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UNI FIRST YEAR SEM 2 > PSYC Exam (Weeks 16-18) > Flashcards

PSYC Exam (Weeks 16-18) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Intelligence?

A

An individual’s cognitive capability. This includes the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information.

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2
Q

What is G?

A

Short for “general factor” and is often used to be synonymous with intelligence itself.

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3
Q

What is IQ?

A

The “intelligence quotient” is a score used to rank an individual’s intellectual ability against others, typically obtained from a widely used measure of intelligence.

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4
Q

What is Standardize?

A

Standardized scores are individual intelligence tests that are administered uniformly to all individuals, comparing them to normative scores for a population.

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5
Q

What is a Stereotype threat?

A

People often fear conforming to a stereotype or performing in line with it, particularly when the stereotype is brought to their conscious awareness.

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6
Q

What is Carroll’s Model of Intelligence?

A
  • Carroll’s model distinguishes between “fluid” and “crystalized” intelligence.
  • Fluid intelligence involves problem-solving on the spot, while crystalized intelligence uses language, skills, and experience.
  • Fluid intelligence is associated with youth, while crystalized intelligence increases with age.
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7
Q

What is a Norm?

A

Assessments are conducted on a representative sample of a population to determine the range of scores, comparing individuals to the general population.

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8
Q

What is Harvard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

A
  • Gardner’s theory suggests people process information through different channels, independent of each other.
  • He identified eight common intelligences: logic-math, visual-spatial, music-rhythm, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
  • Gardner’s theory suggests unique learning styles and influences many schools worldwide.
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9
Q

What is Mindset of Intelligence?

A
  • Carol Dweck’s research shows that a person’s mindset about their intelligence predicts performance.
  • Children who believe their intelligence is a fixed trait tend to underperform.
  • Those who believe intelligence is changeable and evolving perform better.
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10
Q

What is Emotional Intelligence?

A

emphasizes the experience and expression of emotion

  • Some researchers view emotional intelligence as a set of skills, while others see it as a combination of abilities and personality.
  • Studies show a link between emotional intelligence and job performance.
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11
Q

What is Satisfaction?

A

Correspondence between an individual’s needs or preferences and the rewards offered by the environment.

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12
Q

What is Satisfactoriness?

A

Correspondence between an individual’s abilities and the ability requirements of the environment.

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13
Q

What is Under-determined or misspecified causal models?

A

Psychological frameworks that miss or neglect to include one or more of the critical determinants of the phenomenon under analysis.

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14
Q

What is g or general mental ability?

A
  • Cognitive ability measures mental capacity, including reasoning, planning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, understanding complex ideas, and learning from experience.
  • It is not just academic skills or test-taking smarts but a broader capability for understanding surroundings.
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15
Q

What is Specific abilities?

A

Cognitive abilities, including general and content-focused talents like math, spatial, and verbal skills, are influenced by an individual’s strengths and weaknesses, guiding their development.

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16
Q

What is System 1?

A

Our intuitive decision-making system, which is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, and emotional.

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17
Q

What is Framing?

A

The bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented, while holding the objective information constant.

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17
Q

What is System 2?

A

Our more deliberative decision-making system, which is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical.

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18
Q

What is Anchoring?

A

The bias to be affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor is arbitrary, and to insufficiently adjust our judgments away from that anchor.
i.e BestBuy Sales :(

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19
Q

What are the steps in Rational Decision making?

A
  1. define the problem (Picking a Univeristy)
  2. identify the criteria necessary to judge the multiple options (location, prestige, faculty, etc.)
  3. weight the criteria (rank them in terms of importance to you)
  4. generate alternatives (the schools that admitted you)
  5. rate each alternative on each criterion (rate each school on each criteria that you identified
  6. compute the optimal decision
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19
Q

What is Biases?

A

The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence the judgment of even very talented human beings.

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20
Q

What does R-I-A-S-E-C stand for?

