SOCCY 122 Final Exam (Weeks 13-23)

Question 1

The different theorists perspectives on power

Answer 1

• MARX – society is stratified by two unequal classes (ruling class and subordinate class)
• WEBER – society is stratified by unequal classes, status groups, and parties
• Bourdieu – society is stratified based on forms of capital including social, cultural, economic, and symbolic
• These theories represent what can be referred to as the “elite model” of society
• Mann refers to such theorizing as a “motivational model

Question 2

The Power Elite

Answer 2

• Argued that a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders ultimately control the fate of the United States
• In this model, power rests in the hands of a few people in society
  Issues with his theorizing?
• Has been critiqued for failing to provide empirical evidence Did not address the question of resistance – how does the power elite deal with resistance

Question 3

What is REGIME?

Answer 3

refers to a particular method of governing with clear substantive and geographical limits, bound by explicit rules, imposed on all members within the borders

Question 4

WHAT IS “THE WELFARE STATE”?

Answer 4

• Welfare = wellbeing
• Broadly: a government that facilitates programs promoting social welfare
• Specifically: a state committed to influencing markets and social forces with the aim of achieving greater equality
• Origins - great depression & post-war
• Born of provtry
• Citzen stater to semad form out of there government; and should be interven and assisting to improve the population lifes
• I.e healthcare, educatio, foodbak, employment insurene, pendtion

Question 4

The different regime types

Answer 4

• None (Anarchy (no gov, no authority))
• One (Dictatorship, Monarchy) (Has total power and enforce laws)
• Some ( Authoritarian - can be…
  Fascist or totalitarian
  Theocracy (use of religion)
  Oligarchy (few people in a state of society that control that state
  Communism
  The state owns infrastructure and the institutions= low economic libertaires
  Might be a one party system, suppression of registrations,
  Control over all media and institutions
  So freedom are survival limited)
• Many ( * Democracy (e.g., representative (voting system), liberal, social)
  A form of government where certain indians a electric to represent the people

Question 5

Functions of the state and historical vs. current mechanisms of state power

Answer 5

Historically:
* Defined by the physical restriction of people to one place (e.g., because they were surrounded by water)
* Empires – groups of states under a single supreme authority; largely machines for war (power through conquest
* Institutional capacity is more important for dealing with condeaplry issues in states (i.e global economy, environmental issues, etc) Nation states need to deal with

Currently:
* Territorial state size has become less important than economic and institutional power for the survival and prosperity of states and their societies (used to be bigger = better)
* Nation states
* Transition from empires to nation states is dark – war, ethnic cleansing, despotic power ( ability of the states to make action, or take control without any questions or input form the people within the sociality)

Question 6

OUTPUTS OF A WELFARE STATE

Answer 6

A welfare state provides…
* Labour wages
* Employment insurance
* Health insurance
* Old-age pensions
* Aid to those who are struggling financially and for folks with disabilities
* Family allowances, parental leaves, childcare subsidies (more recent)

Question 7

Outputs fall under three main categories:

Answer 7

1. CASH (pention, employment, inseuirece; given imcome or money)
2. GOODS & SERVICES (childcare, longeterm care, education; services, food banks, reception drugs)
3. REGULATION (laws on labour, minim wage, workplace health and safter, child labor laws)

Question 8

HOW IS WELFARE PROVIDED?

Answer 8

• PUBLIC SECTOR – the welfare “state” technically only refers to government programs and/or regulations. But, welfare can also be delivered through non-state actors
• I.e. first and seocadary school, pention, employment insecure
• PRIVATE SECTOR – e.g., private daycares, mental health services and supports
• NON-PROFITS/COMMUNITY SECTOR – can be partially government-funded or privately funded, and are often subsidized by tax deductions
• I.e housing support, care homes, some educational support with diablities
• INFORMAL SECTOR – goods, benefits, and services that family members or other informal groups provide for each other (often gendered)
• Being babysat by a grandparent.

