Social🗣 Flashcards
Emotion theoretical approaches: Darwin
Gestures are specific, facial expressions are universal
Discrete entities
Move towards (dominance) or away (submission)signals intent
Evolutionary- Duchenne facial muscles and adaptive action codes
Emotion theoretical approaches: James-Lange theory
Criticisms and newer theory
Emotions are physiological response to environment
Separating brain from body still has emotional response
Prompting physiological effects does not result in corresponding emotion
Two factor theory- use cognitions to decide if stimulus is good or bad when physiologically aroused
Emotion theoretical approaches: Cannon-Bard Theory
Proof
Emotions from brain not body
Thalamus/hypothalamus generate emotion, cortex inhibits emotion
Emotion is affected if thalamus is damaged, electrodes induce emotions
Emotion theoretical approaches: Arnold’s appraisal theory
Thoughts and cognitions generate emotions Evaluate world (appraisal events) and decide how to respond
Automatic appraisal- unconsciously
Discrete appraisal- relevant to goals
Dimensional appraisal- certainty, responsibility, legitimacy
Emotion theoretical approaches: Schacter and Singer
Proof
Emotions from physiological arousal (adrenaline) taken from cues
Wobbly bridge fear attributed to sexual attraction
Emotion theoretical approaches: Freud
Emotions core of pathologies, expression reveals unconscious thoughts and emotions
Emotion theoretical approaches: Goffman
Sociological theory,
Act in a role, emotions part of this
Signal and request things from others, follow script but happier when more authentic
Studying emotions: 4 areas of emotion
Affect- mental state, evaluate relationship with environment
Emotion- short lived response to object
Mood- longer lasting, generalised
Affective wellbeing- disorders if impaired
Models of emotion
Dimensional (circumplex) -
Emotions placed by underlying dimensions more emphasis on pleasure. Dimensions opposite each other are independent
Discrete (categorical)-
Innate, universal and corresponds to physiological systems. Joy, sadness, disgust, fear, anger. 15 compound emotions
Social function of emotions Van Kleef
Behaviour affected by other’s emotional expressions
Inferential process- infer other’s feelings (conscious)
Affective reactions- emotional contagion (unconscious)
Depends on
Info processing (amount attended to)
Social relational factors (attend more based on relationship)
Measuring affect
Self report scales
Neuroimaging, physiological, cognitive measures
Emotional stimuli ( film clips, international affect picture system)
Facial feedback hypothesis
And research
Feedback from facial expressions about how happy/sad we are
Cognitively (infer how they feel)
Physiologically (automatic)
More amused holding pen with teeth (smiling muscles)
Inconclusive replications
Motor mimicry
And research
Primitive emotion, contagion (unconscious)
Take upon another’s emotion (facial feedback)
Participants faced each other, low mood people changed mood to higher
Triggers action codes
Emotion contagion
And research
Emotions spread, understand and identify with others
Weak effect, no effect if think someone has better reason to feel way, some more susceptible
Post more negatively with more negative posts. Post negatively when raining, also affects friends
Impulses to share emotion- Rimé
Strong impulse to share, report one episode per day
Can heighten negative emotion by reactivating
Recovery requires socio cognitive not socio affective response
Strengthens social bonds however, info for who to trust
Emotions importance
Claims importance of things to you, request comfort etc
Progress in a social goal e.g. anger if threatened and maintain status
Rebate and break social relationships
Communicate goals to each other
Three types of social motivation (Three As)
ATTACHMENT (offers protection)
Anxiety- comfort regulate
AFFILIATION (offers bonding)
Sadness- joy regulate
ASSERTION (offers status)
Shame-anger regulate
4 damaging behaviours: affiliation
Criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling
Use of these predicted divorce in 17 years with 93% accuracy
Forgiveness- less better if have issues
Anger- readjust relationship when feel wronged
Three types of social motivation: assertion
Anger- power, high status
Benefit in negotiations but less successful outcome
More likely to punish others even if angry from unrelated source
Attitudes definition (3 aspects)
Mental state of readiness organised through experience, save cognitive energy (don’t figure out stance again by scratch)
Affective, Cognitive, Behavioural
Extent attitudes predict behaviour research
1/184 restaurants refused service to Chinese customers but
92% claimed they don’t accept them 6 months after
Behaviours different from attitudes
Only 10% variance in behavioural measures can be accounted for by attitude
4 elements of attitude and behaviour (things that affect them)
Action, Target, Context, Time
Correspondence greater between attitudes and behaviour when measured at same specificity
Opinions and attitude and behaviour correlation research
