Child Flashcards

Question

what shouldnt be offered in exchange for participation?

Answer 1

incentives like sweets or toys

Answer 2

general ethical guidelines for use wth humans

Answer 3

protection from harm, informed consent, confidentiality, decepetion

Answer 4

their safety and emotional state

Answer 5

united nations convention on the rights of the child. it offers guidelines as to what countries should do to ensure children grow up as healthy as possible, learn at school, are protected, have their views istened to and are treated fairly. any child research should adhere to this.convention on the rights of the child.

Answer 6

looking at adult attachment theory/reationships and seeing if its different to mother child relationships. are a persons adult relationships affected by early attachment experiences?

Answer 7

to investigate whether early caregiving has an effect on romantic relationships in adulthood

Answer 8

- adult relationship using a questionnaire --> Experiences in close relationships scale: short form (ECR-S) - attachement style using questionnaire --> Descriptions of parental caregiving style (Hazan and Shaver 1987)

Answer 9

You will be significantly more likely to show a secure adult attachment style if your childhood relationship with caregiver was warm.

Answer 10

adults in a relationship (opportunity sample)

Answer 11

- test of difference, nominal, independent groups = chi-squared.

Answer 12

in conclusion, we accept the research hypothesis that a person will be significantly more likely to show a secure adult attachment style if their childhood relatioship with caregiver is warm. this can be linked to Bowlbys work on attachment. he suggests a baby forms a special bond with one person (monotropy) and this can impact their attachment to others later in life, formed due to natural selection.

Answer 13

for a chi squared test, a one tailed hypothesis, df = 1 and p<0.01, the critical value is 5.02. our observed value of chi was 13.03. since the observed value is greater than the critical value the results are significant at the p<0.01 level. consequently, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis. as such, people who describe their childhood relationship with their caregiver as warm are significantly more likely to show a secure adult attachment style.

Answer 14

- parental caregiving question (even though it was anonymous) it was incredibily direct. - the participants may baulk at answering the questions honestly. - or they may be in a state of denial. - ecr-s has much more subtely worded questions and so is much less likely to cause SDB ~(although not immune)

Answer 15

- self report is an unnatural way to measure people's behaviour in relationships. - covert observation of a persons habits in relationships, with their consent, is much more likely to give a realistic, real-life idea of their romatic attachemnt style

Answer 16

- most students tested their parents . - if you are a sixth form student you are by definition, educationally successful, and its easier to be educationally successful if your home life is stable, and home life is more likely to be stable if your parents are together and securely attached - as such, we would expect secure attachment types to be over represented in our sample. - 65% is what we'd expect (we had 79%)

Answer 17

- high from our side, because once we have teh self report data there is no opinion involved in scoring the questionnaire, classifying the attachment style, or the chi squared that follows

Answer 18

- high because closed questions funnel people towards the same or similar boxes each time. - in terms of romantic attachment, external reliability may be an issue. if they answer on monday they may be very positive. if they have a huge argument on wednesday this will affect their answers if you repeat the test on thursday.

Answer 19

natural selection. attachment behaviour evolved becasue it benefitted both babies and parents.

Answer 20

their genes are more likely to be passed on if the children are well protected.

Answer 21

they are more likely to survive if they maintain a close proximinty to their caregiver.

Answer 22

about 6 months. this means babies form attachments at about 6 months, but if they dont then they may never be able to form attachments.

Answer 23

carers who are most sensitive to their needs - more responsive, cooperative, accessible

Answer 24

baby-like behaviours and features that elicit caregiving (things that make the carer want to look after the baby) they lead to survival and reproductive success

Answer 25

When babies form a primary attachment / special emotional bond to / with one caregiver. This relationship is thought to be qualitatively different from relationships to anyone else.

Answer 26

the person who responds most sensitively to the babys needs, not the one who spends the most time with them. traditionally the mother

Answer 27

they form secondary attachments that provide an emotional safety net - many babies prefer tehir mother if theyre upset but are equally well comforted by their father, grandparent or sibling if the mother is absent.

Answer 28

it forms an internal working model of relationships should be = expectations about the self, significant others and the relationship between the 2, that stem frm early attachment experiences.

Answer 29

- short term --> gives the child insight inot the carers behaviour and enables the child to influence it (so a true partnership can be formed) - long term --> a template for future relationships, creating expectations about what good relationships are like

Answer 30

there is continuty from infancy to adulthood in terms of emotional attachment type

Answer 31

- individuals who are strongly attached in infancy continue to be socially and emotionally competant - babies who are not strongly attached have more social and emotional difficulties in childhooand adulthood.

Answer 32

- isabella (1993) observed mother and babies at 1, 4 and 9 months, assessing quality of attachment at 1 year. - he found that the most strongly-attached babies had mothers who were more sennsitively responsive. - this supports the importance of sensitivity in the formation of a close attachment

Answer 33

- kagan's (1984) temperament hypothesis says that a baby's innate temperament (personality) has an important influence on the attachment elationship. - some babies are emotionally 'difficult' from birth and this affects the mother's ability to form a close relationship. - this mean that how attachments form depends on more than just the sensitiveity of the mother/caregiver (both nature and nurture matter).

Answer 34

- according to bowlby it should be not possible to form attachments beyond the age of 6 months. - rutter et al (2011) agree that it is less likely attachments form after this period. but they believe it is not impossible (a sensitive period rather than a critical period). - this means that children are the most receptive to forming certain behaviours at a particualr time, but such developments can still occur outside this period

Answer 35

He studied 44 juveniles in a juvenile delinquency Centre. He found that 17 of the 44 had experienced prolonged separation from their mother in the first six months of life. 15 of the 17 have been classified as having affectionless psychopathy, as opposed to 2 of the 24 who had not been separated from their mother. The supports the idea that a lack of attachment within the critical period can lead to never forming an attachment and a psychopathic personality

Answer 36

- bowlby's theory has had a considerable impact on attitudes mother going out to work - it implies mother should stay at home to care for children because separation is harmful to emotional develpopment - therefore some feminits critised bowlby for discouraging women from being a mother and a career woman.

Answer 37

it misses a key part of the attachment theory - atachment is related to the quality of time spent with a baby, not the amount. fox (1977) tested babies raised on israeli kibbtz (a metapelet looks after all the children during the day). the babies spent less time with their mothers but the attachment bond was almost as strong to the mother as it was to the metapelet.

