Social Flashcards

Question

what is the divisional effect in Social Impact Theory?

Answer 1

social impact is reduced if there are more targets than sources

Answer 2

impact on target = f(1/SIN)

Answer 3

once source group > , each added person has less of an influencing effect

Answer 4

OBEDIENCE AT THE ZOO -Sedikides + Jackson (1990) -visitors asked not to lean on railing -confederate either as zoo keeper (58% obedience) or regular person (35% obedience) -61% when in same room, 7% when in adjacent room -obedience greater in groups of 1/2 that 5/6

Answer 5

-Immediacy less important than strength -Hofling (1966) - unknown doctor called 22 nurses to administer overdose -95% went to obey despite doctor not present

Answer 6

political influence: -adopting strong + persuasive style of communication -reach voters face-to-face -address smaller groups rather than crowds

Answer 7

Having opinions that differ from those held by others. (disobedience)

Answer 8

Ability to withstand social pressure to obey authority , influenced by both situational and dispositional (personality) factors.

Answer 9

hostile to inferior and obedient to superior -likely to have grown up with strict parents -scores high on the Fascism scale

Answer 10

persons perception of personal control over their behavior -internal = self responsibility -external = governed by others and chance factors -internal = more likely to disobey authority

Answer 11

strength: research support (Milgram tested his ppts, obedient ppts scored higher on F scale) -ca: may just be correlational (other factors may impact) - Miller 1975 found that when told to hold live wires people with an external locus of control were more obedient to high and low status experimenters and people with internal locus of control unaffected by the status weakness: Schurz: asked to blast painful ultrasound on female students, fully obedient and resistive ppts had similar LOC on questionnaire -APPLICATION: field of human resources: some jobs require higher obedience levels, using LOC scale to recruit

Answer 12

-Women are more obedient than men (Sheridon + King = electric shock puppies, 100% females 54% males obeyed, (women did appear more distressed) -Men more obedient than women (Kilham + Mann, replicated Milgram's study = 40% males, 16% females fully obedient, even less when asked to shock another woman)

Answer 13

Individualism vs collectivism -individualists = self resilience + personal autonomy -collectivists = loyalty to groups + interdependence -Power Distance Index (PDI) = how accepting people are of order and inequality in society -low PDI = more resistant

Answer 14

+ close relationships between obedience and PDI (Kilham + Mann), both low in Australia, both high in Poland - very similar levels of obedience between US & rest of world, universal social behavior

Answer 15

-Legitimacy: perceived status (Milgrams variation) -Proximity: (Latene) Social Impact Theory -Behavior of others: role models who disobey, Milgram variation 17 (2 peers rebel, obedience = 10%)

Answer 16

supporting evidence (Social impact Theory, obedience at the zoo) conflicting evidence -personality of each individual also impacts - APPLICATION: can help prevent rule breaking, increased obedience by Immediacy and Legitimacy

Answer 17

Tajfel + Turner (1979,1986)

Answer 18

1. Social categorization - see yourself as part of a group 2. Social identification - identifying with the group and taking on their norms and attitudes 3. Social comparison - see in-group as better than out-group to boost self esteem

Answer 19

-minimal group experiment -64 15-16yr old boys from same school in bristol -divided into groups randomly but told was due to preference of painting, asked allocate points to their team and another team. immediately focussed on increasing the gap between their ingroup and the outgroup, showing the immediate social comparison and belief that they were better than the other team

Answer 20

tajfel's experiment is not realistic -just a game, no consequences, lacks mundane realism

Answer 21

-may only explain western societies, sample not generalisable

Answer 22

attempting to reduce prejudice in classrooms. For example the introduction of a jigsaw classroom to reduce prejudice in the 1950s between white and black students, groups were mixed up and put into smaller groups for a group project with everyone being graded collectively. this led to decreased Prejudice as they worked together to get good grades

Answer 23

Prejudice arises due to groups competing for resources. There has to be competition present.

Answer 24

Sherif et al (Robbers Cave)

Answer 25

22 11 to 12-year-old boys From Oklahoma invited to a summer camp set up by Sherif for the study they were split into two groups ,the rattlers and the Eagles. they were given activities to create a sense of competition such as Tug of War and running races. researchers also simulated cabin raids to create hostility. they were then given superordinate (common) goals, fixing the water tank or getting the bus started so they could leave

Answer 26

before the Superordinate goals were introduced, 6.4% rattlers said they were friends with eagles, 7.5 eagles said they were friends with rattlers. after these goals, the % increased to 36.4 and 23.5 respectively. they also mixed groups and sat with people from the outgroups on the bus on the way home, despite calling them 'rats' and 'stinkers' before

Answer 27

the fight for resources (rewards, status over the other group) created outgroup hostility and ingroup solidarity, however this conflict can be resolved by introducing common goals.

Answer 28

High construct validity, researchers spent over 300 hours observing and interviewing participants until they found 22. This ensured a match of personalities, so individual differences would not affect the group's results. Good ecological validity because it was a field experiment- the children thought that they were taking part in a summer camp. This shows how they would naturally react in this situation, showing that conflict would naturally be created.