Question 9

TYPES OF WELFARE STATES (ESPINGANDERSEN 1990)

Answer 9

Types of Welfare States:
* * Liberal Welfare States – largely market-led (private/market delivery of welfare), with high degrees of stratification.
* Conservative Welfare States – families are responsible for securing welfare
* Social-Democratic Welfare States – sees welfare as a right and the state as responsible for delivering welfare services

Question 10

GENDER IN THE WELFARE STATE (ORLOFF 1996)

Answer 10

• Analyses of welfare states need to include gender, because:
• Gender relations (e.g., compulsory heterosexuality, motherhood, gendered DOL, etc.) shape the welfare state * The welfare state similarly shapes gender relations
• Examples:
• Women generally earn lower wages than men, therefore have lower pensions and employment benefits
• Women are more likely to work precarious, part-time, or contract jobs and are therefore less likely to receive benefits from employers
• Women are often recipients of income-tested programs such as social assistance and disability, which involves surveillance, stigma, and future barriers
• Women are expected to take on unpaid labour in the home

Question 11

Two dominant approaches to analyzing gender in welfare states:

Answer 11

1. Welfare states contribute to the social reproduction of gender inequality. Argument: welfare states uphold the gendered division of labour, where women are responsible for domestic work and men are responsible for “economic” support
2. Welfare states alleviate gender inequality. Argument: welfare states reduced poverty for women post-WWII and provide social assistance and services to women in difficult circumstances (e.g., single mothers) Either/Or or Both/And?
   1.

Question 12

MARRIAGE TYPES

Answer 12

• Monogamy – a form of marriage in which two people are married only to each other Serial Monogamy – when a person has several spouses in their lifetime, but only one spouse at a time
• Polygamy – when an individual has several husbands or wives simultaneously
• Polygyny – marriage of a man to more than one wife
• Polyandry – marriage of a woman to more than one husband
• Polyamory – multiple partners, but not marriage

Question 13

DEFINING FAMILY

Answer 13

• Substantive definition of family is based on:
• Blood – shared genetic heritage
• Law – social recognition and affirmation of the bond (e.g., birth certificates)
• Family vs. Kinship
• Kinship – state of being related to others, culturally learned, not fully determined by biological ties

Question 14

THE PRINCIPLE OF DESCENT

Answer 14

• BILATERAL – both sides of the family are equally important
• PATRILINEAL – the father’s relatives are important in terms of property, inheritance, and emotional ties
• MATRILINEAL – the mother’s relatives are more significant than the father’s

Question 15

The ‘big three’ of the family

Answer 15

FUNCTIONALISM:
* Focus on what families do for society and their members
* What is th purpose of a family and their function?
* According to sociologist, William F. Ogburn, there are 6 main functions of the family:
1. Reproduction (insure the population is maintain)
2. Socialization (angents if socialized, primarily –families, secondard school, and friends)
3. Protection (Primilay agent of protection)
4. Regulation of sexual behaviour (what is or not appropriate, and when it is or not appropriate)
5. Affection and companionship (we require these things are social beinings)
6. Provision of social status (Can give you some social status)

• CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES: (e.g., Conflict Theory, Feminism)
• Rather than focusing on what societies do for society (functionalism), they focus on what families do for societies
• How has roles in and outside the home follow gender?
• Types of family structures:
• Patriarchy – society in which men dominate in family decision-making
• Matriarchy – a society in which women dominate in family decision-making
• Egalitarian – authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equal

Question 16

Changes to families over time

Answer 16

• Social class differences
• Gender role differences
• Differences in sexual orientation & race (more queer couples, interacial couples)
• Changes to marriage trends (having children and marriage latter)
• Child-rearing shifts

Question 17

Religion shapes

Answer 17

• Individual behaviour
• National policy
• International action

Question 18

FOUR FORMS OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION

Answer 18

1. Ecclesia – a religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion
2. Denominations – a large, organized religion not officially linked to the state or government
3. Sects – a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers the “original vision” of the faith
4. Cults or New Religious Movements (NRM) – a small alternative faith community that represents either a new religion or a major innovation in an existing faith

Question 19

Theoretical perspectives and theses on religion

Answer 19

DURKHEIM:
* Sacred and the Profane
* Religion is functional because it:
* Gives meaning and purpose to people’s lives
* Offers ultimate values to hold in common
* Serves to bind people together in times of crisis and confusion