Answer 38

they tested whether early attachments formed a template for later romatic relationships using the 'love quiz'. the 620 replies were classed as secure or insecure in their parent child relationships and related this to their belief about romatic love. they found secure parent child relationships = trusting relationships. insecure parent child relationships = romantic relationships based on obsession, attraction and jealously. this correlation supports bowlby

Answer 39

their longitudinal study of 60 babies until they were 18 months old found that 17% of babies formed multiple attachments as soon as attachemnt behaviours were displayed. by 4 months 50% of babies had more than 1 attachment, up to 5. at 18 months, only 13% of children had 1 attachements. this doesnt support bowlbys idea of monotropy.

Answer 40

- contrinuted to development of new hospital procedures ensuring visting times and access rights of parents to hospitalised children were increases. - it made a positive contribution to childcare practices to avoid bond distruption. - day care carefully considers the nature of subsitute care and care-carer ratio are set by government - howver, it has made working mother fel guilty and anxious about leaving children at daycare.

Answer 41

it is not a testable theory because in order to test it you would have to vary how much the caregiver loves their child and measure how much it impact thier mental health. this is very unethical. however, we can do animal studies.

Answer 42

strange situation procedure (ssp)

Answer 43

a method of assessing attachment type, structured observation in a new/strange room, 9 x9 foot square is marked off inot 16 squares to track the babies movements.

Answer 44

1. mother and baby taken to small room with toys. 2. child explores room and plays while the mother is there. 3. stranger enters, greets mother, talks to her and then tries to interact with the child through play. 4. the mother gets up and leaves the room, leaving the child and stranger alone. 5. after a short period (determined by the child's distress) the mother returns to join the child and stranger. she consoles the child and stranger leaves. 6. mother leaves the room, leaving child alone. 7. stranger enters the room and attempts to interact with and console the child in the mother's absence. 8. the mother returns to console the child for the second time and the stranger leaves the room.

Answer 45

1. n/a 2. use of parent as secure base 3. stranger anxiety 4. separation anxiety 5. reunion behaviour 6. separation anxiety 7. stranger anxiety 8. reunion behaviour

Answer 46

to encourage exploration and thus test the secure base concept

Answer 47

- used a video recorder and/or a 2 way mirror - note what the baby is doing every 15 seconds (time sampling) - use behavioural categories (e.g. contact-seeking behaviours or interaction-avoiding behaviours - each item is also scored for intensity on a scale of 1 to 7

Answer 48

106 middle class babies in USA

Answer 49

type a= insecure-avoidant --> 23% type b= secure --> 65% type c= insecure resistant --> 12%

Answer 50

- high willingness to explore, low stranger anxiety, indifferent separation anxiety, indifferent to departure or return of caregiver parent is inconsistently emotionally available

Answer 51

some separation anxiety but easy to sooth, high stranger anxiety, enthusiastic reunion behaviour, used caregiver as a secure base from which to explore, high willingness to explore. parent is consistenty emotionally available

Answer 52

high stranger anxiety, high separation anxiety (distressed), low willingness to explore, reunion behaviour was angry, resistance to being picked up, also trying other means to maintain proximity (seeks contact then rejects it). parent is consistently emotionally unavailable

Answer 53

they are highly reliable. - used a panel of experienced observers which meant inter-observer reliability could be calculated. - almost perfect agreement when rating exploratory behaviour (a correlation of +0.94 between raters' scoring on the SSP) - this means that the observations can be trusted - use a standardised procedure - high internal validity -- multiple stages assess the same behaviour, shows consistency of observations

Answer 54

- main and solomon (1990) analysed over 200 SSP videos and found a type d (insecure-disorganised --> lack of consistent patterns of behaviour) - a 5th type has been indentified - disinhibited attachment, characterisitic of children who have experienced severe privation - this means the initial research may have oversimplified a more complex situation, therefore lacking validity

Answer 55

- the ssp aims to measure the attachment type of the child, but it actually measures the quality of one specific relationship - main and wetson (1981) found that classification of attachment type depended on which parent the baby was with - this suggests that attachment type may not be valid because what we are measuring is one relationship rather than a personal characteristic

Answer 56

it could be argued the realtionship between child and primary caregiver is the key factor in determining attachemnt type . so if relationship being measured is with the primary attachment figure the outcome is valid.

Answer 57

processes of attachment can be applied to childcare situations - in cases of disordered attachments, intervention strategies can be developed (e.g. circle of security teaches carers to understand babies distress signals and increase understanding of how it feels to be anxious. - in a study of security users, Cooper et al. (2005) found a decrease in the number of caregivers classified as disordered (from 60% to 15%) and an increase in securely attached babies (from 32% to 40%) - this supports the research on attachment types because such research can be used to improve children's lives and such strategies can only be trusted if they have a valid theoretical basis.

Answer 58

when using it on children who go to daycare (e.g. those accustomed to separation)

Answer 59

the child may behave differently in more familar surroundings

Answer 60

Can cause distress to the child, however this is combatedwhat did fuertes et al. (2006) conduct reseach on by the panel of trained observers knowing to recognise the signals of distress

Answer 61

48 portuguese babies and mother, studied the sensitive, responsiveness of mother and the attachement bond secured by attentive mothers. they observed the mothers and babies regularly until they reached their first birthday. they assesed the babys personality in the first few months and the mothers sensitivity to the babies needs. when the babies were 12 months old, they used the ssp to categories them into different attachment types.

Answer 62

it wasnt only the sensitive, responsiveness of the mother that determined the attachment type, but individual temperament or personality of the child had an overwhelming influence on the type of attachment that developed

Answer 63

contradicts the maternal sensitivity hypothesis, highlighting instead the role of individual differences in the personality of the child do think the ssp works but they think the relationship between mum and child is both to do with the childs temperament and also the sensitivity of the mother.

Answer 64

it only represents a westernised view of attachment. some cultures encourage independence so it only applies to western child rearing practicies. same for cultures where separation from parent is uncommon (e.g. japan)

Answer 65

because it will show the impact of different child rearing practices. it will show whether attachment is universal or a cultrally specific phenomenon.