A

Realistic (Doers)
Investigative (Thinkers)
Artistic (Creators)
Social (Helpers)
Enterprising (Persuaders)
Conventional (Organizers)

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21
Q

What is Heuristics?

A

cognitive (or thinking) strategies that simplify decision making by using mental short-cuts

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22
Q

What is Overconfident?

A

The bias to have greater confidence in your judgment than is warranted based on a rational assessment.

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23
Q

What is Bounded awareness?

A

The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information that is available to us.

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24
Q

What is Bounded ethicality?

A

The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not even aware of ourselves.

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24
Q

What are the basic emotions?
And the brain structues that go with it?

A
  1. Desire - hypothalamus and frontal cortex
  2. Liking - nucleus accumbens
  3. Fear - periaqueductal gray, amygdala, thalamus, and visual cortex
  4. Rage - amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and midbrain
  5. Love - preoptic area and stria terminalis
  6. Grief - the attachment senses
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25
Q

What is Bounded rationality?

A

Model of human behavior that suggests that humans try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations.

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26
Q

What is Bounded self-interest?

A

The systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others.

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27
Q

What is Drive state?

A

Affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill goals that are generally beneficial to their survival and reproduction.

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27
Q

What is Bounded willpower?

A

The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns rather than future concerns.

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28
Q

What is our two drive states?

A

hunger and sexual arousal

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29
Q

What is Homeostatic set point?

A

An ideal level that the system being regulated must be monitored and compared to.

29
Q

What is Hypothalamus?

A

A portion of the brain involved in a variety of functions, including the secretion of various hormones and the regulation of hunger and sexual arousal.

29
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable state across all the different physiological systems in the body.

30
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

A physical sexual posture in females that serves as an invitation to mate.

31
Q

What is Preoptic area?

A

A region in the anterior hypothalamus involved in generating and regulating male sexual behavior.

31
Q

What is Reward value?

A

A neuropsychological measure of an outcome’s affective importance to an organism.

32
Q

What is Satiation?

A

The state of being full to satisfaction and no longer desiring to take on more.

33
Q

What is the problem with drive state?

A
  • Drive states cause a collapsing of time-perspective towards the present, making us impatient.
  • This form of attention-narrowing is particularly pronounced for outcomes and behaviors related to the biological function being served by the drive state.
  • Studies show that being sexually aroused makes people extremely impatient for both sexual outcomes and outcomes involving money.
34
Q

What is The Reward Network?

A

Implicated structures
 Amygdala
 Nucleus accumbens
 Frontal cortex (i.e., prefrontal cortex)
 Hypothalamus (e.g. LH)
 Communicate via neurotransmitter dopamine
 The greater the incentive salience, the more dopamine involved
 Help cement the current experience in memory
* The pre-frontal cortex
* Damage in this area can cause Depression

35
Q

What is Emotion coherence?

A

The degree to which emotional responses (subjective experience, behavior, physiology, etc.) converge with one another.

35
Q

What is Neuroscience

A

The study of the nervous system.

36
Q

What is Emotion fluctuation?

A

The degree to which emotions vary or change in intensity over time.

37
Q

What is Emotion?

A

An experiential, physiological, and behavioral response to a personally meaningful stimulus.

38
Q

What are Neglecting Three Central Aspects of Emotion Experience?

A
  • The intensity of the emotion matters: Positive and negative emotions might not have the same effect on well-being at all intensities.
  • Emotions fluctuate over time: Stable emotion experiences might have different effects from experiences that change a lot.
  • The context in which the emotion is experienced: The context in which we experience an emotion might profoundly affect whether the emotion is good or bad for us.
39
Q

What causes fear?

A

circuit extends from the central amygdala to the periaqueductal gray in the midbrain, sensitive to glutamate, corticotrophin releasing factor, adreno-cortico-trophic hormone, cholecystokinin, and neuropeptides.
* Damage to the amygdala or areas of the ventral hypocampus interferes with fear conditioning in humans and nonhuman animals.

39
Q

What is affective neuroscience?