Greater correlation between attitude and behaviour when opinion (what is asked) is more specific
Birth control opinion .08
Pills .32
Pills next two years .57
Attitude strength 2 factors
Accessibility- recalled easier and expressed quicker
Temporal stability- strong attitudes resistant to change
Greenpeace attitudes research
Strong attitudes correlated to donation
Personal importance- greater impact
Direct experience- more knowledge
Theory of reasoned action
Attitude and subjective norm (whether people important to you approve of you performing behaviour)
Intention
Behaviour
Theory of planned behaviour
(Theory of reasoned action plus testing variable of perceived control)
Attitude
Subjective norm
Perceived control (perceived ability to perform given behaviour)
Intention
Behaviour
Evaluate theory of planned behaviour
Intention-behaviour gap=certain things influence behaviour so don’t always carry it out
Other variables e.g. may predict behaviour
Decision making not always rational
Sufficiency assumption- assumes constructs and relationships explain intentions
May be moderator variable
Additional variables theory of planned behaviour
Descriptive norms, anticipated regret, moral norms, habit
Descriptive norms (what significant others do) Anticipated regret (worries before losses materialise) Moral (Perceptions of moral correctness, personal responsibility) Habit (Past behaviour determines behaviour, using condoms)
Additional variables theory of planned behaviour
Volitional processes
How intentions are translated into actions or behaviour Action planning (when, where, how) 0.16 Action control (self monitoring, awareness of standards) 0.34
Hunter et al TPB making an appointment
Subjective norm- if family would encourage
perceived behavioural control-ability to get help
Interventions to seek help-how likely see doctor for 12 symptoms
Identity of symptoms greatest indicator of seeking help
Attitude toward seeking professional psychological help
Westerhof et al 2008
Assess help seeking propensity, indifference to stigma and psychological openness
Intentions for help indicated by help seeking propensity and psychological openness
TPB to develop interventions
Web based interventions: lung cancer symptoms
Interview patients and family, PPI event (patient and public involvement) Identify behaviour change techniques, tailoring and think aloud evaluation
Beliefs- no cause, fear and fatalistic beliefs
Normative beliefs-time wasting, value stoicism, stigma
Control beliefs- limited access to health care, availability
=best with intervention, tailored info and TPB
The Self
Symbolic construct reflecting: consciousness of own identity and awareness we exist as an individual separate from others
Self awareness
Research
Psychological state in which people are aware of their traits, feelings and behaviours
9-18 month baby- no interest in spot on face, see reflection as another child until 18 months. Spindle cell growth in anterior cingulate
Private self awareness
And 3 components
Evoked looking in mirror, psychological arousal
Emotional response (positive feelings when more positive) Clarification of knowledge (accuracy in reporting interval events) Adherence to personal standards of behaviour (less susceptible to external forces)
Public self awareness
Others aware of you, evoked in public speaking
Increase evaluation apprehension
Nervousness and reduced self esteem
Adherence to social standards of behaviour e.g. group norms even if against beliefs
Self consciousness
Personality trait
Individual differences in chronic self awareness (traits, feelings and behaviour)
Private self consciousness
More intense emotion, act in line with personal beliefs
Less likely to suffer ill health, attend to issues earlier
Depression and neuroticism from rumination
Public self consciousness
Concerned with other’s perceptions, adhere to group norms
Avoid embarrassment, more concerned with appearance, judge others on theirs
Self schema and self concept
Organise knowledge about social world
Influences what people notice, think about and remember
Self schema- organise knowledge about self, perception on and experiences
Self concept-made of a number of self schemas, highly embedded in self
Self esteem
And parenting styles
Authoritative- reasoned arguments, boundaries, unrestricted control (high SE)
Permissive- total acceptance, no restrictions or boundaries (low SE)
Authoritarian-controlling, absolute obedience (low SE)
Meta analysis self esteem stability
50 studies
Children 6-11 unstable
Greatest stability 20s
Declines 60 life changes
Consequences for low and high self esteem
Low-Dampen positive feelings, worse after negative event,
Less goals to improve following failure
High- unstable, reliant in validation, narcissistic and extroverted, crave attention and less empathetic
3 Self motives
Self assessment- desire to know ourselves
Self verification- verify what already believe
Self enhancement- see self in best light (most important to us)
Strategies to enhance the SELF
Self affirmation theory- respond to threatened self esteem by publicly affirming positive aspects