Answer 66

grossman and grossman (began in 1976-77)

Answer 67

longitudinal study, recruited 49 families at hospitals before the birth of a child. this was 23 girls and 26 boys from typical german native families with traditional divisions of labour within the family (mother tended to be primary caregiver, father was the provider).

Answer 68

- extensive notes from observations of the parent-child interactions within the family at home - at 2 y/o they were assessed using ssp

Answer 69

49% children were type a (insecure avoidant) - parental sensitivity was correlated with child-parent attachments formed

Answer 70

- german children are more idenpendent from an earlier age, they are acustomed to being left with other adults or by themselves

Answer 71

miyake et al (1985) and Takahashi (1986)

Answer 72

- absence of type a (insecure avoidant) - greater distribution of type c (insecure-resistant) --> more than 30% compared to the usa - showed inconsolable, great distress at separation and stranger activity

Answer 73

- theyre rarely separated from their mother and attachment is characterised by close continuous physical contact, so ssp may be the first time theyve ever been left alone or with a stranger

Answer 74

sagi et al. (1985)

Answer 75

theyre separated from the parents in the day, instead looked after in a nursery environment headed by a metapelet. they often sleep in dorms and are cared for collectively where child rearing is shared

Answer 76

- high amount of type c (insecure resistant) --> 33%

Answer 77

- because the mother was regularly absent and caregivers rotated shifts so lack of continuous and immediate attention

Answer 78

consistent with attachment proportions in the usa

Answer 79

because it reflects the values and beliefs of child rearing practices of america. its not sensitive to cultrual values

Answer 80

ainsworth suggests a strong association between sensitive, responsive parenting and type b secure attachments translating this would assume japanese, german and israeli children are insecurely attached due to lack of maternal sensitive responsiveness (consistently insensitive or inconsistently sensitive).

Answer 81

attachment exists across many culture and to an extent is determined by maternal sensitivity. supports bowlby's idea that attachment is an innate process driven by evolutionary adaptness. however, type od attachment formed is largely dependent on different child rearing practices in different cultures.

Answer 82

to investigate if attachment styles are universal across cultures, or cultrally specific (vary considerably from place to place due to traditions, social environment or beliefs about children)

Answer 83

meta analysis, compiling different studies research

Answer 84

data from 32 separate studies carried out in 8 different countries and in total represented 1990 strange situation classifications. all used the ssp. they excluded studies that included children with special educational needs, studies with overlapping samples and studies where children were over 24 months.

Answer 85

secure type b

Answer 86

anxious avoidant because german parents place high value on independence

Answer 87

insecure resistant because the high value placed on dependency

Answer 88

it is ethical when doing a meta analysis, all the research has already been completed so therefore none of the issues that arise from primary data research apply. this includes ethical issues. they don't hold responsibility for the ethical concerns of the study as they themselves did not do it or could have affected it in any way because it is secondary research.

Answer 89

- ethnocentric - lacks population validity

Answer 90

- using the ssp in different countries and assuming it works in all is ethnocentric because it reflects american norms and values regarding child bearing. - test suggests attachment is related to anxiety on separation and in doing so assumes that behaviour has the same meaning in all cultures - isnt the case e.g. japan -- ainsworth would interpret the high distress elvels as insecure attachment in doing so would impose western values on a different culture

Answer 91

- majority of data came from studies in individualistic cultures - only one studys data was used to represent china compared to 18 from america - many samples used a small or biased number of middle class families which cannot represent the whole culture completely - urban rather than rural areas were assessed - likely the studies showed subcultures within the culture they attempted to represent - oversimplification -- great variation within each country e.g. berlin vs Bielefeld was as different as berlin vs isreali kibbutz

Answer 92

he believed that because a child should have a close bond with the mother in the first years of life, if they are separated, this could severely effect their emotional development.

Answer 93

protest, despair, detachment bowlby and robertson 1952

Answer 94

james robertson's research

Answer 95

by working as an observer for bowlby in a residential nursery and hospital setting, he made notes in the behaviour of the children who came to the institutions where parental visitation was very restricted. he was able to record the distress at separation exhibited by children.

Answer 96

range from several hours to days cry profusely, throw themself around and seek for the mother figure. they will actively refuse comfort from other adults or display exaggerated clinging to an adult. anger and fear evident. some panic stricken

Answer 97

once the initial protest and screaming stops and the child no longer anticipates the return of the mother and becomes increasingly hopeless. calmer but indifferent as they show little interest in anything. they will become withdrawn, apathetic and demonstrates mourning. the child self-soothes and rejects the comfort of other. often displays rocking, thumb sucking and cuddling inanimate objects.

Answer 98

they regain interest in their environment and even accepts comfort and interaction with other adults but still emotionally unresponsive and avoid forming new attachments. when the mother returns, the child doesn't display normal reunion behaviour. they reject the mother and doesnt accept her comfort believing she has rejected them. prolonged or repeated separations can lead to rather superficial interactions between child and other adult figures.

Answer 99

little john, 17 months old. he was placed in a residential nursery for 9 days while his mother was admitted to hospital to give birth to a 2nd child. his father worked all day and he had no relatives to care for him, although his father did visit him whilst he was in the nurseryhe displayed the 3 stages of distress. protest - he sobbed and resisted comfort despair - he played with toys and clung to a soft teddy bear detachment - wouldn't look at his mother when she returned, resisting attempts to soothe him.

Answer 100

rather than the separation, it might be the associated factors around the separation like the introduction to an unfamiliar environment or the length and nature of the separation.

Answer 101

the case of a boy brought up in an israeli kibbutz who was left for several weeks while his parents were away travelling

Answer 102

even since the boy was left by his parents in a familiar environment and with familiar people, he still displayed the same distress documented in the case of john. suggests the unfamiliarity of the environment alone doesn't account for the distress shown

Answer 103

study of the distress of matched children who were accompanied into hospital by their mother or left in hospital alone.

Answer 104

only the unaccomapnied children showed distress, highlighting how its the absence of the mother figure that casued distress and not the unfamiliarity of the environment

Answer 105

if the separation is prolonged and at an early age

Answer 106

in children's orphanges in south america during the 1940s

Answer 107

- in one insitution, babies were separated from their mothers at 3 months and placed in an orphanage to await fostering. - in another insitution, annexed to a female prison, babies of inmates were separated from their mothers but recieved regular visits so their mothers could care for them. the prison babies thrived while the orphaned children displayed anaclitic depression and developmental delay

Answer 108

the development of children raised in institutions compared to those fostered straight from their mother.

