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PoSi > SOCI Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

SOCI Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sociological Imagination ?

A

The ABILITY to see the impact of SOCIAL FORCES on individuals, especially on their private lives. Social forces in society shape values, attitudes, and behaviors.

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2
Q

What is Sociology?

A

The science that attempts to explain the BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS by reference to the consequences of society, social groups, and the social forces in society for human behavior.

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3
Q

What is a Fact?

A

A TRUE statement.

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4
Q

What is a Theory?

A

An INTERRELATED set of HYPOTHESES.

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5
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A statement about the PREDICTED relationship between two or more variables.

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6
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

The variable to be EXPLAINED.

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7
Q

What is an Independent variable?

A

The variables that are believed to EXPLAIN the DEPENDENT variable.

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8
Q

Sociology is a _______ science?

A

Debunking.

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9
Q

What are Instincts?

A

Are tendencies to act that are 1) Present at BIRTH, 2) INNATE and UNLEARNED, 3) Common to ALL members of the species, and 4) expressed in COMPLEX BEHAVIORS.

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10
Q

How could we discover if instincts cause or have an impact on human behavior?

A

Create an EXPERIMENT to separate nature (instincts) from nature (learning).

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11
Q

What is a Social Group?

A

A collective of INDIVIDUALS who interact and form relationships. Society is made up of social groups.

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12
Q

What is Society?

A

A group of interacting individuals and their shared culture.

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13
Q

Think of society as an ___ not a ____?

A

“IT” not “THEY”.

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14
Q

Conditions and problems common to all societies are called?

A

Functional Prerequisites.

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15
Q

Definition of Functional Prerequisites?

A

Functional Prerequisites must be solved if society is to survive throughout time.

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16
Q

What is Pattern Maintenance?

A

The problem of CREATING, TRANSMITTING, and MAINTAINING the patterns - The NORMS, VALUES, SYMBOLS, and BELIEFS of society.

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17
Q

Patterns are created, transmitted, and maintained through the process of ______?

A

Socialization.

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18
Q

What is a Norm? Give an example?

A

Norms are rules for behavior. Ex: “One should not steal”.

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19
Q

What is a Value? Give an example?

A

Values are beliefs about the worth of something. Ex: “Stealing is wrong”.

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20
Q

What is the FIRST MAJOR HYPOTHESIS?

A

COMMITMENT TO NORMS AND VALUES is the primary source of order in all societies.

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21
Q

What is Tension Management?

A

The problem of REDUCING or CONTROLLING disorder.

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22
Q

What is Deviant Motivation?

A

Deviant Motivation may exist without being expressed in deviant behavior; that is, a person may want to violate a norm without actually doing so.

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23
Q

What is Integration?

A

The prerequisite of creating a sense of SOLIDARITY and MORAL among people in a society.

24
Q

Why is the prerequisite of integration so difficult to solve in this country?

A

Americans value the INDIVIDUAL more than the group. Americans value INDEPENDENCE and COMPETITION.

25
Q

What is Adaption?

A

The prerequisite of ADJUSTING a society to its physical environment.

26
Q

What is Goal Attainment?

A

The prerequisite of attaining societal or collective goals through COOPERATIVE effort.

27
Q

What is Hedonism?

A

All humans attempt to MAXIMIZE GRATIFICATION or principle of all human pleasure and avoid pain.

28
Q

What is Physical Dependence

A

Neonates are physically dependent on babies who come to believe they can depend on physical needs, they are likely to become for their emotional needs as well.

29
Q

What is Plasticity?

A

Capable of being SHAPED or MOLDED.

30
Q

What is Culture?

A

Consists of the beliefs, artifacts, and symbols created by humans.

31
Q

What is the SECOND MAJOR HYPOTHESIS?

A

All social phenomena have OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS (consequences) at the SAME time.

32
Q

What is an Institution?

A

A system of beliefs, practices, and status-roles that helps to satisfy one or more of the functional prerequisites. Ex: WELFARE SYSTEM, the CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, the ECONOMY, and the system of EDUCATION.

33
Q

What is a family?

A

Consists of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

34
Q

What were the functions of the American family in 1790?

A

PATTERN MAINTAINED = Reproduction; socialization of children; sexual regulation; Emotional intimacy.
TENSION MANAGEMENT = Religious and moral teaching; education.
ADAPTION = Making clothes, growing food; building shelter.

35
Q

What were the functions of the family in 1890?

A

PATTERN MAINTENANCE = Reproduction; socialization of children; sexual regulation; emotional intimacy.
ADAPTATION = Making clothes, growing food; building shelter, but in cities, to a lesser extent.

36
Q

What are they today, in 2016?

A

SOCIALIZATION
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REGULATION

37
Q

What is social class position?

A

Most sociologists think social class position is the major variable explaining variation in BEHAVIOR between groups, although other variables are also important.

38
Q

What is Alienation?

A

When people are SEPARATED from their tools and material they need to produce.

39
Q

What is Exploitation?

A

The difference between the VALUE of your labor and the COST of reproducing it.

40
Q

Ideology of Class?

A

If the ruling class controls the institutions that distribute information (SCHOOL, CHURCHES, NEWSPAPER, ETC.) they can promote.

41
Q

What is the Second Shift?

A

The household duties that follow the day’s work for pay, which is by and large the wife’s responsibility. (COOKING, CLEANING, TAKING CARE OF THE CHILDREN.)

42
Q

What are the strategies of resistance? There are four.

A

1) Waiting it out
2) Playing dumb
3) Needs Reduction
4) Substitute Offerings

43
Q

Waiting it out?

A

Showing IRRITATION of becoming glum when they are asked, discouraging the wife from asking again.

44
Q

Playing dumb?

A

Becoming INCOMPETENT.

45
Q

Needs Reduction?

A

A father of two who explained that he never shopped because he didn’t “NEED ANYTHING”.

46
Q

Substitute Offerings?

A

Expressing APPRECIATION.

47
Q

Status is?

A

A POSITION in a society. Ex: One is a Professor another is Student.

48
Q

A Role is?

A

The RIGHTS and OBLIGATIONS associated with a status.

49
Q

A Status Role is?

A

A POSITION in society with RIGHTS and OBLIGATIONS attached.

50
Q

Role conflict is?

A

A situation in which a person occupies TWO or MORE social roles that make incompatible demands on that person. Ex: CEO and wife.

51
Q

How are individuals allocated to status-roles?

A

Qualities and Performance.

52
Q

What are qualities?

A

Sex, Race, and Lineage.

53
Q

What are performances?

A

High school, Graduation, Number of quarterback sacks.

54
Q

Allocations to roles by QUALITIES occur by _____?

A

Ascription

55
Q

What are consequences of early Allocation?

A

Less INDIVIDUAL flexibility
Less STATUS ANXIETY
Less SOCIETAL FLEXIBILITY
Less SOCIAL DISORDER

PoSi (8 decks)

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