TALCOTT PARSONS
* Integration is a key social need, and its maintain through stability
* The primary function of sociality that causes integration
* Functionalist sociologist writing from the late 1930s to the 1960s
* Emphasized the integrative function of religion
* Integration – the coordination, adjustment, and regulation of relationships among various actors within the social system (a key societal need & pillar that ensures society’s survival)
* Religion performs function of integration

MARX ON RELIGION
* Religion promotes “false consciousness” among disadvantaged people and lessens collective political action
* I.e “its God’s will”
* Religion’s promotion of social stability helps to perpetuate patterns of social inequality
* Religion might inhibit social change, it is a discretion

WEBER ON RELIGION
* There is a connection between Predestination, Asceticism, Protestant Ethics and Spirt of Capitalism

Question 20

CREDENTIALISM

Answer 20

• An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a particular field of employment
• Not every job can possibly recarry higher education, but it everyone is attend higher education to get a good job it will follow that those will be overclass fired for basic jobs

Question 20

THE PYGMALION EFFECT

Answer 20

• The expectations that teachers have of their students inevitably affects the ways that teachers interact with them, which ultimately leads to changes in the student’s behaviour and attitude
• Rosenthal & Jacobson (1965) ‘growth spurts’ study
• Research told teacher that a selection of students are growth spurts (but it was random)
• Treatment that the teacher to be grow sputers lead them to perform very well academically
• You’re willing to institutionalize that and perform better
• It can be the possible way, where the teacher talks down to students and think that they are dumb
• The way they treated will show how will the academic results will be

Question 21

STREAMING/TRACKING

Answer 21

• The practice of putting people in certain curriculum ‘streams’ based on test scores
• It allows student to advance acemdic with occurrences with their abilities
• Top students where will not be broad in poor adcemic class if they are put in the best class
• The lower class would not feel bad about their grades
• Lower income and racial students are place on the lower acdemic tracker compare to the whites

Question 22

A SCHOOLED SOCIETY (Davies & Guppy 2018)

Answer 22

• Growth in modern schooling – mass post-secondary enrolment in Canada
• Schooling has become integral to modern life
• I.e Better career opportunities. Innovation, prudence as a skill labour force, etc
• The forms and functions of education are increasing and diversifying
• Education uses to be basic laicery, (reading writing, etc) now school are relay on physical education, media literacy, substances awareness, the environment (and responsibility), sex education, etc
• Education is responsible for all aspect of our lives

Question 22

Key takeaways of Bhopal (2020)

Answer 22

MAIN ARGUMENTS:
* Sociologists of education lack intersectional perspectives on inequality
* While gender inequality has received significant attention, racial inequality has largely been ignored
* The exclusive focus on gender inequality is perpetuated by White privilege
* E.g., ASC vs. REC institutional support and funding
* The lack of intersectional approaches greatly impacts Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) staff who continue to face institutional inequality
*

Question 23

BUREAUCRACY

Answer 23

• the most common type of formal organization
• Rules + heiriacry = affencay
• REFRESHER -Weber & Bureaucracy’s Ideal Type:
• the most common type of formal organization
• Rules + heiriacry = affencay
  REFRESHER -Weber & Bureaucracy’s Ideal Type:
  1. Division of labour ( specsilized experit perform specific tasks)
  2. Hierarchy of authority (each position is under the authority of a higher position)
  3. Written rules and regulation (no man is upon the law, clear standard for people role)
  4. Impersonality (People carry out their duty without personal condition or people as individuals)
  5. Employment-based on technical qualifications (oppsite of favoritisim)
  6. Is an orginzation meets all five of these step, it can be consider a bureaucracy
  7. Religion, government education , business, tend to have All form of similar in their structure of orgination

Question 23

BUREAUCRATIZATION

Answer 23

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision-making in the pursuit of efficiency

Question 24

‘MCDONALDIZATION’

Answer 24

McDonaldization – the wide-ranging process of rationalization occurring across Western capitalist societies (principles of Mcdonald’s being emulated by other organizations)