Self serving attribution bias- interpret events in manner favourable to view of ourselves (successes internal , failures external, memorise self enhancement)
Strategies to enhance the SOCIAL SELF
Group membership, positive collective
Low status members join higher status groups
Bask in reflected glory from group’s achievements even if not involved directly
Cultures and the self
Research
Individualistic- the self (western)
Collectivist-the group (eastern)
Students primed to individualism/collectivism wrote self descriptions in line with primed group
Alteration model- biculturalism
Alter cultural orientation depending on situation, belong to both
Better problem solving, interpersonal skills
Higher self esteem, less ethnic conflict
Higher cognitive functioning, better mental health
Self determination theory
Understand our own and other’s roles in providing the right conditions for best outcomes
Application of Self determination theory: education
Students perceiving teacher as supporting autonomy, competence and relatedness= higher level satisfaction and motivation
Fulfilment of three basic psychological needs
Theories self determination theory is built upon
Relationship motivation Organismic integration theory Cognitive evaluation theory Causality orientation theory Basic psychological needs Goal contents theory
Organismic motivation theory
Seek opportunities for optimum growth
Extrinsic motivation outside of behaviour itself
Cognitive evaluation theory
Positive environments cause psychological need for growth
Need competence and autonomy, intrinsic
Basic psychological needs
Optimal functioning predicted by autonomy, competence and relatedness
Causality orientation theory : 3 causality orientations
autonomy, control and amotivation
Goal contents theory
Distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic goals and impact on wellbeing
Relationship motivation theory
Develop and maintain personal relationships for wellbeing
What are the theories of self comparison
Compare self to self
Control theory of self regulation
Self discrepancy theory
Theories of self comparison
Control theory of self regulation
Examine whether meet goals, if not address
BUT oversimplified, limited cognitive resources to self regulate (performed worse on subsequent task with self control ignoring cookies)
Theories of self comparison
Self discrepancy theory
Motivated to match:
Actual self, Ideal self, Ought self
Discrepancies cause psychological discomfort
Actual ideal discrepancy- dejection
Actual ought discrepancy- agitation
Extrinsic motivation
And the theory
Influenced by autonomy e.g. money
Organismic integration theory
Intrinsic motivation
And the theories
Inherent, right social and environmental conditions enhance
Cognitive evaluation theory and Basic psychological needs theory
Theories of individual comparison
Compare self to others
Social comparison theory- upward/downward comparison to others
Self evaluation maintenance model- maintain positive self esteem when compare against others
Social reflection- sense of value from accomplishments of those close to us
Theories of group comparison
Social identity theory- aspects of self: personal and social identity (context dependent)
Self categorisation theory- group norms define collective identities, shared group features, adhere to group norms
Interdependence theories
Michelangelo phenomenon
Role of others and how they shape who we are/become
Michelangelo phenomenon- close partners can sculpt our ideal self. Self enhancement most important to us, strive for growth and developments
Partner behavioural and perceptual affirmation and partner verification and enhancement
Partner perceptual affirmation- extent partner perceives target in ways compatible to target’s ideal self
Partner behavioural affirmation- partner behaves in ways that support target to achieve ideal self
Partner verification- Partner’s behavior congruent with how person sees self
Partner enhancement-partner perceives and behaves beyond how target sees themselves
Emotion transfer in groups
Ripple effect- confederate brings mood of group in line
Greater cooperation with pleasant group mood
Can be treated as a variable
Pygmalion phenomenon
Partner reflects ideas on how person should become
Affiliation
Social link between two or more individuals. Tendency from a young age
We are social, attachment theory (Bowlby)predisposes to form close bonds
Psychological determinants of affiliation
Privacy regulation theory-ideal level of privacy fluctuates over time
Dialectic principle-desire for privacy changes in response to context
Optimisation principle-align actual contact with others on what they desire
Social affiliation model-homeostasis affected by contact with others
Affiliation individual differences
Central nervous system- introverts avoid interaction to prevent uncomfortable arousal levels
Culture-more individualist countries desire affiliation
Social anxiety and affiliation
Unpleasant, from concern of evaluation.
Expect rejection, quick and strong reaction to it.
