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PS2002 > Cognitive > Flashcards

Cognitive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of Baddeley’s working memory model?

A

Phonological loop, visual spatial sketch pad, episodic buffer and central executive.

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2
Q

Working memory has (limited/unlimited) capacity.

A

Limited.

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3
Q

What does the phonological loop do?

A

Holds speech-based information and is where subvocal rehearsal takes place.

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4
Q

What is the real name for the ‘inner voice’ of the phonological loop?

A

Articulatory control system.

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5
Q

What is the real name for the ‘inner ear’ of the phonological loop?

A

Phonological store.

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6
Q

Describe the word - length effect on working memory.

A

Our memory span is longer for words that take a shorter time to say.

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7
Q

Define the central executive.

A

Processes that organise and co-ordinate the functioning of her cognitive system to fulfill current goals.

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8
Q

Which part of the brain is most involved in central executive functioning?

A

The prefrontal cortex.

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9
Q

What is the central executive framework proposed by Miyake et al. (2000)?

A

Inhibition, shifting and updating.

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10
Q

What arises when the frontal lobes are damaged and central executive functioning is impaired?

A

Dysexecutive syndrome.

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11
Q

What is the central executive framework proposed by Stuss and Alexander (2007)?

A

Task setting, monitoring and energisation.

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12
Q

From where does the episodic buffer integrate information?

A

The phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and long-term memory.

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13
Q

Which brain area is very important to the episodic buffer?

A

(Left) hippocampus.

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14
Q

Briefly state 3 main differences between episodic and autobiographical memory.

A

Personal significance factor, timeline and database.

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15
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

The absence of memories from the first 3 years of life.

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16
Q

What chases infantile amnesia?

A

Lack of hippocampal development and density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex.

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17
Q

Give 2 (non-physical) factors that influence the development of autobiographical memory.

A

Concept of the self and social factors.

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18
Q

What is the name for the ability to recall information about almost everyday of ones life over a long time period?

A

Hyperthymestic syndrome.

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19
Q

Describe flashbulb memories.

A

Autobiographical memories for important, dramatic and unique public events.

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20
Q

Describe the working self in autobiographical memory.

A

The self, what the self becomes in the future and the individual’s current goals.

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21
Q

(Generative/Direct) retrieval of autobiographical memories requires more effort.

A

Generative.

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22
Q

What is imagery?

A

A form of representation that is similar to one in early stages of perception but based on information drawn from memory.

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23
Q

What is Bonnet Syndrome?

A

A condition where recurrent and detailed hallucinations occur alongside an eye disease.

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24
Q

What is perceptual anticipation theory?

A

The theory that visual images are depict is representations, organised spatially in the same way as information that is perceived (and rely on the same visual buffer, according to Kosslyn).

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25
Q

Describe binocular rivalry.

A

When 2 different stimuli are presented to each eye, so only 1 can be consciously perceived.

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26
Q

Describe Pabio’s dual coding hypothesis of imagery.

A

There are 2 types of code for representation: verbal and visual.

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27
Q

Briefly decree C.K.’s abilities with object discrimination.

A

Showed severe deficits in object recognition but could imagine and draw objects.

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28
Q

Define focused/selective attention.

A

Where individuals attend to/focus resources on one type of stimulus input out of many presented at the same time.

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29
Q

Which system is the top-down voluntary system in attention?

A

The endogenous system.

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30
Q

Which system is the automatic involuntary system in attention?

A

The exogenous system.

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31
Q

Describe persistent neglect.

A

When patients ignore stimuli resents on the left side of the visual field.

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32
Q

Describe personal neglect.

A

When parents show neglect for the left side of the body.

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33
Q

Describe the principle of split attention in the multiple spotlight theory.

A

Attention can be allocated to two or more non-adjacent areas of visual space.

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34
Q

Name the condition where patients only perceive a portion of the visual field, neglect the left side and act as if they can only see single objects at once.

A

Dorsal simultagnosia/ Balint’s syndrome.

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35
Q

Give the term for “reduced perceptual priority for info in a region that recently enjoyed a higher priority.”

A

Inhibition of return.

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36
Q

Define divided attention.

A

The allocation of resources when performing two task at the same time.

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37
Q

Give 3 factors that influence dual task performance.

A

Task similarity, practice and difficulty.

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38
Q

Define object recognition.

A

Processes involved in identifying objects in the visual field.

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39
Q

What are “place tokens” in Marr’s computational theory of object recognition?

A

Elements of an object identified by looking at light intensity changed in adjacent areas.

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40
Q

What are the stages of Marr’s computational theory of object recognition?

A

Grey level, raw primal sketch, 2.5D sketch and 3D sketch.

41
Q

What are viewpoint invariant processes?

A

Where object recognition is equally rapid irrespective of viewing angle.

42
Q

What are viewpoint dependent processes?

A

Where object recognition depends on the viewing angle.

43
Q

(Categorisation/Identification) is associated with viewpoint invariant object recognition.

A

Categorisation.

44
Q

(Categorisation/Identification) is associated with viewpoint dependent object recognition.

A

Identification.

45
Q

Name the type of forgetting which is useful.

A

Adaptive.

46
Q

Name the type of forgetting where we are unable to retrieve information we would like.

A

Maladaptive.

47
Q

Name the type of forgetting where retrieving some info leads to forgetting related info or where we lack cues required.

A

Unintentional.

48
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle in memory?

A

The probability of retrieving info increases with the overlap between info present at retrieval and stored in memory.

49
Q

Briefly describe consolidation.

A

A process lasting several hours or more that fixes information in long term memory.