A
  • examines how the brain creates emotional responses.
  • aims to understand how matter (brain structures and chemicals) creates one of the most fascinating aspects of mind, the emotions.
  • uses unbiased, observable measures that provide credible evidence to other sciences and laypersons on the importance of emotions.
40
Q

Describe neuroscience techniques used to study emotions in humans and animals.

A
  • Nonhuman animals have simpler nervous systems and basic emotional responses.
  • Invasive neuroscience techniques like electrode implantation, lesioning, and hormone administration are easier in animals.
  • Human neuroscience relies on noninvasive techniques like EEG and fMRI.
  • Animal research provides useful models for understanding human affective processes.
41
Q

What are some academic adjustment for First Years?

A

Loneliness:
* Possible due to separation from family, friends, and other important people.

Financial Stress:
* University costs can lead to debt, reducing expenses, and increasing income.

Class Format:
* Large, impersonal classes create distraction opportunities.

Freedom:
* Increased independence requires regulation of sleep, diet, study schedule, and exercise.

Social Opportunities:
* Meeting new people with diverse experiences and beliefs.
* Formation of new peer groups and relationships.

Personal and Emotional Problems:
* Late adolescence to late 20s are critical years for developing personal values, beliefs, and goals.
* Questioning one’s purpose, self-worth, and relationships can contribute to emotional turmoil and personal crises.

41
Q

What are types of happiness?

A
  1. Life satisfaction
  2. Frequent positive feelings
  3. Rare negative feelings
     Aka Subjective Well Being
     Internal causes
     External causes
  4. Emotional
  5. Wellbeing
42
Q

What are Strategies to Overcome Academic Challenges?

A

Scheduling Your Time:
* Create a weekly schedule to manage work, health habits, homework, and other activities.

Keeping Focus:
* Decide if you need your digital device for work.
* If necessary, block unnecessary sites with digital applications or schedule short breaks to check for notifications.

Effective Studying:
* Consider your study environment.
* Find a space that is conducive to your ability to focus.

Setting Up for Success:
* Set a goal for yourself before starting work.
* Set a time commitment to your goal, minimize distractions, and schedule a break.

Connecting with Learning Strategies:
* Connect with the Student Academic Success Services at Queen’s University for learning and writing resources.

43
Q

What are warning triggers?

A

Trigger warnings are notifications at the start of content that may be distressing, aiming to help people prepare or avoid it, potentially reducing negative reactions and protecting mental health.

43
Q

What is health psychology?

A
  • Biopsychosocial Model of Health: Recognizes biology, psychology, and social factors as equally important in disease development.
  • Replaces the Biomedical Model of Health, which focuses on physical factors contributing to illness.
  • Advances in medical technology have improved understanding of mind-body connection and the role of feelings.
  • Health psychology researchers in psychosomatic medicine and psychoneuroimmunology focus on how psychological factors influence physiology.
44
Q

What are Strategies to Overcome Emotional Challenges?

A
  • Using Resources.
  • Self-care
    *
    *
45
Q

What is Type A Behavior?

A

characterized by impatience, competitiveness, neuroticism, hostility, and anger.

46
Q

What are the five factors of resilience?

A
  1. Coping
  2. Control and Self-Efficacy
  3. Social Relationships
  4. Dispositions and Emotions
  5. Stress Management
47
Q

What is stress?

A
  • Stress is not just a major life stressor but also small daily inconveniences like traffic congestion or conflicts.
  • Stress hormones can be altered, blood pressure can rise, and immune system function can be suppressed.
48
Q

How does Control have better health outcomes on Health?

A

Perceived control can improve health outcomes and stress coping.
* Studies show that individuals who believe they have control over situations perform better on tasks.
* Perceived control also benefits immune system functioning.
* Feeling in control can change stress hormone levels.
* Belief in control can influence important outcomes like smoking cessation, contraception use, and weight management.
* High self-efficacy, closely related to control, can reduce stress and improve health.