May attract it from nervousness
Two factor theory
And research
When anxious and unsure why, look to others to understand our physiological state
Told either sound would make relaxed or anxious. If anxious, gave better speech from attributing anxiety to noise so didn’t feel anxious from it
Loneliness
Poor quality contact
More likely shy, depressed, introverted, self conscious and low self esteem
Less time with women, less intimacy and disclosure
Sociocognitive tendencies e.g. judge harshly
Friendships theories
Social penetration theory-friendships break down and develop:
Self disclosure: changes in intimacy, initially follow norms and reciprocate. If too much or quick feel threatened and reevaluate
Depenetration- emotionally withdraw, may direct hurtful info
Social penetration theory negatives
Some click instantly and disclose without gradual increase
Cultural differences
Self disclose more depending on style of communication
Social media friendships intimacy
Not very intimate but upholds relationships
Private messages intimate
Connections also from positive friends’ posts
Gender differences friendships
Men-activities, expect agency and strength
Women-face to face, expressive and communal, disclosure and intimacy. Reciprocity and solidarity
Meet up just to talk most common for both, women more emotionally expressive. Women self disclose more to other women
Research men and women self disclosure
Story about man/woman who either gave false explanation of problem and concealed or disclosed
Rate for psychological adjustment
Male better if false explanation and female better if truthful
Attraction
Interpersonal attraction-desire to approach another for interaction
Male friends physical contact
Less contact with same sex friends, seen less appropriate in west but Indian friends hold hands
Men socialised to heterosexual masculinity, avoid female traits
Attraction physical characteristics
Slim preferred where has reliable food supply (evolution)
0.7 waist to hip ratio, youthfulness, fertility, symmetry, statistically average. Immature females and mature males
Slightly feminine male faces most attractive
Male attractiveness can depend on menstrual cycle
Attractive people assumptions
Halo hypothesis- Assumed more social, better prospects and grades given to attractive female
Self fulfilling prophecy and may be more confident
Attraction and similarity to self
Attracted to similar demographic beliefs
If shared more attitudes, liked other participant more
Matching hypothesis-similarly attractive people for less risk of rejection
If physically similar, more intimate and greater love
Complementary traits and attraction
Research
Attracted to those with traits we don’t have (want status exchange)
Male misattributes arousal from fear to female
Similarity to self theories
Balance theory-cognitive consistency in thoughts
Social comparison-prefer those who agree with us
Evolutionary- similar people pass on similar genes
Knapp’s relationship model
1) initiate (first intro)
2) experiment (test)
3) intensify (self disclose)
4) integrate (shared identity)
5) bonding (relationship)
Contemporary dating online
Matched by computers, algorithms
Learn about them before meeting vs interactions before
Both prefer better looking partner with higher income. Prefer same race, education, age and religion
Matching hypothesis and Tinder
Motivations= popularity, design, interpersonal relationships, hook up, geographic closeness
Aged around 22
Preinteraction mechanisms and promote the best self. Eliminate spontaneity with initiation
Sternberg’s triangular theory of love
Love classified in degree of passion, intimacy and commitment
Strong evidence for passionate love and compassionate
Three factor theory of Passionate love
with negative evaluation
Attribute physiological arousal to partner
Understand and accept concept of love (not all cultures do)
But cannot be produced in lab (physiological) additional factors such as attractiveness and beliefs
Three factor theory of compassionate love
Affection when lives are deeply entwined
Replaces and more enduring than passionate, see selves as collective
Relationship satisfaction theories
Social exchange theory- benefits outweigh costs, compare to alternative relationships
Equity theory- expect equivalent exchanges of love, emotional and financial support. More satisfied if equal than getting more
Intimacy-caring partner who loves us, accurate perception of how we see self. Communicates and supports our points of view
Knapp’s model and Facebook
Initiate: meet online
Experimental: send message, reduce uncertainty (look up)
Intensifying: update relationship status
Pressure to make it public
Lee’s love styles
Passionate (Eros)
Game playing (ludos)
Friendship (storge)
Passionate and game playing- possessive
Friendship and game playing-pragmatic
Passionate and friendship-altruistic
Models on whether relationship will last
Investment model-commitment depends on high satisfaction, quality of alternatives, size of investment
Relationship protecting behaviours- resist the opposite sex
Less goal directed mimicry of opposite sex
Interdependence theory
Consider impact of situational factors on individuals and process between partners
Attachment theory
Take experiences from previous close relationships (expectations, behavioural patterns)
Social networks and social comparison in couples
Social networks-more satisfaction when networks are integrated
Social comparison-couples feel better when compared well to other relationships