50
Q

How do cases of retrograde amnesia provide support for the consolidation hypothesis?

A

Patients have worse memory for events just prior to the onset than long ago.

51
Q

Describe proactive interference of learning.

A

When what an individual has previously learned disrupts current learning.

52
Q

Describe retroactive interference of learning.

A

When what an individual will learn in the future disrupts current learning.

53
Q

When is retroactive interference most pronounced?

A

When new learning resembles old learning.

54
Q

Name the type of forgetting which is deliberate.

A

Motivated.

55
Q

Name the type of forgetting where retrieval is inspired when an instruction is given to forget some material presented in learning.

A

Directed.

56
Q

Describe the confirmation bias in memory.

A

Where event memory is distorted by the observer’s expectations.

57
Q

Describe weapon focus in eyewitness testimony.

A

Focusing on the weapon and so failing to attend to other details.

58
Q

Briefly describe source misattribution.

A

When the context surrounding an original memory and misinformation is very similar.

59
Q

Describe metric representation of objects.

A

Where objects are located with reference to the distance and direction of other objects.

60
Q

Describe categorical representation of objects.

A

Where objects are located with reference to a larger region but no exact co-ordinates.

61
Q

What aspects of spatial cognition are present at birth?

A

Egocentric and categorical coding.

62
Q

What aspects of spatial cognition are not present at birth but develop during infancy?

A

Dead reckoning, allocentric coding and metric coding.

63
Q

What aspects of spatial cognition are present, but limited, in toddlers?

A

Spatial reorientation and mapping.

64
Q

What key developmental interaction affects spatial cognition?

A

Self-locomotion impacts on hippocampal development.

65
Q

In research on reading, what is a lexical decision task?

A

Where an individual is required to decide as rapidly as possible if a string of letters forms a word.

66
Q

In research on reading, what is a naming task?

A

Where an individual is required to pronounce aloud visually presented words as rapidly as possible.

67
Q

In research on reading, what is priming?

A

Influencing the processing of and response to a target by presenting a stimulus related to it in some way beforehand.

68
Q

Describe patient PS in relation to phonological processing.

A

Understood the mean of words but could not pronounce them accurately.

69
Q

Describe surface dyslexia.

A

Problems reading irregular words.

70
Q

Describe phonological dyslexia.

A

Problems reading unfamiliar words and non-words.

71
Q

Describe deep dyslexia.

A

Problems in reading unfamiliar words, inability to read non-words and semantic reading errors.

72
Q

When reading, what do we fixate on?

A

80% of context words and 20% of function words.

73
Q

Name the 3 stages and Hayes and Flower’s writing process.

A

Planning, sentence-generation and revision.

74
Q

What 3 kinds of knowledge does planning writing require?

A

Conceptual, socio-cultural and metacognitive.

75
Q

Describe phonological dysgraphia.

A

No problem spelling familiar words, but difficulty spelling unfamiliar words and non-words.

76
Q

Describe surface dysgraphia.

A

Some appropriate spelling of non-words, misspellings that sound like the relevant word and more accuracy spelling regular than irregular words.

77
Q

Which aspect of writing places the greatest demands on working memory?

A

Reviewing.

78
Q

The lexical route in spelling is used for (familiar/unfamiliar words).

A

Familiar.

79
Q

The non-lexical route in spelling is used for (familiar/unfamiliar words).

A

Unfamiliar.

80
Q

Briefly describe insight.

A

Sudden restructuring of a problem.

81
Q

What is the General Problem Solver in the computational approach to problem solving.

A

A computer program designed to solve numerous well-defined problems.

82
Q

What is involved in the Problem Space in the computational approach to problem solving.

A

Initial state of the problem, goal state and possible mental operations.

83
Q

Give 3 problem solving strategies for limited capacity.

A

Heuristics, algorithms and means-end analysis.

84
Q

Describe analogical problem solving.

A

Using similarities between a current problem and one or more problems solved in the past.

85
Q

Describe Chase and Simon’s chunking theory of chess expertise.

A

Detailed information of chess positions is stored in long term memory.

86
Q

Give the 2 components in Template Theory.

A

A core with fixed information and slots with variable information.

87
Q

Expertise is concerned with (knowledge rich/lean) problems.

A

Knowledge rich.

88
Q

Define appraisals.

A

The process of evaluating the importance of environmental changed for one’s well-being.

89
Q

Give 4 types of changed that occur during appraisal.

A

Physiological, expressive behavioural and other.

90
Q

Briefly describe the 3 parallel mechanisms in appraisal.

A

1) Associative processing (priming and activating memories
2) Reasoning
3) Monitoring of info from 1 and 2.

91
Q

Describe emotional regulation.

A

Management of control of emotions to override spontaneous responses.

92
Q

Explain how distraction works in emotional regulation.

A

Redirects attention away from negative emotional information and fills working memory with distracting stimuli.

93
Q

Describe reinterpretation in cognitive reappraisal.

A

Changing the meaning of the context in which a stimulus is presented.

94
Q

Describe distancing in cognitive reappraisal.

A

Making a detached third person perspective.

95
Q

Define schematas.

A

Cognitive structures that influence a person’s perceptions, interpretations and memories.

96
Q

Describe the depression schemata.

A

Global negativity and the negative triad.

97
Q

Describe the anxiety schemata.

A

Exaggerated vulnerability and danger to self.

98
Q

Describe Bower’s Network Theory.

A

Each distinct emotion has a specific node in memory that joins other aspects of emotion to it by associated pointers.

PS2002 (4 decks)

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