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social Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the study of how people relate to and influence each other

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2
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first official social psychology experiment on social facilitation; cyclists performed better when paced by others

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3
Q

Kurt Lewin

A
  • founder of social psychology,;
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7
Q

Field theory

A

the total influences upon individual behavior

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8
Q

Life space

A

Lewin; collection of forces (valence, vector, barrier) on the individual, field of perception and action

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9
Q

Valence (life space)

A

Lewin; life space; + if person thinks region will reduce tension by meeting present needs, - if region with increase tension/ danger

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10
Q

Vector (life space)

A

Lewin; life space; pushes person in the direction of + valence, away from - valence

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11
Q

Barrier (life space)

A

Lewin; life space; block locomotion between regions of person and psychological environment

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12
Q

Fritz Heider

A

attribution theory, balance theory

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13
Q

Attribution theory

A

Heider; how people infer causes of other’s behaviour; attribute intentions and emotions to almost anything, even shapes on a screen; 3 elements: locus, stability, controllability

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14
Q

Balance theory

A

Heider; how people make feelings/actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis

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18
Q

Actor-observer attributional divergence

A

tendency for person doing the behaviour to have different perspective on situation than observer

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19
Q

Self-serving attributional bias

A

interpreting own actions and motives ina positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes; think self as better than average

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20
Q

Illusory correlation

A

assuming 2 unrelated things are related

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21
Q

Slippery slope

A

logical fallacy; small, insignificant first step in one direction will lead to greater steps with a significant impact

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22
Q

Hindsight bias

A

believing after the fact that you knew something all along

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23
Q

Halo effect

A

thinking if someone has a good quality then he has only good qualities

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24
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when one’s expectations draw out (in a way, cause) the expected behaviour

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25
Q

False consensus bias

A

assuming most other people think as you do

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26
Q

Lee Ross

A

studied subjects who were first made to believe a state and then later told it was false. subjects continued to believe the state if they had processed it and devised their own logical explanation for it

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27
Q

Richard Nisbett

A

showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do

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28
Q

Base-rate fallacy

A

overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with

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29
Q

M.J.Lerner

A

Just world bias

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30
Q

Just world bias

A

M.J. Lerner

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33
Q

Ellen Langer

A

illusion of control

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34
Q

illusion of control

A

Ellen langer

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37
Q

Oversimplification

A

tendency to make simple explanations for complex events

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39
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

using shortcut about typical assumptions rather than relying on logic; basis of stereotypes

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41
Q

Availability heuristic

A

when people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group than there really is because examples of that one thing come to mind more easily; e.g. read a list, half celebrity names, half random, may think more celebrities than random because easier to remember

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42
Q

Leon Festinger

A

cognitive dissonance theory

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43
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Festinger; it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match actions; people are motivated to back actions up by changing beliefs; the less act is justified by circumstance, the more we feel need to justify it by aligning attitude with the behaviour

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44
Q

Daryl Bem

A

self-perception theory

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45
Q

Self-perception theory

A

Bem; alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance;

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48
Q

Overjustification effect

A

follows from self-perception theory; tendency to assume we must not want to do things we are paid or compensated to do

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49
Q

Gain-loss theory

A

people act in order to obtain gain and avoid loss; people favour situations that start out negative and end positive, even compared to completely positive situations

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50
Q

Social exchange theory

A

humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize costs

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51
Q

Self-presentation

A

particularly positive self-presentation is influencial on behaviour, we act in ways that align with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others;

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53
Q

Self-monitoring

A

process by which people pay close attention to their actions, often change behaviours to be more favourable

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54
Q

Impression management

A

behaving in ways that might make a good impression

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55
Q

Social facilitation

A

presence of others enhance or hinder performance

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56
Q

Robert Zajonc

A

presence of others helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks

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57
Q

Social comparison

A

evaluating one’s own actions, abilities, opinions, and ideas and comparing to others;

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59
Q

Role

A

set of behaviour norms that seem suitable for a person

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60
Q

Morton Deutsch

A

prisoner’s dilemma, trucking company game to illustrate struggle between cooperation and competition

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61
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

Deutsch; if 2 criminals detained separately, best strategy is for neither to talk, but it is a gamble that requires trust, so most spill the beans; in economic terms is the trucking company game

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62
Q

Trucking company game

A

Deutsch; 2 companies can choose to cooperate and agree on high fixed prices, or compete with lower prices, but lack of complete trust will choose to compete; prisoner’s dilemma in economic terms

63
Q

Equity theory

A

people most comfortable in situations which rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or logical;

66
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Stimulus-overload theory; also experiment where participants ordered to give “painful electric shocks” to a “learner” when incorrect, explored how people respond to orders; conditions that facilitated conformity: remoteness of victim, proximity of commander, legitimate-seeming commander, conformity of other subjects; conformed 66% of the time; raised ethical issues; also explained actions of Nazi war criminals

67
Q

Stimulus-overload theory

A

Milgram; explains why urbanities are less prosocial than country people; they do not need any more interaction; e.g. emergency situations familiar to city people, novelty for town people will attract attention and help

68
Q

Reciprocal interaction

A

constant exchange of influences between people, constant factor in our behaviour

69
Q

Conformity (types)

A

Going along with real or perceived group pressure

71
Q

Compliance

A

conformity; go along publicly but not privately

72
Q

Acceptance

A

conformity; change actions and beliefs to conform

73
Q

Dissenter

A

Person who speaks out against majority

74
Q

Increase in likelihood to conform (factors)

A

it is majority opinion,

81
Q

Reactance

A

refusal to conform, may occur as result of blatant attempt to control; will not conform if forewarned that others will try to change them

82
Q

Stanley MIlgram (study)

A

experiment where participants ordered to give “painful electric shocks” to a “learner” when incorrect,