Couples interpretation of faults
Happy- problems blamed on self, give partner credit for solving
Unhappy- problems blamed on partner, see them affecting relationship and unlikely to improve
Relationship breakdown
Intrapsychic- think of sources of problems, cost benefit analysis. Repress or discuss with friends
Dyadic-negotiation and attempts at reconciliation or argue
Social-both turn to friends for support during/after split
Grave dressing-divide property etc, accepting and getting over it
Resurrection-new self, learn from experience, ready to mingle
Facebook during breakup
Minimal or no Facebook activity
Relational cleansing (alter relationship status)
Self regulation (distracted from Facebook)
Some creeping on ex partners profile
Facebook after breakup
Impression management (new you) Minimal Facebook activity Relational cleansing and transgressions (negative thoughts of partners) Social network support Surveillance creeping Withdrawing access
SOCIAL, GRAVE DRESSING AND RESURRECTION PHASES
Changing health behaviour
Reduce harmful/risky health behaviours
Increasing health promoting/preventative behaviours
Coping and stress
Non communicable diseases are a risk, can modify factors and change behaviour. 43% tumours preventable with lifestyle
Difficulties in changing health behaviour
Can become learned habits if learned in childhood
Difficult to change, revert to what is comfortable
Immediate reward is maximised, long term costs less tangible
Behaviours can be reinforced by social environment and peers
Theory of planned behaviour and binge drinking (attitude, self efficacy, perceived control)
Attitude, self efficacy and perceived control negatively predicted binge drinking intentions which predicted binge drinking one week later
Social norms theory
Engage in behaviours we think others are involved in
Perception of the norm, where, how to achieve etc
Binge drinking beliefs
Over 8 units in a single session (men) or 6 (women’s
Change normative beliefs, norm that other’s drunk more than them
Perceive close friends drink more often, more and greater amounts for other students
Greater misconceptions with greater social distance
Reducing binge drinking
Computer delivered PNF small but significant, maintained 3-6 months
Feedback on amount drank, thought others drank and how much students actually drink
Reduced binge drinking after seeing norms
Prevention paradox- small changes across many is a wide effect
Protection motivation theory
Appraisal processes
Threat appraisal- assess severity and probability of being vulnerable to it
Coping appraisal- assess efficacy of health behaviour for dealing with threat to be able to engage in it
If vulnerable enough, engage in behaviour to reduce threat
Manipulated with persuasive communication e.g. appeals
Fear appeals
Message- address issues that instil fear (from behaviours)
Audience- target most susceptible to risk
Recommended behaviour- how to avert/reduce risk
Effectiveness of fear appeals (cigarettes)
90% read labels on cigarettes: 3 months later 23% attempted or quit
Those who thought about labels at greater depth are more likely to quit
Fear appeals issues
Fear could cause defensive regimes (denial)
May be ignored if too extreme
May only work when accompanied efficacy message
More effective to change one time behaviours
More effective for woman
Preventable behaviours and PMT research
Compare risk of heart disease vs not risk
Compare protection motivation factors associated with CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) use
Sufferers- behaviours not significantly related to health behaviours
Family risk-highest CAM predictor to prevent, not for future health however
No risk- behaviours for preventative and future health
Routes personality affects health through (2)
Direct route- stress on immune system, certain personality traits more so
Indirect route-fewer health protective behaviours, more unhealthy habits accumulate
The big five and health
Openness-intellect may link to health behaviours, logical
Conscientiousness-organisation and self discipline for health discipline, less risk
Extraversion- social aspects can protect or risk health
Agreeableness-cooperative and social aspects for health but put others first
Neuroticism-emotional instability or extra concern
Self regulation resource model (personality traits and health)
Research by Sirois
HEALTH AND BETTER AFFECT= Conscientiousness, agreeableness
LESS HEALTH=Neuroticism
Perfectionism and health behaviour
Experience frequent cognitions about attaining ideal standards
Perfectionist concerns- critical of self preoccupied with other’s evaluation, inability for satisfaction when goals are met
Perfectionist striving- excessively high unrealistic standards
Meta analysis= striving is related to health behaviours
Importance of studying health behaviours
Target factors causing negative health behaviours for interventions
Small change across population cause large effect in population
Perfectionism is increasing, affecting health behaviours
Emotion at work
17 workers mood checklist, 4x a day for one year EMOTION: (affects wellbeing) Determine job outcome/performance Part of job process/meetings Part of group dynamics/leadership Part of job role/emotional displays
Hochschild flight attendants
Emotional labour- display appropriate emotions for a wage
Display rules- what emotions ought to be expressed by employees, societal, occupational norms
Surface acting-displays emotion but does not feel it
