aroused, calm to angry customers

Emotional display matched when debtor was anxious or indifferent, clash when debtors were friendly or sad and had to act irritated
Dealt with dissonance by: detachment, appraisal (know not personal) release feelings out of call

132
Q

Affective events theory and two characteristics determining this

A

Events at work cause affective responses that affect others via influence of attitudes

Characteristics of work environment
Characteristics of worker

133
Q

Mood and dual tuning model

A

Positive and negative moods are functional and adaptive: negative moods can signal what is wrong and needs attention

134
Q

Flow

A

High skills with high challenge

Passage of time lost, quality of experience affected by flow more than environment

135
Q

Boredom

A

Lack of interest, difficulty concentrating. Slower responses and more risk, absenteeism
Up to 56% find job boring
Caused by underload, lack of variability or overload. Current concerns (distracting)

=set goals, refocus attention, increase stimulation and vary activity to solve

136
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Personal and social intelligence, 80% competency depends on this not cognition

Recognise and express emotion (self and others)
Regulate emotions (self and others)
Utilise emotions to solve problems
Measured by self report, ability tests

137
Q

Circadian rhythms and night work

A

Difficult to overcome desire to sleep at night, active during day
Strong endogenous, weaker exogenous
Night works mismatches circadian rhythm, internal dissociation
Body starts to adjust to new cycle but back to normal on days off
Increased risk of accidents with fatigue

138
Q

Sleep disturbance and shift work

A

Short duration, poor quality, struggle to sleep in day from body clock influence
Greater pressure to sleep through night but briefly alert in morning when circadian rhythm rises

139
Q

Social factors of shift work

A

Interfere with domestic and leisure activities, family time, socialising
Can suit childcare arrangements, double burden of caring too
Can sacrifice health for socialising in the day, take longer shifts for more time off

140
Q

Work performance and shift work

A

Increase absenteeism
Decline speed, accuracy and vigilance
High accident risk

141
Q

Shift work physical and mental effects

A

May require years of exposure
Gastrointestinal and metabolic disorder, can change behaviour e,g, snacking
Cardiovascular-40% risk increase
Cancer-increased risk of tumour, breast cancer, lack of melatonin at night that regulates sleep wake cycles
Menstrual-may disrupt
Mental health-depression, job strain
Family- marital and family conflict, kids achieve lower

142
Q

Difficulties in studying shift work

A

More common in certain occupations, comparisons may be occupational differences
Shift workers lower socioeconomic status, related to poorer health behaviour
Work conditions and demands may be different at night
Primary selection (they chose it) and secondary selection (those who quit)

143
Q

Shift work models, heuristic frameworks

A

Stress strain model- altering work hours causes strain
Destabilisation model- interferes between work, family
Coping model- focus on individual
Process model-individual differences

144
Q

Schedule design (more tolerance)

A

Speed of rotation (rapid rotation minimises circadian disturbance)
Direction of rotation (pattern more in line with circadian rhythm. Avoid quick changeover)
Shift length (8 hours for less fatigue, 12 for more social time off)
Rest (higher value at weekend)

145
Q

Individual differences in shift work tolerance

A 
Self report scales can predict
Evening types may adjust better
Flexible sleepers can overcome
Young more tolerant, robust system 
Women greater fatigue if childcare
146
Q

Interventions for shift work

A

Legislation- local, national and international workers rights (European)
Shift system design- work between different time zones so work in day
Health service-assessments, counselling and option for day work

Naps for alertness (issues when woken however)
Fitness training or drugs for alertness
Melatonin to improve sleep
Phototherapy, bright light to delay rhythms

YEAR 1 Semester 2👩🏼‍🎓 (5 decks)

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