SOC 3710 midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
youth is a _____ contract
A
social
2
Q
youth and policy is a ____ of childhood
A
result
3
Q
youth ends when you hit
A
18 years old
4
Q
youth 1990
A
- few attend highschool, less post secondary
- 1/2 employed in agriculture
- boys making close to living wage
5
Q
youth 2021
A
- 94% highschool, 3/4 post secondary
- few well paying jobs
- people live away from parents
6
Q
youth sentenced as adults if you could prove _____
A
mens reus
7
Q
there is conflict between ____
A
generations
8
Q
people are trained on how to deal with ______
A
different generations (customer service)
9
Q
disagreement on ______ between generations
A
beliefs and thoughts
10
Q
generation names are decided by ______
A
the media
11
Q
_____ was first poet to say yotuh is disrespectful
A
Hesoid
12
Q
_____ said youth is wronging and rude
A
Shakespear
13
Q
adolescents are a ______ phenomenon
A
western
14
Q
______ identified adolescent as a life stage
A
stanley hall
15
Q
______ termed “storm and stress”
A
stanley hall
16
Q
storm and stress refers to
A
issues with authority figures
17
Q
Stanley hall was openly ______
A
anti-black and sexist
18
Q
Margret mead was a _______
A
anthropologist
19
Q
Margret mead studied
A
sexual life of somoan teens
20
Q
Margret meads book was rejected because ____
A
she was a woman, and her book countered many peoples beliefs
21
Q
Margrets research found that the transition from youth to adulthood was
A
smooth, no stress in transition
22
Q
Margret meeds research was key in
A
nature vs. nurture study
23
Q
Adolescents is used in ____
A
psychology
- period between puberty and adulthood
24
Q
youth is used in ______
A
sociology
- period between leaving school and becoming adult (15-25)
- nature not nurture
25
Jones (2009) was a
functional theorist
26
jones emphasized the
role of family in socialization
27
neo-marxists emphasize the importance of ______ groups and youth ______
peer groups and youth subcultures
28
feminist sociologists challenge ____ dominance of subculture
male
29
paternalism is an action that
limits autonomy
30
paternalism in common in relation to
children
31
laws are intended to protect us from
threats
32
paternalism plays a big role in ____ justice to ensure _____ are taken care of
youth justice
children are taken care of
33
judicial paternalism affects ____ more than ___
girls more than boys
34
industrial schools act 1869 was meant to
protect and reform children at risk of delinquency
35
under industrial school at, kids at risk included
children, oprhans, kids from single parent families, kid whos parents couldnt care for them
36
1959 declaration of rights for children established
rights like education, healthcare, protection
37
james q wilson responsible for ____ theory
broken window theory
38
james q wilson believed that the ___ class was delinquent
lower class
39
delinquency in industrial schools was tied to
class and working status
40
montreal ladies benevolent society was a _____ school in montreal
protestant
41
montreal ladies benevolent society said term ____ meant kid was at ____ and could be sent to schools
not ideal kid meant kid was at youth
42
in montreal ladies benevolent society teachers were mostly
white women
43
montreal ladies benevolent society taught core subjects like
religion household tasks and day-to-day skills
44
offences occur in youth because there is a desire for _____
independence
45
a small group of people engage in ______ across life
delinquency
46
young people grow out of ____ behaviour
criminal
47
youth justice model includes (4)
welfare, justice, crime control, and restorative
48
1801-1899 there were concerns about ______ and rising ____ rates
youth morality and rising poverty rates (mass immigration)
49
urban spaces were exposed to ____ and ____
poverty and crime
50
youth ended up in prison if they were in ____
industrial schools
51
concerns with children of _____ class and relation to crime
working class
52
19th century america influenced the creation of _____ system for juveniles
separate systems
53
____ and ___ became part of womens right movement
children and societies
54
delinquency was a result of bad _____ environment
social
54
JJ kelso
saw friends get arrested, changed view of institutions
55
three characteristics of early welfare policies
1 youth diminshed criminal responsibility
2 based on parens patriae
3 assumed yotuhful offenders were misguided
56
in the JDA youth was distinct from
adults
56
in JDA, minimum age to be charged is
7
57
it became unethical to put children in ____ prisons
adult
57
JDA looked at criminal ______ and ______
intent and rehabilitation
57
status offences were ____ acts recognized by ____
deviant acts , authority
57
status offences didnt continue after the ____ went into affect in ___
YCJA, 2003
58
JDA was the longest standing ___
legislation
59
liberals ____ rights of children
abused
60
conservatives said parents were too ____ of youth crime
lenient