Answer 29

Not generalisable because he only used children. It may not be representative of how prejudice is created in adults and conflicting goals may only work for pre-teens. He also only used males, so it may only be applicable to this gender. Could also just show western cultures. Replication of Spencer with sea scouts with a football match. The scouts knew each other well before the football match took place. In-group solidarity did not increase because everyone interacted well with each other. This suggests that prejudice can only be created from if the competing groups do not know each other, therefore, not explained by realistic conflict theory

Answer 30

strict parenting and conditional love, hostility experienced is projected onto those who are perceived as lower status

Answer 31

Pratto et al

Answer 32

socialization -role models -seeing the world as a competitive jungle, fight for resources

Answer 33

personality -culture -situation

Answer 34

Cohrs et al = RWA and SDO both correlated positively with prejudice behavior and negatively with openness to experience -levels of prejudice can be accurately predicted by personality types

Answer 35

Louis et al 2003 noted that right wing authoritarian and social dominance orientation scales do not include items which are heavily affected by social norms or attitudes for example 72% of their Australian participants strongly disagreed with the statement the white races the best race but agreed with the exclusion of asylum seekers showing its important to understand social as well as individual Factors in order to address the consequences of prejudice effectively

Answer 36

levin 1996 found that sdo is not stable and consistent over time. He asked Jewish participants to think about their social identity within Israel and found that ashkenazi Jews showed higher sdo scores compared while with other Jewish groups, however these differences disappeared when the participants were asked to think about the Israeli Palestinian relationship this suggests that sdo can be manipulated and can be in effect of Prejudice as well as a Cause

Answer 37

reducing prejudice -learned through specific world views -greater regulations of media sources

Answer 38

Prejudice and Obedience

Answer 39

burger 2009

Answer 40

-see if Milgram's findings were era-bound -see if obedience is impacted by gender or personality traits (empathetic concern and desire for control)

Answer 41

-29 men + 41 women aged 20-81 -flyers, ads, newspapers + online more ethically sound: Rigorous screening process, excluded those psychologically vulnerable Clinical psychologist used as an experimenter, instructed to stop the experiment if they detected excessive stress during the procedure Immediately debriefed to relieve stress Reduced maximum voltage to 150-volt

Answer 42

replication of Milgram's baseline Experimenter and confederate chosen for their resemblance to those used in Milgram's study Similar script to Milgram's original; explaining the use of the electric generator Exactly like Milgram, learner was placed in the adjoining room while the teacher was placed before the electric generator 15 volt sample shock Same four verbal prods from Milgram's study used

Answer 43

-70% obedient compared to 65% in Milgram's study -no significant gender differences -no differences linked to empathetic concern -higher desire for control = more defiant

Answer 44

-Milgram's findings not era-bound -desire for control has impact on obedience

Answer 45

-strength: -VALIDITY: none knew Milgrams research, excluded if took 2+ psychology classes, enhanced internal validity of study weakness: GENERALISABILITY: poor, 38% deselected after screening, may have lead to biased sample who are more psychologically robust with lower obedience levels

Answer 46

once a person feels that they really belong to a group (social identification) their attitude towards other similar competing groups will be affected. they will br more positive to their ingroup and more negative to their outgroup.

Answer 47

To investigate whether a sense of belonging to an ingroup of rugby fans led to Prejudiced views about an outgroup of football fans

Answer 48

rugby fans will show significantly more positive attitudes towards fellow rugby fans than football fans.students who play rugby will show significantly more negative attitudes towards footballers than towards fellow rugby players.

Answer 49

we selected participants using opportunity sampling and by asking them if they played rugby. we took the ones that fulfilled our criteria to a separate area, away from their friends, and read them the standardised instructions. we lied about the aim of the study, saying it was concerning sixth former's attitudes towards sport. we gave them some distance and they completed the questionaire. afterwards, we read them the debrief, telling them the true aim and asked the to sign the consent form.

Answer 50

target= rugby fans of all ages sample= 16-18 year old rugby fans from sixth form (opportunity sample)

Answer 51

the one open question was put first so answers would be unaffected by following questions and so words/adjectives couldn't be used for the checklist questions unless they completed questions out of order - avoid context effect took away from friends reduce soical desirability affect lied about aim to avoid social desirabiity bias and demand characteristics.

Answer 52

The mean number of times rugby players were positive towards rugby players was 7.8, the standard deviation of this being 1.7, while they were only positive towards football fans an average of 0.8 times, standard deviation of 1.1. The mean number of times rugby players were negative towards rugby players was 0.8, the standard deviation of this being 0.9, while they were negative towards football fans an average of 6.3 times, standard deviation of 2.3. During thematic analysis, we identified the theme of "rugby players are more masculine", the quote "rugby are men" falling under this category.

Answer 53

how much do you agree with the statement that football players need a very high level of technical skill? SA A DK D SD

Answer 54

how would you compare the attitudes of rugby players vs football players?