Question 25

Componments of MCDONALDIZATION

Answer 25

• Efficiency ( finding the best means to achieve a given end. I..i fast food)
• Predictability (people want to knwo what to expect when they enter given setting or acquaire goods or service, fast food ranks high for how Predictable they are
• E.g wanting out anywhere in the world at Mcdonlds will always taste the same.
• Camp grounds – relative same experience e.g wants included, fire pit, whashrooms, water station
• Calculability (quantity over quality) (what is the best way to make it but rather the best way to make the amomount)
• E.g mcdonlads not the best food but you can get alot of it, fast, and cheap
• Substitution of non-human technology (human are individuals are usually unpercitable, so they replace unerpericbale human behaviour with technology that can not think are are perticable) more control = the more you can hit Efficiency, Pre dictability and Calculability
• E.g Self checkout, robat services, ATMS, picking and package in warehouses
• Control – thin the orgiznation (e.g labour process, employees, technology) and customers and the constumioon process
• Abust in waiters, limited siting, self checkout, drives thus
• Make customer act in certain ways

Question 26

THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE – BETTY FRIEDAN (1963)

Answer 26

• Friedan writing in post-WWII era, where women were experiencing pressure to return home (leaving labour force) to become perfect wives and mothers for war hero husbands * Pushed through media, law, economics, education
• Classes on “house wife-ism”
• PhT – Putting husbands through
• In the late 1950s, Friedan started interviewing educated housewives about an expressed dissatisfaction with their lives
• “I feel empty somehow…incomplete”
• “I feel as if I don’t exist”
• “I feel like crying without any reason”
• Women reported feeling empty and depressed, but could not understand why because they were socialized to believe that being a housewife was the image of ‘happiness’ *
• Friedan called this “the problem with no name” – at the root of it is the feminine mystique, referring to the myth of femininity being the end goal and source of happiness for women
  *

Question 27

MASS MEDIA & CORPORATE CONCENTRATION

Answer 27

Corporate concentration of media ownership – meaning mass media is increasingly owned and controlled by fewer huge media corporations
1. Often results in fewer viewpoints being expressed & specific media “agendas” being pushed
2. Relates to Mills’ The Power Elite

Question 28

THE SECOND SHIFT (HORSCHILD 1989)

Answer 28

Main argument:
* Women live two work lives – first shift in the labour force (paid labour in public sector) and second shift at home (unpaid labour in private sphere)

Question 29

CORPORATE CONCENTRATION & MEDIA DIVERSITY

Answer 29

• Corporate concentration of mass media affects media diversity in two key ways:
• Idea diversity – the range of viewpoints expressed in the media marketplace of ideas
• Demographic diversity – how the media addresses and represents interests from a diversity of people with a variety of identities and backgrounds

Question 30

6 Types of Social Media (Kaplan & Haenlein 2010)

Answer 30

1. Collaborative projects
2. Blogs and microblogs
3. Content communities
4. Social networking sites
5. Virtual game worlds
6. Virtual social worlds

Question 31

Understanding of what ‘health’ is and the difference between medicaid vs, social approaches to health

Answer 31

WHAT IS ‘HEALTH’?
* According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.”
* Physical health – functioning of the body (short-term vs. chronic physical illnesses)
* Mental health – a state of well-being in which individuals realize their own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and are able to make contributions to their communities (WHO 2017)
* Social health – the role of social connections in our health (the more integrated a person is with others and institutions in their society, the healthier they tend to be)

Question 31

INDIGENOUS HEALTH

Answer 31

• The life expectancy for Canadians in 2017 was 79 for men and 83 for women.
• Métis & First Nations – 73-74 for men and 78-80 for women
• Inuit – 64 for men and 73 for women
• Factors that impact this?
• 1. Racism and discrimination tied to colonialism (e.g., the thrifty gene)
• 2. Relationship between Indigeneity and health outcomes partly shaped by social class

Question 32

DEBUNKING THE ‘THRIFTY GENE’