87
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

continued Milgram’s study, –> deindividuated individuals more willing to administer higher levels of shock;

90
Q

Solomon Asch

A

had subjects listen to “opinion” of others of which lines were equal, subjects conformed to clearly incorrect opinion of others 33% of the time; unanimity seemed to be influential

91
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

experiment, people’s descriptions of the autokinetic effect were influenced by others’ descriptions;

93
Q

Robbers’ cave experiment

A

prejudice, showed group conflict most effectively overcome by need for cooperative attention to a higher superordinate goal;

95
Q

Factors that a speaker has to most likely change a listener’s attitude

A

expert and/or trustworthy,

100
Q

R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo

A

elaboration likelihood model

101
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

Petty and Cacioppo; model of persuasion suggests those involved in an issue listen to strength of arguments rather than more superficial factors

102
Q

Sleeper effect

A

persuasive communication from a source of low credibility may become more acceptable later; perhaps memory+discounting cue is severed over time, later recalling a source is less available, or differential decay: impact of cue decays faster than message

103
Q

McGuire

A

Inoculation theory

104
Q

Inoculation theory

A

beliefs are more vulnerable if never faced challenge

105
Q

deindividuation

A

occurs when individual identity or accountability is de-emphasized - may be the result of mingling in a crowd, wearing uniforms, or otherwise adopting a larger group identity

106
Q

bystander effect

A

The Kitty Genovese care (murder witnessed by many people)

108
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the tendency that the larger the group, the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility - result of deindividuation (Kitty Genovese care)

109
Q

Social loafing

A

tendency to work less hard in a group as a result of diffusion of responsibility; guarded against when each individual is closely monitored

110
Q

competition

A

competition for scare resources usually causes conflict in a group

112
Q

Contact (Groups)

A

with opposing party decreases conflict, we fear what we do not know`

113
Q

James Stoner

A

Group polarization

114
Q

Group polarization

A

Stoner; group discussion generally serves to strengthen the already dominant point of view; explains risky shift

115
Q

Risky shift

A

groups take greater risks than individuals

116
Q

Irving Janis

A

Groupthink

117
Q

Groupthink

A

likely to occur in a group with unquestioned beliefs, pressure to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness, isolation, strong leader;

119
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

most in a group privately disagree but incorrectly believe most in group agree

120
Q

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

A

doll preference studies

121
Q

doll preference studies

A

Clark; demonstrated negative effects that group segregation had on African-American children’s self-esteem, they thought white dolls were better

122
Q

Ingroup/outgroup bias

A

those in a group think their members have more positive qualities and fewer negative than members in another group even if qualities are the same; basis for prejudice

123
Q

Attraction (in order of importance)

A

people who are near us (propinquity),

128
Q

Reciprocity of disclosure

A

sharing secrets/feelings facilitates emotional closeness

129
Q

Excitation-transfer theory

A

sometimes attribute excitement or physiological arousal about one thing to something else (e.g. bungee jumping on first date)

130
Q

Mere-exposure effect

A

how stimuli are rated, the more we see/experience something, the more positively we rate it

131
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

studied stres sand coping,

133
Q

Objective self-awareness

A

achieved through: self-perception, high-self-monitoring, internality, self-efficacy;

135
Q

Door-in-the-face

A

sales tactic, persuader ask for more than they would ever get and then “settle” for less

136
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

doing a small favour makes people more willing to do larger ones later

137
Q

Social support network

A

area of study that combines social and clinical ideas, for mental health

138
Q

J. Rodin and E. Langer

A

nursing home residents with plants to care for have better health

139
Q

Bogus pipeline

A

an instrument that measures physiological reactions in order to measure truthfulness of attitude self-reporting

140
Q

Peter principle

A

people are promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence in which they remain

141
Q

Stuart Valins

A

studied environmental influences on behaviour; architecture matters. students in long-corridor dorms more stressed and withdrawn than those in suite-style

142
Q

Leonard Berkowitz

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis

143
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

Berkowitz; there is a relationship between frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) and show aggression

144
Q

M. Rokeach

A

studied racial bias and belief similarity,

147
Q

M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen

A

theory of reasoned action

148
Q

Theory of reasoned action/planned behaviour

A

Fischbein and Ajzen; people’s behaviour in a given situation is determined by attitude about situation and social norms;

150
Q

Hazel Markus

A

cross-cultural research;

156
Q

attitude

A

a positive, negative or neutral evaluation of a person, issue or object

157
Q

Elaine Hatfield

A

2 basic types of love:

159
Q

passionate love

A

intense longing for the union with another and a state of profound physiological arousal

161
Q

compassionate love

A

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined, achieved via mutual trust, respect, and commitment

162
Q

Paul Ekman

A

Argued that human have 6 basic emotions: sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

164
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A

code facial expressions for emotion; can determine whether a smile is genuine (happiness engages the upper cheek) or fake (eyes and whole face are less involved)

165
Q

Reciprocal socialization

A

when 2 parties adapt to or are socialized by each other (e.g. parents and children)

166
Q

Harold Kelley

A

the attributions we make about our actions or those of others usually accurate; we base this on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus of the action

167
Q

Walter Dill Scott

A

one of the first to apply psychology to business, specifically in advertising; also involved in helping military implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection

168
Q

Henry Landsberger

A

Hawthorne effect

169
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

study how to increase worker productivity at Hawthorne Works, reported anything they did increased productivity; because performance changes when people are being observed

170
Q

Sociotechnical systems

A

method of work design, acknowledges interaction between people and technology in the workplace

171
Q

Sunk cost

A

expense incurred and cannot be recovered; because money already spent is irrelevant to the future, best to ignore these when making decisions but we often do not

Psychology Import (3 decks)

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