61
politicans found that JDA didnt punish _____ for right reasons
young offenders
62
JDA in effect from
1908-1984
63
Young offenders in effect from
1984-2004
64
YOA no longer ___ but now seen as ___
delinquents, young offenders
65
YOA emphasized _____ to be tougher on crim
rule of law
66
YOA built on 7 principles
1 limited accountability
2 protection of society
3 special needs
4 alternative measures
5 rights of young people
6 least possible interference
7 parental responsibility
67
Major amendments in YOA were passed in ___,___, and_____
86, 91, 95
68
Hogeveen argued that
1 presence of yound offender in political and media discourse
2 victim rights advocates contributed to construction of punishable offender
69
Jesse Cavigen
youth killed, parents started cry to talk about case
dad joined parliament to fight for serious sentences
70
HOC politicans drew line between ____ and _____ offenders
petty crime and violent offenders
71
CJS in western countries has become ____ orientated
punishment
72
between 86 - 90 there was an increase in
incarceration
73
Pratt argued
we havent experienced rise in penal populaism
74
meyer and o'malley argued
canada missed the punitive
75
YOA was tough on crime because
deviance was common
76
YCJA came into effect in ____ replacing the YOA
2003
77
____ replaced term ____ in YCJA
youth, juvenile
78
purpose of YJS to protect
public from crime prevention
79
YOA seen as not _____ enough on crime, YCJA seen as a ____
tough enough, compromise
80
less serious and first time offenders key objective was to increase _____ through ____
diversion though extra judicial measures
81
officers must consider if ____ is needed before laying charges
EJM's
82
extra judicial santions (EJS) are a type of _____
EJM's
83
_____ detention increased under the YCJA
pretrial detention
84
___ sentences are permitted in special cases, if act is committed at a minimum of ___ years old
adult sentences, minimum 14 years old
85
____ passed the safe street and communities act in ____
conservatives, 2012
86
objective of the safe street and communities act was to ____ responses to violent offenders
toughen
87
if an offender is minimum ___ years old crown must decide whether or not to impose a _____ sentence
14, adult sentence
88
_____ and ____ were added to the YCJA as sentencing principles
deterrence and denunciation
89
reducing use of incarceration for first time offenders led to the ____ of youth charged and ___ in diversion of youth
decrease, increase
90
the judicial flowchart helps public visualize what ___ and ____ crime
what is and isnt
91
______ is when crime rates decrease for white people
25-34
92
___ people are more likely to be checked in rich areas bc they are seen as _____
black people, out of place
93
official statistics include
police, courts and corrections
94
unofficial statistics include
self-report surveys, field observations
95
you cant make assumptions about age race or gender without _____ statistics
official crime statistics
96
limitations of official statistics include
report and police sensitive, definition sensitive, media sensitive, trends of crime
97
official statistics show only cases that ______, not all crime in general
go to court
98
CSI is a system that
weighs and measures severity of crime
99
iceburg model is made up on
top: visible to us
bottom: dark figure, what we dont see and what isnt reported
100
one reason people dont report is bc of
fear
101
under reporting is frequent bc of
fear of self exposing
102
youth ____ is rarely reported to police
victimization
103
Faucher examined articles and found that
crime was something to be feared, and youth were seen to be more violent
104
under Fauchers research, youth went from _____ to _____
naughty children to evil young people
105
deviance amplification spiral
1. deviant act
2. labelling
3. media attention
4. increased social reaction
5. social control
106
crime waves are better explained as
media waves
107
Silcox looked at how media
percieves youth
108
Jordan Manners murder rasied questions about
how kids are getting weapons, and how race is deplayed in media
109
moral panics were proposed by
stanley cohen
110
moral panics were based on
false perceptions that someone is dangerous and deviant ( threat to society)
111
moral panics were developed after altercation between
mods and rockers
112
central actors to formation of moral panics
folk devils and moral entrepreneurs
113
moral panics are one from of media ___
bias
114
characteristics of moral panic include
concerns
hostility
consensus
disproportionality
volatility
115
Jiwani and Al-Rawi examined articles when ____ men were murdered
somali
116
Jiwani and Al-Rawi said media ____ biases, and that murders were treated as an _______
entrenches, immigrant problem
117
Levels of theories include
micro: individual, interpersonal
mezzo: organizations, communities
macro: social norms, laws
118
deviance is anything that goes against a
social norm
119
a theory is
