SOC2070 midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Luigi mangione case showed that
A
- killing may not always be deviant
- any actions outside of a social norm makes an act deviant
2
Q
Soc’s definition of deviance is:
A
upbringing, self radicalization, and class conflict all affect aspects of likelihood to engage in deviance
3
Q
Attention was drawn to the Luigi Mangione case because:
A
attraction, gun violence, and decentralization
4
Q
deviant acts are usually ________ until more questions are asked
A
self evident
5
Q
a theory is defined as
A
a series of connected ideas to explain or predict a phenomenon
6
Q
no working theory means that you just have
A
a description
7
Q
scientific theories are ____ and _____
A
refined and testable
8
Q
theories are perfect predictors because:
A
they cant be 100% accurate, cant predict outcomes, and because they arent flawless
9
Q
parsimony (efficiency) is key in theories because:
A
- we want theories that are good at predicting behaviour
- are simple with maximum predictive power - can achieve maximum effects with few variables
10
Q
theories of social deviance can be divided into 2 categories:
A
objectivist and subjectivist
11
Q
objectivist overview
A
- deviance is an and of itself
- begins with assumption that everyone knows whats deviant, when looking at situation explanation will be obvious
- scholars and non scholars believe this
12
Q
subjectivist overview
A
- deviance is anything defined as such
- anything classified as deviant will become known as deviant
- rarely adopted by non-scholars
13
Q
objectivist theories
there are 4 aspects of objectivist theory
A
- harm: if you harm someone, act is deviant
- rarity: rare things are deviant bc its out of the ordinary
- negative reaction: behaviour is deviant bc it generates a negative reaction
- norm violation: something is deviant when it violates a society norm
14
Q
social norms are divided into
A
- folkways: less serious
- mores: more serious
15
Q
main theories in objectivist include
A
anomie theory, general strain theory, and differential association
16
Q
main purpose of subjectivist theory is to
A
understand significance and connection between deviant behaviour, social processes, and perception
17
Q
social processes change what is seen as ______
A
deviant
18
Q
subjectivist theories are not a phenomenon, its a _____ or _____ that we use
A
label or classification
19
Q
difference between subjectivist and objectivist
A
objectivism: deviance violates social norms and values
subjectivist: violation of norms and deviance is a product of power
20
Q
deviance yields 2 types of social control:
A
- formal: controlled by institutions, serious
- informal: controlled by community, never severe (subtle)
21
Q
formal and informal social control co-exist in society in _______ social control and _____ social control
A
retroactive social control and preventative social control
22
Q
emile durkheim was a
A
positivist
23
Q
durkheim believed that deviance is _____
A
normal
24
Q
durkheim believed thst deviance has 4 main functions including:
A
- increases solidarity
- determines moral boundaries
- tests moral boundaries and investigates change
- reduces social tensions
25
functions of deviance allow for:
change, reduces social tensions, tests moral boundaries
26
durkheim focused on the ___ level and was a ____
macro level, functionalist
27
mechanical solidarity is
shared norms/value and order
(sense of togetherness in society)
28
organic solidarity is
order through independence
(order is a function oh how much we need eachother)
29
durkheim believed that deviance occurs when ___ happens to fast
change
30
durkheim listed 4 main factors for suicide, including:
1. egoistic (excessive individuation)
2. altruistic (over identification)
3. anomic (social deregulation)
4. fatalistic (over regulation, physically controlling)
31
studies show elevated rates of suicide be of ____
overintegration
32
fatalists control your ______
everymove
33
merton is known for
social structure and anomie
34
merton focused on the ____ level, and was both a ___ and ___
macro level, functionalist and objectivist
35
merton looked at society as a _____
whole
36
merton states that the cultural complex is
made up of institutions that promote values overtime
37
merton states that the opportunity structure is
an avenue that you can take to achieve said goal
38
merton believed that there were 5 modes of adaptation, including:
1. conformity (people try to be sucessful despite broken system)
2. innovation (people embrace goal, mean isn't achievable so they turn to illegitimate means)
3. retreatism (system is broken so people give up)
4. ritualism (goal is out there, cant achieve it, scales back goal)
5. rebellion (done with system and want to destroy it to start fresh)
39
sutherland is known for
differential association
40
sutherland focuses on the ___ level and is a
micro, objectivist
41
sutherland believed that deviance is learned through:
communication with others
42
sutherland believed that deviance teaches us to view the law as ___ or ___
favourable or unfavourable
43
differential association varies in terms of
1. frequency (how often)
2. duration (how long)
3. priority (interaction in early life)
