Soci Flashcards
What is the first major hypothesis?
commitment to norms and values is the primary source of order in all societies
What is the second major hypothesis?
All social phenomena have opposite functions (Consequences) at the same time
what is the third major hypothesis?
All societal institutions have positive consequences for the continuation of the class structure. (Remember 2nd hypothesis)
what is the fourth major hypothesis?
Social class position is the variable that most significantly influences life chances, opportunity, and role allocation
what is the fifth major hypothesis?
A society without deviance is not possible
What is the sixth major hypothesis?
commitment is important social norms is relatively weak in the US
Which of the functional prerequisites do religion contribute to solving easier and more difficult?
pattern maintenance
integration
tension management
goal attainment
what institutions offer legitimately ideologies?
Religion, the criminal justice system, the welfare system, the economy, and the polity
Legitimate ideologies
explanations offered by institutions justifying the way things are in our society
What are the 3 ideal types describing the organization of religious activity or practice?
A church, a sect, and a cult.
Church
economical religious organization w/ an informal organization. flexible doctrine. trained educated clergy. open membership that evolved from sect or cult.
Sect
religious organization w/ an informal organization. inflexible doctrine. lay clergy. membership available only to TRUE believers. hostile to other religions. separated from a church when formed.
Cult
religious organization. inflexible doctrine. lay clergy. membership available to only TRUE believers. hostile to other religions. developed on his own.
Deviant Behavior
is any behavior which calls forth punishment an any motivated departure from a norm. (the punishment is the moment it’s deviant)
What is the major source of order in all societies?
commitment to shared norms and values.
What produces commitment to shared norms and values?
Socialization and social control
why does commitment to shared norms and values very?
variation in life experience
how does commitment to norms and values vary?
from high pro to indifferent to high anti
Continuum of commitment to a norm
<-high pro, medium pro, low pro, indifferent, low anti, medium anti, high anti->
the latent function of socialization?
deviant motivation and deviant behavior
What is called into play when commitment to norms is insufficient to provide order?
Social control
What is the manifest function of socialization?
commitment to shared norms and values
High to Medium High pro:
can in ignore. guilt will usually lead to a cessation of behavior (never violate norms)
Medium pro to low anti:
can often counsel effectively
not fully committed.
Medium anti to high anti:
punishment is usually necessary. punishment may not lead to a cessation of deviant behavior.
How can we tell when an individual is committed to a norm or value?
He or she does not violate the norm or the value. Or he or she feels guilt as a result of violating the norm or value.
What processes are used in social control (and in socialization)?
The process of control are punishment, education or counseling, rewards, and ignoring behavior.
What process is most often used?
Ignoring
What process is most effective?
The answer depends on the degree of commitment to norms of the individual on whom the strategy is used.
What is the danger of almost all people stopping their deviant behavior because they are being rewarded?
Reinforcement of deviant motivation! (what is rewarded is reinforced)
What does Mr. Whitehawk think about punishment?
Individuals can be socialized without using punishment but Society cannot exist without punishment
Why is punishment necessary?
to create and maintain commitment to norms.
What are the consequences of punishment for the person punished?
deviant behavior may be encouraged. Deviant behavior may be inhibited.
What is the consequences of identifying and punishing deviants or deviance?
Deviance defines acceptable behavior by highlighting (through punishment) the unacceptable behavior. Deviance provides identity to the nondeviants. Punishing deviance unites people (the punishers) against the deviants.
How are formal ceremonies are used to define individuals as deviant?
Trials, commitment hearings, “cop-out ceremonies” are formal ceremonies telling the community that the person is a deviant.
What are the consequences for the group that knows of the punishment of others?
Deviant behavior may be inhibited. Commitment to norms maybe increased. Commitment to norms may be created. Behavioral limits may be set. Deviant behavior may be encouraged.
What is the phenomenon studied a religion
non-empirical and empirical