a system of ideas to explain something and understand why an act has occured
120
the affluenza teen case is about
ethan (16) killed 4 people while drunk driving
121
in the affluenza teen case, the accused's lawyer argued that
- life of privilege made it impossible for him to separate right from wrong
-said this was a mental disorder that needed treatment, not incarceration
122
explanation for criminal behaviour include
1 individual differences
2 brain maturation
3 cognitive changes
4 behaviour risk factors
5 social risk and protective factors
6 mental illness and substance use/absue
7 life circumstances
8 situational context or criminal events
9 neighbourhoods
10 justice response
123
describe social learning theory
- crime learned through social groups
- criminal techniques and motivations are learned
- through learning, you adopt pro-criminal or anti-criminal behaviour
124
strain theory was created by
durkheim
125
describe strain theory
- result of class frustration and inability to achieve social goals/norms
- linked to concept of anomie
- strain between goals and reality of means to get there
126
describe theory of delinquent subcultures
- looks at micro (individual)
- says youth who cant meet goals will turn to delinquency
- crime is seen as collective, not individualistic
127
theory of delinquent subcultures developed by
albert cohen
128
developmental theories of crime
- uses biological and psychological frameworks (correlation not causation)
- genetic influences lead to aggression
-limbic system builds brain, helps weigh risk factors and reward systems
129
describe social disorganization theory
- focus on influence of location and neighbourhood (key for crime)
- socially disorganized communities = little community cohesion
- social disorganization = weak social ties = crime
- comprised of socially organized and disorganized communities
130
social control theory developed by
travis hirschi
131
describe social control theory
- people who conform to laws have strong commitments, beliefs, connections
- people conform when theres strong:
1 attachments
2 commitments
3 involvements
4 beliefs
- when these are broken crime occurs
132
describe labelling theory
- people act the way they are labelled
- has primary and secondary deviance
- negative labels = permanent harm
- theory only works if person internalizes label
133
describe routine activity theory
- macro approach
- for crime to take place your need: motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardians
- explains changes in timing and location of crimes
- believes crime is rational
134
situational crime prevention reduces opportunities to commit crime in 3 ways:
1. target hardening (improve security)
2. environmental control strategies (reduce escape ways)
3. increased surveillance (security guards, patrol)
135
a harmful family life will result in
a troubled child/ troubled teenage years
136
children who do bad in school are most likely to
engage in crime
137
childhood intervention helps us understand
behaviour and teaches us how to prevent it
138
OJJDP wraparound process
looks to see what is around crime and what is encouraging it
139
police act as gatekeepers of the
CJS
140
police have authority to make decisions based on
judgement, experience, and understanding
141
limitations on community policing
how media portrays it, relationships with community, issues of trust and perceptions
142
extra judicial measures are ____ for youth who haven't committed ____ offences
are diversions, serious offences
143
how many options for discretion are there (offences introduce by YCJA)?
can range from 1-8
144
black and indigenous youth, samules article, found that
over representation is ongoing, they are less likely to be given a warning
145
last segregated school ended in
1994
146
over policing occurs because
target of aggressive behaviour bc of assumed criminality
147
under policing occurs because
it is less addressed, lack of attention when called or needed
148
profiling occurs when ____ is recorded, but _____ isnt
race is recorded but crime isnt
149
police and youth who use drugs (YWUD) was a project that examined
the use of police discretion with youth who use drugs
150
if officers use ____ and _____ they should be able to assess and diffuse a situation
discretion and accountability
151
people believe that ____ are treated differently then them
police
152
____ are more distrusting of police than ____ people
young people, old people
153
____ is key for police legitimacy
public trust in police
154
procedural justice is known as
peoples perceptions of treatment they receive during the decision making process
155
people should be treated equally regardless of
age, sex, race
156
improved perceptions of police can lead to
increased community engagement
157
in 2006, the youth employment program with toronto police was created, this had ____ impacts on youth
positive impacts
158
the youth employment program looks to expand ____ in police services
diversity