Deep acting- displays and feels emotion
Emotion affects organisations
Immediate gains (sales) Contagion gains (spread word) Encore gains (repeat business)
Emotion affects employees
Performance (tips)
Physical and mental wellbeing
Meta analysis surface and deep acting
Surface- negative relationship wellbeing, positive for emotional performance and customer satisfaction. More ADVERSE AFFECTS
Deep acting-positive relationship with emotional performance and customer satisfaction
Adverse effects of emotional labour
Occurs with a mismatch between displayed and felt emotion and display rules
Deviance-display rules disregarded
Dissonance-expressed emotions clash with actual feelings
Emotional labour
Social identity theory and social interaction model
Social identity theory- More authentic if identity in role but suffer more if company fails or cannot fulfil demands
Social interaction model- personal outcome depends on response of customer
Work home overload
Work overload when emotion management is high at home and work. Conflict when norms differ
Managing emotional labour
Training, feedback, rewards, socialisation, scripts
Labour withdrawals
More humanistic practices
Parkinson- hairdressers study
Those not using deceptive impressions had higher job satisfaction and wellbeing
Openness/expressiveness for tips. Openness easier to train
Sutton debt collectors findings
Rewarded for emotional expression, more unpleasant to customers reluctant to pay
Warm to anxious customers, irritated to those under aroused, calm to angry customers
Emotional display matched when debtor was anxious or indifferent, clash when debtors were friendly or sad and had to act irritated
Dealt with dissonance by: detachment, appraisal (know not personal) release feelings out of call
Affective events theory and two characteristics determining this
Events at work cause affective responses that affect others via influence of attitudes
Characteristics of work environment
Characteristics of worker
Mood and dual tuning model
Positive and negative moods are functional and adaptive: negative moods can signal what is wrong and needs attention
Flow
High skills with high challenge
Passage of time lost, quality of experience affected by flow more than environment
Boredom
Lack of interest, difficulty concentrating. Slower responses and more risk, absenteeism
Up to 56% find job boring
Caused by underload, lack of variability or overload. Current concerns (distracting)
=set goals, refocus attention, increase stimulation and vary activity to solve
Emotional intelligence
Personal and social intelligence, 80% competency depends on this not cognition
Recognise and express emotion (self and others)
Regulate emotions (self and others)
Utilise emotions to solve problems
Measured by self report, ability tests
Circadian rhythms and night work
Difficult to overcome desire to sleep at night, active during day
Strong endogenous, weaker exogenous
Night works mismatches circadian rhythm, internal dissociation
Body starts to adjust to new cycle but back to normal on days off
Increased risk of accidents with fatigue
Sleep disturbance and shift work
Short duration, poor quality, struggle to sleep in day from body clock influence
Greater pressure to sleep through night but briefly alert in morning when circadian rhythm rises
Social factors of shift work
Interfere with domestic and leisure activities, family time, socialising
Can suit childcare arrangements, double burden of caring too
Can sacrifice health for socialising in the day, take longer shifts for more time off
Work performance and shift work
Increase absenteeism
Decline speed, accuracy and vigilance
High accident risk
Shift work physical and mental effects
May require years of exposure
Gastrointestinal and metabolic disorder, can change behaviour e,g, snacking
Cardiovascular-40% risk increase
Cancer-increased risk of tumour, breast cancer, lack of melatonin at night that regulates sleep wake cycles
Menstrual-may disrupt
Mental health-depression, job strain
Family- marital and family conflict, kids achieve lower
Difficulties in studying shift work
More common in certain occupations, comparisons may be occupational differences
Shift workers lower socioeconomic status, related to poorer health behaviour
Work conditions and demands may be different at night
Primary selection (they chose it) and secondary selection (those who quit)
Shift work models, heuristic frameworks
Stress strain model- altering work hours causes strain
Destabilisation model- interferes between work, family
Coping model- focus on individual
Process model-individual differences
Schedule design (more tolerance)
Speed of rotation (rapid rotation minimises circadian disturbance)
Direction of rotation (pattern more in line with circadian rhythm. Avoid quick changeover)
Shift length (8 hours for less fatigue, 12 for more social time off)
Rest (higher value at weekend)
Individual differences in shift work tolerance
Self report scales can predict Evening types may adjust better Flexible sleepers can overcome Young more tolerant, robust system Women greater fatigue if childcare
Interventions for shift work
Legislation- local, national and international workers rights (European)
Shift system design- work between different time zones so work in day
Health service-assessments, counselling and option for day work
Naps for alertness (issues when woken however)
Fitness training or drugs for alertness
Melatonin to improve sleep
Phototherapy, bright light to delay rhythms