Answer 32

• The “thrifty gene” hypothesis was developed in 1962 by American geneticist and travelling scientist James V. Neel.
• Proposed that Indigenous peoples were genetically predisposed to Type 2 Diabetes due to the foodways (eating habits) of their ancestors
• Neel reconsidered his hypothesis in 1982 and ultimately rejected it in 1999
• Despite this, a Canadian endocrinologist at Western (Robert Hegele) conducted a genetic study on Indigenous peoples of Sandy Lake First Nation and argued he found the thrifty gene in this community – claimed to have found “a genetic mutation that seems to have allowed Indigenous peoples to survive famines in the past but triggers diabetes when food becomes plentiful and their lives sedentary.”
• Like Neel, he came to reject his own study in 2011

Question 33

The big three of cities (AQ)

Answer 33

FUNCTIONALISTS ON CITIES
* Organic vs. mechanical solidarity (Durkheim)
* Gemeinschaft vs. Gesellschaft (F. Tonnies)
* Gemeinschaft – a close-knit community in which strong personal bonds unite members
* Pre-industrial societies that used agricultural means of production – tight knit and strong, communities more stable & people engaged in social relationships naturally
* Gesellschaft – a community that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus in values
* Rational forms of social relationships

CONFLICT THEORISTS ON CITIES
* Cities are capitalist machines, sites of mass economic inequality
* Internationally, corporations urbanize previously rural areas in search of cheap labour
* Poor populations increasingly displaced due to gentrification
* Money ultimately dictates how cities are designed

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISTS ON CITIES
* Cities can make us individualistic and divide us
* However, they can also bring marginalized communities together

Question 33

Solution for improving urban life gentrification

Answer 33

How do we address issues of urbanization?
1. Improvements to infrastructure
* The cities foundation
* Water, election, street highways

2. Gentrification – revitalizing neighbourhoods
   * Wealthy groups tend to by houses, and popularity value increases, more business increases
3. Incumbent upgrading – improving transportation, affordable housing, green spaces, etc.

Question 34

THE DARK SIDE OF GENTRIFICATION

Answer 34

displacement, cultural erasure and a spike in the cost of living

Question 35

Key takeaways of Kim et al. (2023)

Answer 35

• The authors use Goffman’s theorizing on Stigma to understand how individuals perceive people experiencing homelessness (PEH)
• Created a program to capture all tweets containing the word “homeless” from April to June 2013 (N= 1,750.000)
• Selected random sample of 1000 tweets from the larger dataset then created a codebook to analyze the tweets for themes
• Determined there is a “stigma theory” of homelessness, where people attribute undesirable characteristics to PEH (including that PEH are unhygienic, socially deviant, sexually aggressive or deviant, threatening and violent)
• People use these undesirable characteristics (the stigma of being unhoused) to as a way to justify homelessness - PEH deserve to be homeless because of these multiple stigmatized identities
• Sociological Question – How do attitudes about unhoused people impact societal responses for addressing homelessness?

Question 36

The six main areas of criminology

Answer 36

1. The definition of crime and criminals
   * What kinds of acts do we define as crime, who to define as criminals?
2. The origins and role of the law
   * The role of our legal system
   * Why are some things defined as crime by the criminal code, but some are not?
3. The social distribution of crime
   * Trends of crime over time, and over location (time and space)
4. The causation of crime
   * Where theory are focus on, (social control theory, strain theory, labeling, etc)
5. Patterns of criminal behaviour
   * Particular type of crime (domestic violence cases- what does the assault look like, the victims, what type of circumstances trend to happened around this type of crime)
6. Societal responses to crime
   * Changes all the time
   * Society idea of crimes changes as well over time

Question 36

WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE JUSTICE?

Answer 36

• How does reproductive justice differ from “pro-choice” activism?
• Reproductive justice moves beyond the prochoice movement’s singular focus on abortion and recognizes that the right to abortion will not resolve the barriers to having children that many people of colour and low-income people face
• Reproductive justice (and freedom) thus requires the ability not only to prevent parenthood, but also to have and raise children in safe and healthy environments
• Reproductive justice therefore also includes issues such as access to food, health care, employment, and housing

Question 37

Topics of interested to sociological studying housing (Pattillo 2013)

Answer 37

Three questions of interest to sociologists researching homelessness and housing:
1. How is the housing market finances for prospective buyers?
1. How do inequalities in property values affect wealth stratification?
1. What happens to people who cannot afford prevailing house prices?