4. intensity (importance of group)
44
critiques of sutherland include
- he didnt theorize opportunity
- didnt rank any of the variations of DA, so we dont know which is most important
45
skyes and matza are known for
neutralizartion
46
skyes and matza focused on the ____ level and were ____
micro level, objectivists
47
skyes and matza looked at ____ subculture and ____ culture
deviant subculture and dominant culture
48
techniques of neutralization include:
1. denial of responsibility
2. denial of inquiry
3. denial of victim
4. appeal to higher loyalties
5. condemning the condemner
49
people use techniques of neutralization because
it relieves them of guilt
50
travis hirschi is known for
control and bond theory
51
travis hirschi believed that an individuals _____ to society would affect their likelihood to ______ in ______ activity
connection, engage in criminal activity
51
travis hirschi says there are 4 main principles in the theory:
1. attachment
2. commitment
3. involvement
4. belief
52
hirschi's temporal sequence suggest that
bonds weaken, then criminal activity occurs
53
hirschi's rational choice suggests that
at some point the offender is 'rational'
54
subjectivist approaches suggest that deviance is
a label or classification
55
labelling theory argues that we are born into a society that already has ____ and ____ established
norms and values
56
labelling theory says we lean through ___
symbolic communication
57
symbolic communication says that sense of self is developed from ______
people around you
58
in labelling theory, significant others are
people who we have relationships with
59
in labelling theory, generalized others are
groups we dont know people in, but know they exist and are part of some type of group
60
labelling theory argues that 5 things emerge when the theory is applied:
1. effective when someone of power labels you
2. labels are internalized
3. labels are confirmed by stakeholders
4. master status emerges
5. they begin to act in a way that aligns with the label
61
in labelling theory, there is ___ and ___ deviance
primary and secondary
62
primary deviance suggests that
deviance is not serious
violation of norms occurs
act doesnt define persons self
63
secondary deviance suggests that
violation is persistent
deviance is serious
social roles are contaminated by deviance
64
master stauts suggests that
all accomplishments are trumped by the label
65
becker file test (labelling theory classic research)
4 files sent to 100 employees
each file contained different info
found that the more stigma is removed, more likely positive feedback is recieved
66
erving goffman suggests that labelling is a
stigma
67
erving goffman focuses on ___ and ____
labels and stigma
68
stigmas are
characteristics socially defined as deviant
69
labels are
a name placed upon an individual, making one experience a 'spoiled identity'
70
kitsuses suggests there is
tertiary deviance
71
goffman says we cant be stigmatized unless
people have information on you
72
goffman suggests there are 2 types of information control known as
biographic control and symbolic control
73
biographic control says to manage stigma you shouldnt
talk about anything, and you should leave out details (be vague)
74
symbolic control says we can control
75
critiques of goffman include
ignores initial causes of deviance
correlation vs causation argument
--> cant identify causation with labels, so were left with correlation
76
marxist conflict theory focuses on the ____ level and is a ___
macro, subjectivist
77
marxist theory begins with a ___ group
powerful
78
in marxist theory, these groups set the ____ and ____
norms and values
79
in marxist theory, laws ____ the poor and wealthy are rarely _____
oppress, criminalized
80
critiques of marxist theory
laws protect the collective interest of all, but some may favour the powerful
81
deviant subcultures are systems of ____, _____, ______, and ______ of social groups that are distinct but still ____ to society
values, attitudes, modes of behaviour, and lifestyles
connected
82
examples of deviant subcultures include
furry subculture, punk bands
83
deviant subcultures are studied by
anthropologists
84
robert park suggested that we should treat cities as
natural ecology's
85
thrashers book focused on
connection between territory and ethnicity, and plotted gangs on a map to observe and compare results
86
taxi dance hall book focused on
- taxi dancing: women who left their homes to go to bars or jazz clubs and dance with men for money
- considered taxis because they would keep dancing (driving) and get paid for the dances done (distance driven)
87
argot established
subcultural relations
88
argot found that subcultures use secrecy to
establish who does and does not belong
89
argot focused on _______ relations and _____ vs ______ relationships
subcultural relations
outside vs inside relationships
90
the 4 modes of disengagement include
1. first doubts
2. seeking and weighing alternatives
3. turning point
4. an established ex-identity
91
in deviant subcultures online, collapsing ___ and ____ played a big role in the expansion of networks
time and space
92
subcultures form because of
1. shared problems
2. validation and self support
3. efficacy