48
Q

What are two types of coping Strategies?

A

Problem-focused coping
* involves actively addressing the stressor to solve the issue.
Emotion-focused coping
* regulates the emotions associated with stress.

  • Problem-focused coping has the greatest impact on mental wellness.
  • Emotion-focused coping may be better for uncontrollable events like death.
49
Q

What is Type B Behavior?

A

Type B behavior reflects the absence of Type A characteristics and is represented by less competitive, aggressive, and hostile behavior patterns.

50
Q

What is hostility?

A

Hostile individuals’ hostility and competitiveness can damage heart arteries and lack a health-protective supportive social network.

51
Q

What is biofeedback

A

Transforming physiological signals into easily understandable graphs or numbers is a process that allows individuals to use this information to modify bodily functions, such as lowering blood pressure or reducing muscle tension.

51
Q

What is Chronic disease?

A

A health condition that persists over time, typically for periods longer than three months (e.g., HIV, asthma, diabetes).

52
Q

What is Psychosomatic medicine?

A

An interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on how biological, psychological, and social processes contribute to physiological changes in the body and health over time.

53
Q

What is Social integration?

A

The size of your social network, or number of social roles (e.g., son, sister, student, employee, team member).

53
Q

What is Daily hassles?

A

Irritations in daily life that are not necessarily traumatic, but that cause difficulties and repeated stress.

54
Q

What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

A three-phase model of stress, which includes a mobilization of physiological resources phase, a coping phase, and an exhaustion phase (i.e., when an organism fails to cope with the stress adequately and depletes its resources).

55
Q

What is Psychoneuroimmunology?

A

A field of study examining the relationship among psychology, brain function, and immune function.

56
Q

What is Biopsychosocial Model of Health?

A

An approach to studying health and human function that posits the importance of biological, psychological, and social (or environmental) processes.

57
Q

What is Biomedical Model of Health?

A

A reductionist model that posits that ill health is a result of a deviation from normal function, which is explained by the presence of pathogens, injury, or genetic abnormality.

58
Q

What is Behavioral medicine?

A

Psychological factors are integrated into disease treatment, including occupational therapy, hypnosis, rehabilitation, and preventative medicine, similar to health psychology.

59
Q

What is Subjective well-being?

A

The name that scientists give to happiness—thinking and feeling that our lives are going very well.

60
Q

What are two internal causes of subjective well-being?

A
  • Resilience
  • Personality and temperament
  • Inborn temperament
61
Q

What are two external causes of subjective well-being?

A
  • Sufficient material sources (MATERIAL GIRL)
  • Sufficient social resources
  • Desirable society
62
Q

What is “Top-down” or internal causes of happiness?

A

The person’s outlook and habitual response tendencies that influence their happiness—for example, their temperament or optimistic outlook on life.
* top-down- internal
* bottom-up - external

63
Q

What does Materialism have on Happiness?

A
  • High materialism can lower life satisfaction by prioritizing money over other aspects like relationships.
  • Materialists may struggle to achieve their dreams due to their constant desire for more.
63
Q

What does Psychological Influences on Happiness?

A
  • High aspirations can lead to hard work but also risk of dissatisfaction.
  • The goal is to have challenging aspirations and adapt to life’s challenges.
  • Happiness comes not from avoiding problems, but from those who can bounce back from failures and adapt to disappointments.
64
Q

What is Positive feelings

A

Desirable and pleasant feelings. Moods and emotions such as enjoyment and love are examples.

64
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

People’s initial reactions to positive or negative events, often strongly, tend to decrease over time, returning to their original level of subjective well-being.

65
Q

What is Negative feelings?

A

Undesirable and unpleasant feelings that people tend to avoid if they can. Moods and emotions such as depression, anger, and worry are examples.

65
Q

What is self-report scales

A

Self-report surveys or questionnaires in which participants indicate their levels of subjective well-being, by responding to items with a number that indicates how well off they feel.

UNI FIRST YEAR SEM 2 (10 decks)

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