Question 37

Key components of Glaude reports and sentencing circles

Answer 37

GLADUE REPORTS:
* S. 718.2(e) of the criminal code requires that all available sanctions other than imprisonment, that are reasonable in the circumstances, should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of Indigenous offenders R V. Gladue (1999)
* Gladue was accused of second-degree murder after killing her fiancée with a knife; she pled guilty to the lesser charge of manslaughter. They had been fighting about infidelity when the incident occurred; both were Indigenous
* Gladue was sentenced to three year but appealed on the grounds that s 718.2 (e) was not considered in the sentencing. Went to Supreme Court and judge agreed that specific circumstances should be taken into consideration when sentencing indigenous people
GLADUE REPORTS – in sentencing Indigenous peoples, judges should consider information through a report based on two factors:
* 1. . The unique systemic or background factors that may have played a part in bringing the person before the courts
* 2. The types of sentencing procedures and sanctions which may be appropriate in the circumstances for the offender because of their indigenous heritage or connection
*

Question 38

Understanding of what each branch of police and the courts are responsible for

Answer 38

• Federal (RCMP) – enforce all federal legislation such as the controlled drugs and substances act; act as provincial police force in all jurisdictions except Ontario, Quebec, and some parts of Newfoundland and Labrador; act as municipal forces in some communities
• Provincial (OPP) – fills gaps between municipal services and patrols provincial highways and waterways; investigates cross-jurisdictional major crimes; provides support to municipal forces for major cases
• Municipal (Kingston Police) – respond to local emergency calls, patrol public areas, regulate traffic, control crowds, etc.

Question 39

TOPICS OF INTEREST TO SOCIOLOGISTS

Answer 39

• Pregnancy
• Birth
• Contraception
• Abortion
• Sterilization
• Infertility
• Adoption
• Reproductive technology (e.g., IVF)
• Surrogacy
• Egg and sperm donation

Question 39

PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENT: WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

Answer 39

• Explains how historical economic develop of core (wealthier) nations occurred as a result of ecological degradation, social upheavals, and economic underdevelopment of nations within the global periphery
• Not only are core states dumping toxic waste and exporting the most hazardous production facilities to periphery nations, but they are also extracting energy and other forms of ecological wealth from these nations and paying less than market value for them
• Can contribute to perception that core nations are “greening” their industrial policies

Question 39

WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?

Answer 39

• According to Rene Almeling, reproduction refers to the biological and social process of having or not having children.
• Reproduction affects 100% of the population in some capacity; it is about more than a series of individual biological events
• Effect everyone, we are all from reproductive
• Those who do not want children are confronted with norms having children
• Those who are sexuality active try to to repourduce

Question 40

Definitions of sports

Answer 40

How do we decide what is a sport?
1. Coakley (2009): sports are ”well-established, officially governed, competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards.”
1. Giulianotti (2005) – a sport is:
a. Structured by rules and codes of conduct, spatial and temporal frameworks, and institutions of government
b. Goal-oriented (an objective, working towards something)
c. Competitive (rivals, breaking records)
d. Able to generate excitement (spectors)
e. Culturally situated in that A-D correspond closely to the value systems and power relations within the relevant sport’s host society

Question 40

The key takeaways of almeling (2007)

Answer 40

ALMELING 2007: EGG AGENCIES & SPERM BANKS
EGG AGENCIES
* Altruistic rhetoric
* Women’s reproductive bodies are coded through cultural norms about motherhood
* Egg donation is a gift
SPERM BANKS
* Financial rhetoric
* Men’s bodies are coded through cultural norms associated with productivity, labour, and economic output
* Sperm donation is a job

Question 41

PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENT: POLITICAL ECONOMY

Answer 41

• Investigates the effects of capitalism and modernity on socio-ecological well-being
• Often Marxist – struggles over means of production tend to favour capitalist classes and also produce greater ecological damage and mass social suffering for those without capital

Question 42

The big three on sports understanding of the life course perspective on aging

Answer 42

FUNCTIONALISM – sports as a form of social solidarity
* How do sports bring people together?
* How does organic solidarity take place within various sports?