Answer 109

there was 15 children in each group and they were matched on maternal education and occupation, and studied from the age of about 6 months to 3 years old.

Answer 110

at 3, the children who remained in the institution were intellectually and socially behind the fostered group and in adolescence they maintained this development lag and showed problems with relationship formation

Answer 111

early deprivation can have long term consequences on social, emotional and intellectual development, although it could have been the nature of the unstimulating and neglectful environment that caused these problems rather than their separation from a mother figure.

Answer 112

bowlbys 44 juvenile thieves, 17/44 criminals experienced prolonged periods of maternal separation, 15/17 classified as affectonless psychopaths

Answer 113

it may not have been the deprivation alone. the circumstances around the separation period or the reason for such separation may be a cause of the long term effects. - correlatory research cannot establish the cause of later difficulties, just that there is a relationship -44 of bowlby's juvenile thieves, 27 didn't suffer maternal deprivation but were still referred to the clinic for stealing. this means other factors must contribute to the development of these tendancies.

Answer 114

other factors associated with the orphanage like emotional neglect, the impoverished environments - they lack stimulation and are associated with developmental retardation and poor language development. therefore long term outcomes could be associated with unstimulating environments rather than lack of mother figure

Answer 115

suggests that effects seen in research involving institutionalised children may be a result of privation rather than deprivation, as many children were for all intents and purposes emotionally neglected, which may explain negative effects in later life.

Answer 116

after 1 week

Answer 117

67 children undergoing elective surgery

Answer 118

if the child was over 29 weeks old they would be upset and show long term effects of deprivation. if they were under 28 weeks old they would just be confused.

Answer 119

when they dont get what their brain is expecting to get, like input from those around us

Answer 120

when a child does something (serve) and the parent notices and responds (return). the interactions shape the brain and when its broken this prevents development

Answer 121

the lack of attention is a sign of danger

Answer 122

key synapses and connections between nerves fail to form as well as critical regions of the brain. it fails to provide stimulation thats needed for brain development and instead activates stress biology.

Answer 123

reunion between caregiver and child

Answer 124

modern society encourages both parents to work, causing child to be put in day care

Answer 125

they combined the role of observer and temporary foster carers for 4 children whose mothers were going into hospital

Answer 126

to understand the conditions under which negative effects of separation could be ameliorated

Answer 127

fostered each child separately and they made an effort to get to know the habits and developmental stage of each child prior to their separation. based on observations during time with robertsons and reunion with paresnts, they assessed the effects of deprivation

Answer 128

although stages of protest, despair and detachment could be seen in children's behaviour, the intensity and distress was significantly reduced when good quality care was substituted

Answer 129

provision of a substitute mother figure with concern over the child's emotional and intellectual needs. greater contact and comfort from a substitute carer who provides attention and stimulation.

Answer 130

regular contact, letters visits or phone calls, and reminders of the original caregivers, e.g. a jacket or photos also the unfamiliar environment could be buffered by maintaining home life routines, e.g. same bathtime and bedtime routine

Answer 131

in day care centres and nurseries. - gov policies for childcare provision regulate the permitted child to staff ratios and key adults for childcare providers to ensure that children recieve a sufficient amount of attention and stimulation from subsitute carers

Answer 132

- provision of high quality substitute carers - regular contact and reminders of the parent - make the setting more familiar by maintaining home routines

Answer 133

the complete absence of an attachment figure or when an attachmen between a child and a caregiver is never formed

Answer 134

where children have suffred extreme neglect or have been placed in poor quality insitutional care

Answer 135

curtiss (1977)

Answer 136

los angeles, november 1970 when genie was 13 years old

Answer 137

she had been locked in a room with nothing but a cot, potty chair - she was seriously neglected by her parents - she was confined to her cot or tied to her potty chair for most of her early life - her father repeatedly beat her for vocalising and her mother claimed to be victim to this absuse as well. only given cotton reels to play with, on special occasions was she allowed to play with 2 plastic raincoats fed baby food

Answer 138

claimed she was mental retardation she was born with a hip condition leading her to be put in a spica cast until age 1, perhaps making her late to walk and leading her father to believe she was mentally retarded

Answer 139

LA children's hospital, where researchers and doctors were involved in her care and recovery.

Answer 140

- severe emotional and intellectual retardation - virtually mute - awkward gait and stooped - seriously malnourished - scratched and bit herself -ring of callus on her buttocks - urinated her clothes - couldnt chew

Answer 141

yes she did and only after a few days in the hospital. - urinate independently - form attachments with members of staff

Answer 142

- began to play - began to utter words, however her language didnt improve beyond the level of a toddler

Answer 143

The funding was cut for the study, they argued that Jean Butler and then david rigler, two of genie's researchers who fostered her after her hospital stay, had crossed the line between researcher and foster parent, and the study and daily life. Genie was firstly returned to her mother and then put into different foster homes, however was beaten after vomiting one time and returned back to a world of silence as she refused to open her mouth out of fear of vomiting again. she was eventually made a ward of the state

Answer 144

a number of cognitive tests, brain scans and treatments

Answer 145

she was overexposed to testing and this was innappropriate for a vulnerable child. ethical issues.

Answer 146

ethical issues. concerns as to whether appropriate theraputic and foster care was provided or instead whether ambitions of some researchers were placed ahead of genie's welfare

Answer 147

unsure. dr shurley measured her brain waves whilst she slept and found she was mentally retarded but wasnt sure if this was from birth or not.

Answer 148

she could form attachments

Answer 149

she had passed the critical period but had an extensive vocabulary - words for colours, emotions. however, she couldn't do grammar.

Answer 150

in an adult foster home somewhere in southern california

Answer 151

their mum died shortly after their birth and they were placed in a children's home for 11 months and then cared for by their aunt for 6 months

Answer 152

they were moved back in with their father and his new partner. here they were abused, socially isolated and forced to live in the basement together for 6 years

Answer 153

they were fostered by loving parents and showed surprising resiliance and learning ability, catching up on lost education at an impressive rate. at age 14 they had an iq normal for their age. they had an aversion to the dark

Answer 154

- number of different measures - tested at multiple ages - useful as it shows that unconditional love and care can help progress

Answer 155

- may be a serious case of deprivation rather than privation due to the time they spent with their aunt and the fact they had each other

Answer 156

to compare the development of Romanian children adopted into UK families in a longitudinal study

Answer 157

random sample of 165 romanian orphans rasied in appalling insitutional conditions for the first few weeks of life.

