Social Flashcards
Describe the ideological level of analysis.
Cultures, values and norms within a society, etc.
Describe the positional level of analysis.
Aspects of social position, such as status, group memberships, relationships between groups, etc.
Describe the interpersonal level of analysis.
Between individuals: interaction, features of the situation, presence of others, etc.
Describe the intrapersonal level of analysis.
Within the individual: How we organise our experience, perceptions, sense of self, etc.
Define the self concept.
The entire collection of beliefs we hold about ourselves.
Define the self schema.
Attributes about which we are certain and represent clearly.
Define the working self.
Information about the self that is used in a given situation.
Define self-enhancement.
Having self-esteem.
Define self-assessment.
Being accurate about ourselves.
Define self-verification.
Confirming what we already think.
Give 5 examples of self-enhancement.
Better-than-average effect, considering self fairer than others, remembering success and forgetting failure, considering those who say nice things about us to be more credible and self-serving attribution bias.
How do people tend to acquire self worth in individualistic cultures?
Being unique, independent, “true to self” and pursuing own goals.
How do people tend to acquire self worth in collectivistic cultures?
Fitting in, fulfilling obligations, maintaining harmony, self control and promoting others’ goals.
Briefly describe self-categorisation theory.
The combination of personal identity (uniqueness) and social identity (similarity and difference with others (groups)).
How does the ‘naive scientist view’ understand attribution?
Based on consensus, distinctiveness and consistency.
What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?
Over attributing behaviour to stable, dispositional causes and not accounting for social norms and situational causes.
What makes FAE stronger?
Quick judgements, cognitive busyness, good mood and not knowing much about the person.
Describe actor-observer bias.
Attributing own behaviour to situational causes and others’ behaviour to dispositional causes.
Describe self-serving attribution bias.
Tracking credit for success but denying responsibility for failure.
Describe self-handicapping.
Pre-emotive attribution of failure to situation, which can lead to sabotaging your own performance.
(Collectivist/Individualistic) cultures appear to think more holistically.
Collectivist.
Describe the ‘just world theory.’
Derogation of victims to protect sense of justice and feeling that it won’t happen to oneself.
Attitudes needs to be (genetic/specific) to predict specific behaviour.
Specific.
Describe the self-perception theory of attitude.
We infer our attitudes from our behaviour.