CONFLICT THEORY – the dynamics of capitalist economic systems shape all institutions, sports included
* Conditions of athletic production (owner-player conflicts, e.g., NCAA)
* The NCAA was not paying their college basketball player, but it went to the supreme court, and now they can get sponsorships, advertisement, etc. However they do not pay them directly
* Nature and effects of sports consumption ( how do we consume sports)
* Social class, where are you sitting in a game (common or private)
* They are distraction from everyday life (working)

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM – meaning making through interactions in sports (both on and off the ‘field of play’)
* E.g., status symbols (how does seeing someone with a varsity sport backpack great status, and meaning interactions with them)

Question 42

WHAT IS THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT?

Answer 42

• Focused on the study of sport as a social institution.
• Goal: Understanding the game, but also the “games outside the games”; How does the institution of sport relate to other institutions and impact peoples’ interactions, daily lives, and life chances?

Question 43

PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

Answer 43

• the recognition that the material impact of social inequality is reflected in the highly uneven distribution of environmental harm and privileges in societies across the globe
• Developed during the 1970s to 1980s as scholars realized that environmental hazards disproportionately affect poor communities, communities of colour, and other marginalized populations
• Highlights the need to study problems of environmental racism and associated inequalities

Question 44

Main takeaway of Parenti’s work as outlined in the interview

Answer 44

BIG DATA:

Extremely large data sets that are

constantly expanding and must be

analyzed electronically to reveal patterns,

trends, and associations (often relating to

human behaviour and interactions)

DATAVEILLANCE:

A term some sociologists use to describe

the prevalent form of routine surveillance

in society by means of the informational

shadow that a person casts in the course

of routine online commerce

Question 45

Bauman and Hots (2014) schemas in advertising as outlined in corrigail-Brown (2020)

Answer 45

• “White Nostalgia” schemas – high status and memory
• “White Highbrow” schemas – high luxury, and status and suits
• “White Nuclear Family” schemas– showcasing a white family
• “Black Blue collar” schemas– at least one black person in the ad
• “Asian Technocrat” schemas — smart and performances well in school

Question 46

Theoretical perspectives on the family covered in mitchell (2021)

Answer 46

• Structural functionalism – order, stability, equilibrium, consensus, harmony
• Feminist perspective – gender inequality, women’s subordination, social change
• Symbolic interactionism – communication, subjective meanings , day-to-day interactions
• Social family change – reward cost, profit, self-interest, humans and rational
• Family development – expectations, norms, family career, life stage, developmental task
• Intersectionality lens – overlapping system and identities
• life -course approach– age cohort related transitions
• conflicts/political economy – capitalist economy, class struggle
  *

Question 47

Theoretical perspectives on the environment covered by pellow and Brehm (2013)

Answer 47

1. Ecological Modernization
   * * Theorists argue for a new industrial era beginning in the 1980s marked by new technologies, innovative entrepreneurs, and financiers.
   * * Continued modernization is necessary for societies to achieve ecological sustainability.
   * * However, this theory may overstate the extent of ecological sustainability in institutions and societies.
2. Treadmill of production theory
   * This model assumes that greater investments in economic growth will solve socioecological crises, leading to increased commitment to market growth.
   * However, ecological modernization scholars argue this theory overstates the ecological harm of market economies.

Question 48

Understanding of the social of disability

Answer 48

• • The Social Model of Disability, a theory developed by Mike Oliver, is used in disability studies from a UK perspective.
• • The model divides disability into social barriers and impairments.
• • Disability is seen as a series of social barriers faced by people with impairments, not just a physical problem.
• • The social model argues that disability is an economic outcome, not a bodily problem.
• • Capitalism is a major reason for barriers, as it requires surplus labor, devaluing those who cannot.
• • The theory suggests that if work was organized more collectively, we would have a different understanding of bodily difference.
• • The concept of muscular dystrophy and the barriers associated with it are not fully understood.