Answer 158

the sample was divided into those who were adopted before the age of 6 months and between the age of 6 months and 2 years. a comparison was made against 52 adopted children who had not spent any time in institutional care. they were assessed on physical factors and social, cognitive and emotional development.

Answer 159

despite being developmentally delayed at age 6 months, they had caught up in weight, height, head circumference and cognitive ability at 11 y/o. they were on par with the UK adoptees

Answer 160

they made progress. they continued to show problems with overactivity, forming attachments and social interactions, which warranted attention from psychological services. these difficulties persisted until age of 15, particularly those stemming from attachment disorders.

Answer 161

early privation experienced by romanian orphans only seemed to have a prolonged effect if they were adopted after the age of 6 months

Answer 162

- better understanding of effects of institutionalisation. it can change - longitudinal allows changes to be monitored - fewer ev's becasue they didnt suffer trauma beforehand

Answer 163

- long term effects arent clear - lack of generalisability since romanian orphanages aren't typical of institutionalised care - longitudinal studies are time consuming

Answer 164

- to investigate the effects of institutional upbringing on later attachments - to investigate the effects of privation on later social and emotional development - to investigate if the effects of privation could be reversed

Answer 165

65 children who had been in residential nurseries from only a few months old. they recieved good quality care but carers were discouraged from forming attachments with the children

Answer 166

followed the development of the children. by age 4, 24 children were adopted, 15 returned to their natural home and 26 stayed in institutional care. the children were compared with a control group who spent their entire lives with their families. they were assessed for social and emotional competence at 4, 8 and 16 years old.

Answer 167

what happened at age 4, whether they were adopted, returned home or stayed in insitutional care

Answer 168

naturalistic, they didnt manipulate the iv themselves

Answer 169

- number of siblings - home location - parental occupation - age - gender

Answer 170

whether they were socially and emotionally competent at age 8 and 16

Answer 171

interviewing children and their parents and teachers and a set of questionnaires.

Answer 172

- at age 8, they were attention seeking and struggled to make friends - at 16, most out of all groups experienced instability and trouble forming attachments

Answer 173

- they had formed good attachments by the time they were 8 - at 16, still good attachments which compared well with a new matched control group of those who were with families since birth

Answer 174

- at age 8, they had weaker attachments, more behavioural problems and less social and intellectual development - at 16 fewer than the adopted children were reported as having good attachments

Answer 175

- bowlby correct in emphasis of importance of the early years - effects caused by the delay in forming attachments dont necessarily persist into adulthood or lead to affectionless psychopathy - difference between adopted and restored group could be due to the adoptive parent's enthusiasm to care for the child whereas the biological ones were uncertain

Answer 176

- longitudinal study allows change to be monitored - matached control group - useful as it shows problems experienced by insitutionalised children so can be used to suggest how they should be looked after. shows success of adoption

Answer 177

- social desirability bias (use of interviews and questionnaires) - longitudinal studies are time consuming, expensive and subject attrition can occur - subject attrition - 6 of orginal 51 families of 8 year olds refused to take part, could be the ones experiencing difficulties - effects could be due to poor physical care

Answer 178

6 jewish orphans who had been raised in a concentration camp in thereienstadt. their parents had been deported in poland and killed in concentration camps during the nazi occupation

Answer 179

they were placed in a 'ward for motherless children' and were raised by the inmates. there was limited space and no toys. they struggled to form good attachments.

Answer 180

they were sent to the bulldogs bank at age 3, a clinic for treating orphaned children of war

Answer 181

- they were aggressive towards staff (e.g. biting and verbally) - destroyed toys. - they responded in a cold or hostile way. - they only turned to the adults if they needed something.

Answer 182

they were very attached to each other and they had a tight knit connection, trauma bonded

Answer 183

german and czech when they first arrived but when staff stopped speaking german after 1 week, they did too

Answer 184

-each other --> experienced a lot togehter - adults --> this was after a while and only showed signs of it. because they were consistently available and sensitive to their needs

Answer 185

- more successful in forming relationships. - developed normal intelligence, apart from one who needed psychiatric help as an adult and another who said they felt lonely

Answer 186

- negative effects of privation may be reduced by attachment to peers - young children are able to develop a sense of fairness e.g. they shared leadership throughout the group - negative effects of privation can be reduced - can form attachments especially with each other

Answer 187

- high ecological validity -- based on real experiences, couldn't have been set up due to ethical issues - longitudinal study shows long term effects of privation and whether it is reversible

Answer 188

they may not actually have experienced privation as they were constantly with each other

Answer 189

variety of methods, e.g. self-report, observations, cognitive tests and EEG recordings. these can be triangulated to ensure valid findings

Answer 190

retrospective - not always accurate account of the child's history (cant be sure) - come from family and friends - uncertainty, invalid one off investigations - individual characteristics make it hard to generalise

Answer 191

genie and the bulldogs bank children and czech twins

Answer 192

researchers couldnt determine whether she was retarded from birth or if difficulties arose due to her treatment. a sleep spindle study suggested retardation but Curtiss said that retardation from birth would be uncharacteristic of somone who could make genies developmental progress.

Answer 193

cant be sure the extent of their privation - had each other and the prisoners of war

Answer 194

cant be sure of the extent of their privation - had each other - good quality care from children's home

Answer 195

age, quality of relationships formed after having been discovered, availability of others to bond with

Answer 196

can't be matched on every characteristic. may be reasons one child was adopted instead of another who was left institutionalised.

Answer 197

didnt take into account the temperament of the child. those adopted may have been more stable which may explain why they formed better relationships

Answer 198

- age. ---> the younger a child is rehabilitated/gets foster care, the better the outcomes. - length of the privation period - nature of their isolated ---> e.g. other attachment figures - quality of care following a period of privation

Answer 199

czech twins were found at 6 and recovered. genie was found at 13 and had limited recovery. romanian orphans adopted before 6 months old recovered. romanian orphans adopted after 6 months old recovered less.