Answer 55

we accept the research hypothesis that rugby fans will have signifcantly more positve attitudes towards fellow rugby fans than they do footballers, which we can therefore link to the theory that once a person feels they belong in a group their attitude towards other similar groups will change, our findings proving this research theory to be true.

Answer 56

social norms competition and resource stress

Answer 57

A study of white and black us coal miners found that they were friendly and cooperative with each other below ground (whilst they all identified as miners away from the prejudiced society above ground) but they held negative views of each other above ground (whilst they identified with white and black social groups above ground surrounded by that norm).

Answer 58

Found that resource stress occurs when people believe commodities are Limited. Prejudice arises if in group members see themselves in Direct competition for scarce resources with another group, heightened if the situation is seen as 'zero sum' for example only one can win. For the in group tries to demonstrate the outgroups lack of worthiness due to the perceived threat they pose ( idea supported by the robber's cave study on realistic conflict Theory)

Answer 59

Participants were exposed to hearing a confederate express skepticism that the statement 'discrimination of women is no longer a problem in Sweden' can be agreed with. Later measured attitudes towards women were significantly lower for a group who had this statement compared to a control group who did not hear the statement showing that Prejudice can be affected by situational factors such as perceived norms and social threat

Answer 60

He also reported that personality variables such as RDA and sdo had an influence as well as just whether they had exposed to the statement or not, therefore showing how situational and individual differences are both important equally

Answer 61

The norm of fairness the norm of tolerance

Answer 62

Baldwin suggests that all cultures partly see themselves as superior so they appear to not be prejudiced but their positive behavior towards outgroups is actually to support lower status groups out of pity and belief they are worse off than them, leading to microaggressions and increased Prejudice

Answer 63

some cultures accept and even encourage outward expressions of prejudice, e.g. apartheid in south africa after 1948

Answer 64

This study replicated the minimal groups experiment in a New Zealand School. They found that Polynesian children were more generous and fair than their Caucasian classmates, offering a more equal distribution of points between the groups. New Zealand is a individualistic culture focused on benefiting themselves as individuals whereas Polynesian cultures are collectivist more focused on sharing and cooperation.This research shows how the effect of the norm of fairness in culture can influence Prejudice

Answer 65

What can be held accountable for atrocities such as the Abu graib prison abuse?

Answer 66

The Abu grave prison torture Was discovered in the early 2000s After the publishing of photos of the torture. Reservist rank US soldiers were running a prison in Iraq for 12-hour shifts where the prisoners were psychologically physically and sexually abused after the soldiers were told to soften them up for interrogation. Are the soldiers themselves to blame or was it situation that caused them to act this way? This can also be applied to society so we can understand why people act Prejudiced or hostile

Answer 67

24 college students with no criminal record beforehand were believed to be good people, psychologically tested beforehand and for any extreme personality traits. Participants were put into a prison role play and split into either being guards or prisoners. The 'guards' gradually became increasingly verbally and physically abusive towards the 'prisoners', leading to zimbardo ending the study early to avoid further psychological detriment. This supports the idea that bad situations can make good people do bad things.

Answer 68

Milgrams experiments helped develop the agency Theory, outlining the two States we are in during behaviour: The autonomous state means you have free will and you can choose your actions, whereas the agentic state means you do not have control over your actions and you are a slave to authority. It can be argued that soldiers were in the agentic state because as military reservists they were the lowest status of soldier and therefore would have obeyed their orders from their superiors out of respect or fear of dischargement.

Answer 69

rct: Prejudice and hostility arises when there is competition over a limited resource, for example the primary resource of living, not being killed in the war. it can be argued the soldiers were put under immense stress which triggered them to act in this way

Answer 70

This type of personalty is developed when children are parented harshly and recieve conditional love, the hostility the child feels is directed onto lower social groups as a form of self regulation.the army attracts these personalities as the psychological robustness is needed to execute difficult army tasks, i.e. killing. this means the soldiers likely were aware they were able to project their hostility to the prisoners and had choice over their actions.

Answer 71

if the soldiers had disagreed with the orders, they would have experienced moral strain (anxiety). the soldiers are smiling in the uncovered pictures whilst causing severe distress to others, suggesting they're proud of their work. if therye not experiencing moral strain, can be argued theyre not in the agentic state and had free will with their actions.

Answer 72

rct is only supported by the robbers cave study, but this sample is ungeneralisable: it is 11-12 year old protestant oklahoma boys competing for a trophy ina summer camp environment, abu graib is a completely different environment in which the solders are grown adults competing for their lives in an active warzone. as the sample can't be generalised, neither can rct

Answer 73

soldiers were to blame: weren't in the agentic state due to lack of moral strain, and the type of abuse (humiliation, not effective torture) is an example of hostility being displaced like authoritarian personalities do fisk et al 2004: once they established the abuse as a group norm, it was very hard not to conform. ' in combat, community to ones unit means survival, and ostracism means death'.