Answer 200

bulldogs bank children and czech twins had other attachment figures (transient adults or other children). genie had no one and she showed much less recovery.

Answer 201

czech twins cared for by 2 sisters who provided excellent care and they recovered. hodges and tizard showed that when children were adopted into loving familities they fared better than those restored to biological parents. (this assumes the biological parents were reluctant to have their child back).

Answer 202

any formal or informal arrangement to provide substitute care for a child which is not provided by the biological parent. informal e.g. with a grandparent, formal e.g. at a nursery

Answer 203

through their ability to interact with others (peers), this includes how independent, shy or aggressive they are

Answer 204

through the attachments they form and their ability to cope with situations

Answer 205

through the intellectual growth of a child, can be measured with IQ tests

Answer 206

effects of day care on social and cognitive deelopment

Answer 207

longitudinal study of 119 swedish children until their 8th birthday

Answer 208

- more socially advanced, had more friends - did better at school between 8 and 13, higher reading ability etc

Answer 209

offered opportunity to develop social skills

Answer 210

it has unusally well funded day care. maternity and paternity leave in sweden is extended compared to the UK so children spend longer with paresnts before they have to return to work

Answer 211

EPPE - effective provision of preschool education

Answer 212

longituduinal study of 3000 children in the UK

Answer 213

researchers created developmental profiles for each child, from 3 - 7 based on SATs results and what preschool staff, parents and school teachers said. also recorded parental qualifications, social background, birth weight to see effects of these varibales

Answer 214

children benefitted socially and intellectually from preschool care, particularly if they started day care before 3, effects were still evident at end of ks1 as they got better scores in maths and literacy.

Answer 215

provision of good quality day care: - good staff to child ratios - positive interaction between staff and children - low staff turn over - highly qualified staff

Answer 216

they used findings of 2 longitudinal studies in America to look at effect of day care on attachments between parents and children in first year of life using the ssp

Answer 217

-more insecure avoidant attachment types with mother (43%) among children who spent 20 or more hours at day care a week during first year of life than those who spent less time at day care. - boys who spent 35+ hours at day care had more insesure attachments with dad

Answer 218

clarke-stewart (1989) ssp isnt a good measure of attachment for day care children as theyre used to being left away from parents or with strangers

Answer 219

national insitute of child health and human development

Answer 220

1364 american familes from birth to 1st grade

Answer 221

the relationship between day care and development of children from range of backgrouds

Answer 222

hgih quality day care is associated with cognitive development day care associated with dehavioural problems especially of low quality

Answer 223

- correlatory evidence - not cause and effect. - you cant assign a child to a specific type of day care to control extraneous varibales because its unethical -impractical as researcher have to do stastical tests to isolate effects of daycare - each day care is different

Answer 224

good andersson 1990

Answer 225

good sylva 2004

Answer 226

bad belsky and rovine 1988

Answer 227

to investigate the effect of the quality of day care on children's cognitive, language and pre-academic performance.

Answer 228

1364 families from 10 sample sites around north america in 1991 from various hospitals at the birth of a child.

Answer 229

1, 6, 15, 24, 36 and 54 months old data collected at 1 month, children and familes being assessed using a variety of research method - questionnaires, observations, family background data collected in the other months,quality of childcare was assessed using the observational record of the caregiving environment (ORCE) in a range of settings like home and nursery. this involved a 44 min observation over 2 days.

Answer 230

quality of day care was scored. more than 3.0 = high quality - care givers sensitive to children's needs, provided greater cognitive stimulation, fostered greater exploration.

Answer 231

the bayley mental developmental index was used to assess the children's cognitive development (including langauge)

Answer 232

woodcock johnson cognitive and achievement batteries and the preschool language scale (PLS) was used to measure language, memory and intelligence

Answer 233

1) low - low = low quality nfant toddler, low preschool period care 2) high - low = high quality infant toddler, low preschool period care 3) low - high = low quality infant toddler, high preschool period care 4) high - high = high quality infant toddler, high preschool period care

Answer 234

- ethicity - gender - birth order - child temperament - maternal attitudes on raising children - maternal age - material and parental education level - child's health - maternal separation anxiety - maternal employment status - family income

Answer 235

significant positive relationship between childcare quality during infant toddler period and cognitive outcomes at 24 months

Answer 236

the positive effect of high quality infant-toddler care would decline if high quality care wasn't continued. high-high would produce better 54 month outcomes than any of the other combinations. study supports this. high - high pattern produced the best outcomes and low - low produced the worst outcomes and there was little observable difference between outcomes produced by high-low and low-high. however memory development seemed to benefit from early high quality care (infant toddler period) but maths benefitted from high quality care in the preschool period.

Answer 237

- high quality care during the first 24 months is important for memory development but not as beneficial for academic skill development. - high quality preschool care prepared children for scholastic achievement and children who were also exposed to high quality infant-toddler care benefitted most. - early exposure to good quality care that was not maintained didn't benefit the children but maintained high-quality care resulted in the greatest gains.

Answer 238

practical application -it shows policy makers how to invest in childcare in the USA. - important to prevent unequal distribution of childcare provision into either early or preschool years - encourages provision that is equally distributed throughout childhood - acknowledging high quality daycare is costly, a preference to provide high quality day care during preschool years is probably more cost effective.

Answer 239

low population validity: - data comes from NICHD study of early child care which is not a representative sample, limiting generalisability - response rate at the 6 month interviews was around 50% and tended to be biased towards economically advantageous, white families who didn't represent the american population in general. low construct validity: - quality of childcare was categorised may be over simplified as it didn't include a wide range of characteristics when creating groups - didnt distinguish between types of care or the quantity of care recieved

Answer 240

- low staff turnover ensures consistency of care - good staff to child ratios it helps children form substitute attachments - staff training and qualifications ensures staff are competent enough to provide good care

Answer 241

the current early years foundation stage statutory framework (2014) requires that the manager of the day care centre should hold a relevant level 3 qualification as a minimum and half of the staff should hold a relevant level 2 qualification.

Answer 242

they set out a statutory framework for the quality of care provided by day care provision in the uk, to include the provision of a key worker within the environment for each child

Answer 243

the key worker is someone who can help the child settle into the environment, provide tailored care, track progress and build relationships with the parents.

Answer 244

the quality of provision. safer to assume only good quality day care is benefical for children at an early age

Answer 245

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 246

- social communication difficulties - restrictive and repetitive behaviours

Answer 247

- social-emotional reprocity difficulties - non-verbal commication defecits - problems developing and maintaining relationships

Answer 248

- may not use communication to share interests or emotions initiate interactions or respond to others - lack back and forth every day communication

Answer 249

- use non verbal signals (e.g. eye contact and social smiling) inappropriately - facial expressions can be limited or exaggerated gestures may be used in the wrong contexts - mismatch between facial expression and tone of voice

Answer 250

- lack of understanding that other people have minds, so have trouble seeing the world from another's viewpoint - unaware of social norms which makes it hard to change behaviour to suit the context (e.g. laughing at the right time) - lack of understanding means difficulty making friends (e.g. children with asd dont play cooperatively)

Answer 251

- repetitive behaviours - routines and rituals - unusual reactions to sensory input

Answer 252

- use language unusually, e.g. repeating what has just been heard - physical movements can be repetitive (e.g. rocking)

Answer 253

-inflexibly to routines (e.g. step by step sequence) - use verbal rituals, insisting other people use words in a set pattern (e.g. when answering questions) - can be resistant to change and variation in routines

Answer 254

- find touch adversive so try to avoid it (e.g. hair brushing) - may be obsessively interested in movement of objects (opening, closing) looking at them for long periods - first response to an object, or in some cases a person, may be to lick or sniff it - can be easily distressed by stimuli theyre not used to yet and may appear indifferent to pain (both their own and other people's)

Answer 255

frazier et al (2012) support the division of asd symptoms into the 2 broad categories. they found that the dyadic (2 category) model of asd was confirmed by a statisitical technique called factor analysis. this measn the DSM-5's classification is valid because it reflects the reality of the disorders symptoms. valid classification is the first step in planning an effective treatment program. it improves the accuracy of diagnosis so symptoms can be more effectively targeted.

Answer 256

in an australian study (taylor et al 2017), 27 clinicians used the dsm-5 criteria to classify symptoms observed in 9 video clips. the findings were mixed. reliability was 100% for 3 of the clips but poor for the other 6. this suggests that the reliability of a diagnosis of asd under the dsm-5 hasnt yet been fully established.

Answer 257

it focuses on deficits which overlooks the strengths of people with asd and maintains the stigma associated with it. frith (2003) rejects the focus on what people with asd cannot do in favour of a focus on superior abilities while they struggle with global processing, they are more skilled in local processing (i.e. they can identify and understanf details such as specific information in a conversation.

Answer 258

amydala development differs between children with and without asd (nordahl et al 2012) amygdala of children with asd is 6-9% larger from 2 years of age than in those without. as children with asd get older, volume growth stalls, but it continues in children without. by late adolesence, there is no difference in volume.

Answer 259

it has a central role in influencing behaviour so may be responsible for any abnormal neural organisation and impaired functioning

Answer 260

the amygdala has neural connections with the frontal/prefrontal cortex which has a major role in processing social information. abnormal amygdala development in childhood affects the operation of these parts of the brain due to altered attachment to the pfc this is a key cause of social and behavioural deficit in asd. (e.g. impairments of social-emotional reprocity).

Answer 261

gave participants with and without asd the 'eye test'. this was photos of people making various facial expressions showing just the eye area. found that people with asd found it hard to choose the correct description of each expression from a choice of 2. fMRI scans showed that relative to controls people with asd had an underactive left amygdala.

Answer 262

they studied 'SM' who did not have ASD but a rare genetic disorder which impaired her amygdala function. her preferred personal space distance was about half that for matched control participants. this shows that amygdala dysfunction is associated with social deficits that are similar to those found is asd

Answer 263

findings about the role of the amgydala are inconsistent. herbert et al. (2003) reported smaller amygdala volumes in children with asd compared to controls. other research findings from various age groups differ. casts doubt on the validity of the theory and means role of amygdala is unclear.

Answer 264

- people with amygdala damage cannot process anxiety related information normally, so social functioning is impaired (anxiety is co-morbid with asd, i.e. they often occur together). - white et al (2009) suggests there may be a link between amygdala dysfunction and social behaviour deficits that are due to abnormal processing of anxiety. this shows that the role of the amygdala in asd is more complex than the conventional dysfunction explanation suggests.

Answer 265

- several other brain structures are just as dysfunctional in asd as the amygdala - paul et al (2010) studied 2 women who only had amygdala damage. their social behaviour wasn't impaired to the extent found in asd. - therefore, amygdala dysfunction alone is not enough to fully account for symptoms of asd

Answer 266

it offers a potential target for treatment - more research required to identify biochemical abnormalities associated with amygdala dysfunction that may explain asd symptoms. - drug treatment that corrects amygdala functioning is possible. - could lead to earlier diagnosis too - may help shorten the 'diagnstic journey' which is drawn out and stressful for many families

Answer 267

you are aware that other people are able to represent the world in their minds. you can recognise other people have thoughts, emotions and intentions of their own. you can infer people's mental states from their behavior

Answer 268

understanding other people's internal mental states means we can interpret and predict their behaviour. when we develop this understanding we possess a theory of mind.

Answer 269

baron-cohen 1995 - people with asd have mind blindness - a reduced understanding of the internal mental states of other people - dysfunctional ToM is a central deficit of asd, accounting for social and communication impairments

Answer 270

the sally-anne test children listen to the sally anne story Sally has a marble and puts it in a box, Sally leaves the room and Anne takes the marble out and puts it into the basket. Sally them returns to look for her marble. children are asked questions to check understanding and tests ToM - "where will sally look for her marble?". 'where is the marble' 'where was the marble before' baron-cohen tested 3 groups of children (27 neurotypical, 14 down syndrome - low intelligence, control group - and 20asd) neurotypical 4 year olds = 85% correct children with down syndrome = 86% correct children with asd = 20% correct

Answer 271

processing tasks that require a ToM are hard for people with asd, these skills are independent from intelligence

Answer 272

Baron-Cohen et al 2001 tested theory of mind using the eyes test, where participants identify emotions by selecting a response from four options. Adults with ASD performed worse than controls, suggesting an impaired ability to infer emotional states from facial expressions.

Answer 273

Deficits don't account for the non social features of ASD, including the repetitive behaviours and interests to uphold the diagnosis under the DSM 5 (Tager-Flusbery 2007)

Answer 274

Theory of mind dysfunction may be a symptom of ASD and not a cause.A neurological impairment could be the underlying cause of the theory of mind deficit and thus the cause of ASD. Genes could be responsible for development of brain organisation. For example, older fathers could lead to genetic issues and which leads to synaptic pruning which leads to the brain remaining over connected, leading to sensory issues, repetitive behaviour and theory of mind not developing.

Answer 275

Kasari et al (2012) studied children with ASD in a programme to improve their joint attention skills. Compared with controls, language skills of these children were significantly improved and this improvement was apparent even after five years. This shows that treating ASD's theory of mind deficit produces beneficial outcomes, especially when children can start school with better language skills.

Answer 276

applied behaviour analysis aba cognitive behavioural therapy cbt

Answer 277

on the basis of operant conditioning by demonstrating effective ways to interact with others and rewarding the improved behaviour when its displayed. e.g. decide on reward they like best (sticker) and reward them for e.g. stop tiptoe walking, asking others questions about themselves) includes providing opportunities, both planned and naturally occurring to acquire and practice skills in both structured and unstructured situations unwanted behaviours are ignored

Answer 278

its a very idocincratic (peculiar behaviours) thearpy which means it is hard to judge effectively becasue it differs for each individual. therapists tailor for each child. they customise the intervention to their skills or needs. one aba program will look very different to another.

Answer 279

- he compaerd the effects of aba with special education provided at local public schools for children with autism - in the follow up assessment (conducted about 3 years after the treatment began) the aba treatment group scored significantly higher on IQ and adaptive functioning - 6/21 aba children were fully included into regular education without assistance - 11/21 were included with support - only 1 from other treatment group was included.

Answer 280

the need for consistency and routine is important and operant conditioning is effective when all positive behaviour is consistently rewarded. if this isn't adherred to, the effectiveness is compromised. this kind of things won't be possible in every day society and later in the workplace

Answer 281

by exploring the child's thoughts and feelings about the source of their anxiety, giving them skills to manage their anxiety so that stressful situations or experiences become less distressing for them

Answer 282

children with autism are able to distinguish thoughts, feelings and behaviours and to work on altering their thoughts which are all skills required within cbt. however, they struggle to recognise emotions and working with hypothetical or abstract thoughts. using a picture of a thermometer to encourage a child to rate their anxiety levels rather than a 10 point verbal rating scale.

Answer 283

improvement in 78.5% of children with autism who undertook 16 cbt sessions for their anxiety - improvement in 8.7% of those in a control group, waiting to undertake treatment - improvements upheld when reassessed 3 months after

Answer 284

it requires children to talk to the therapist to explain their thoughts or respond to visual cues. not all children with autism are verbal or have a wide undertanding of language and so the treatment is less accessible for non-verbal children

Answer 285

restrictive diets, supplements, hormone interventions and drugs

Answer 286

there is limited scientific evidence to show how effective it is. it can be used to support symptoms like anxiety but doesn't treat autism directly.

Answer 287

becasue babies arent blant slates upon which experience is written. they each have individual temperaments which influences their relationships and thus experiences with others.

Answer 288

kagan's (1984) temperament hypothesis - the innate individual temperament of a child can dictate whether a secure or insecure attachment is formed. - a child with a difficult temperament will impact the quality of the relationship formed with a parent and equally this temperament can influence subsequent relationships.

Answer 289

it was not only the sensitive resposiveness of the mother that determined the attachment type, but also the temperament of the child, which differs between individuals

Answer 290

some are more resilient and able to cope better with separation than others. outgoing children are provided with social skills by dare care. while shy children may be adversely affected by a constant background of social activity

Answer 291

children rated as having difficult temperaments were affected differentially by both good and poor quality day care and parenting. - difficult chidlren bennefitted most from good quality day care and sensitive parenting - difficult children suffer most negative effects in poor quality environments

Answer 292

helps them to regulate their emotion within a supportive and sensitive environment but such children can become overwhelmed by poor-quality environments, leading to academic and behavioural problems and teacher-child conflicts

Answer 293

- age - resillience to separation

Answer 294

john was a shy child while others are more assertive or aggressive which may account for john's distress at separation. he was only 17 months old.

Answer 295

attachment, deprivation, privation, day care and autism

Answer 296

- good infant toddler day care and good preschool care = good cognitive outcomes, language, reading and maths skills. - low-high = not great reading, good maths, not great memory - high-low = bad cognitive outcomes and good memory - low-low = worse all round

Answer 297

early day care = more social development - longer day care = bad attachments - earlier day care = better cognitive development

Answer 298

- maternal deprivation can lead to affectionless psychopathy due to emotional issues - supported by study of 44 juvenile thieves

Answer 299

- limited social development as they struggle with commication and are unable to decentre - issues with cognitive development --> theory of mind never develops

Answer 300

what is the best configuration of day care?

Answer 301

can have positive or negative effects of a childs social emotional and cognitive development finding a balance between economic factors and the benefit/defecit to the child these potential defecits can cause behavioural and social issues in adulthood so important to reduce them as much as possible

Answer 302

eppe longitudinal study of 3k UK children, made developmental profiles for childern ages 3-7 off SATS and teacher reports children reported more socially confident at age 3, reading and writing scores end of ks1 were also higher

Answer 303

used findings from 2 longitudinal american studies of the ssp on babies who had been in daycare before or after the age of 1 45% anxious avoidant if attended 20h+ per week before age 1 compared to expected 23% in ainsworth boys who attended more than 35h+ per week had more insecure father son relationships

Answer 304

ssp doesnt work on day care children because theyre used to stangers, reaction wont be reflective of true attachment

Answer 305

if quality is low, development will be hindered; low-high would leadto bad memory but slightly better maths/english, high-low would mean good memory but worse maths and english. highlights importance of high quality daycare but that is not always accessible for people

Answer 306

119 swedish children studied age 0-13, children who attended daycare under age 1 were rated more socially outgoing by teachers, and early daycare attendees also performed better at reading/writing

Answer 307

swedish daycare is particularly well funded so will be of high qualkty, not guaranteed elsewhere so results won't generalise

Answer 308

ideal daycare is a high quality daycare with early onset (before age 3) and for less than 20h per week