POLS3750 midterm 1 Flashcards
police in society - midterm 1
1
Q
Guelph Officer case
A
- officers arrive at elders home to arrest him for not attending court
- bystander sees excessive force and films it
- cops are not charged because force was reasonable (man was grabbing officers leg, with his hand only a couple inches away from the officers waistband where gun is)
2
Q
“life is a performace” is said by
A
Goffman
3
Q
_____ created the presentation of self
A
Goffman
4
Q
presentation of self is divided into ___ and ___
A
front stage and back stage
5
Q
front stage means
A
you put on best behaviour around people who are strangers
6
Q
back stage means
A
you act a certain way when your alone or comfortable with people you are close with
7
Q
depending on what stage we are on we put on a different
A
appearance or mannerism
8
Q
in organizations, the presentation of self is expected in what way
A
you have a certain role to play and expectations to follow
9
Q
within presentation of self, you must maintain ____
A
legitimacy
10
Q
failure of presentation of self means
A
- dont comply with norms and values
- wrong appearance and mannerism leads to delinquency
11
Q
_____ leads officers to withhold legitimacy they should have on ____
A
technology, front stage
12
Q
_______ focuses on the impact of front and back stage
A
Peter Manning
13
Q
police go in as young adults and come out as different people because
A
- things that happen on the job and training in the institution reshapes them
14
Q
with police behaviour we have to think about what happens inside the _____ to get that output
A
machine
15
Q
Corrosive street experience
A
exposure to streets is impactful, more time you spend, the more your eyes open to reality
16
Q
the corrosive street experience shapes ____
A
police attitude
17
Q
Night watchmen
A
- quebec city 1650
-role: walk around and keep peace
-volunteers
-no training or organizations, werent payed
18
Q
Constables
A
-montreal and quebes 1787
-appointed by justice of peace
-role: maintain order and serve court orders
-begin to get formal roles and functions from gov
19
Q
High constables
A
- upper canada 1793
-appointed by citizens to be official in townships
-were in every district
-volunteers, no training, lots of violence
20
Q
Board of commissioner
A
-role: reprimand people for wrongdoings
-oversee constables whenever possible
21
Q
Occurrences oversea changed:
A
-robert peel and london metropolitan police 1829
-argued police are the public, and public is the police
22
Q
____ and _____ is a responsibility of the police and public
A
crime prevention and maintaining order
23
Q
Robert peel set framework for groundwork in
A
policing
24
Q
Robert peel believed officers should be ___, ____, and ____
A
equitable, accountable, and transparent
25
job of the police dept is to _____ citizens before crime occurs
protect
26
Cornwall police force 1900
-wanted bigger men and uniformity to set image of what to expect
27
Kingston 1910
-police uniformed, still looked more or less the same
28
BNA Act 1867 included what provinces becoming canada
ON QU NS NB
29
provincial police forces post confederation included
MB QU BC ON NS
30
Federal police post confederation
- 1868 had domion police
- 1873 had NWMP
31
NWMP role was to
watch over all areas and deal with the 'indian' problem
32
the RCMP was part of the _____ mid 19th century
industrial schools
33
Mid 19 century we see a rise in crime in _____ areas
urban areas
34
mid 19th century ___ was out of control because there were no set standards
misconduct
35
by 1920 NWMP and domion police ____
merged to create RCMP
36
20 and 21 century we see ____ in departments
growth
37
we see bureaucratic growth ___
post war
38
automobile came about in
late 20 early 30's
-increased patrol and expectations of civilians
39
2 way radios
late 40's
-centralized dispatch coordination and safety
40
computers
1950 onwards
- everything processed electronically
41
computer management 1970 onwards
we get CAD and data analysis
42
in police accountability we have ___ and ___
internal: police chief, standard depts
external: police service board, complain agency
43
Ruddel and Kiedrowski discuss
First nations policing program and its challenges
44
Overview of policing includes
Federal:RCMP
Provincial: OPP
Municipal: 141 organizations, 36 first nation services
45
Police role theory constructed by
Merton and Stryker
46
Core idea of role theory is
social roles and positions and normative expectations that must be followed
47
Salience hierarchy
people knowingly organize roles into a hierarchy
48
salience hierarchy believes that
tops roles are high in commitment, and bottom roles are low in commitment
49
Role conflict
demands one or more roles make it tough to fulfill other roles
50
Role strain
is what happens in a single role when you cannot fulfill a single role
51
Role conflict and role strain are not ____ but can happen together
mutually exclusive
52
order maintenance in police roles are
less desirable and hard to measure performance
53
for order maintenance you must be able to detect ___ in language, tone and pitch
change
54
Social workers ___ but people have ___ about them
help those in need, mixed feelings
55
Knowledge workers are also called
knowledge brokers
56
Knowledge workers are hard to measure because
you can only measure if reports are done right
57
dispatch records
tell us what officers are doing and how long they do it for
58
Terril discusses
how officers want to fight crime but get stuck doing things they don't want to do or things that don't relate to crime fighting
59
In role conflict we see
police burnout, withdrawl, and ambivalence
60
police dont have the power to fully ____ problems
fix, they can pick up pieces but never truly solve a problem entirely
61
The impossible mandate was created by
Manning in 1977
62
The impossible mandate discusses
the inability to truly solve all problems
63
roles ____ identity
compromise
64
Ranganella, Aj, and White discuss
why people become officers and the motivations for doing so, ranked reasons from 1-3
65
Rangella found that the common reasons for joining policing were
1. to help people
2. crime fighting
3. the excitement of the job
66
outreach models include
media, social media, and outreach events
67
psychological screening started in ___ and helps forsee ___
1989, helps forsee officer misconduct or trouble down the road
68
Background checks are usually done by
civillians and officers
69
Diversity in policing faced traction in the
late 70's early 80's
70
civic argument in diversity of policing is that
you should be able to look at the institution and see people like you
71
females account for
51% population, 23% of police
72
visible minorities account for
22% population, 8% of police
73
Indigenous people account for
5% population, 4% of police
74
Requirements and privileged applicants
requirements cater to certain groups, thats why many cant meet the requirements
75
Problems with tokening means
police hire people because they need more officers from certain communities
76
Police academy training ___ across canada
varies
77
Paramilitary structures have hierarchies, deviation from this leads to
disciplinary measures
78
Camaraderie refers to the
thin blue line or us vs. them mentality
79
Total institutions were studied by
Goffman
believed they stripped identities and regulated behaviour
80
Manifest vs latent functions
manifest: intention and obvious functions
latent: outcomes that aren't planned for but still present
81
training critiques include
how cadets are taught
functional disconnects
emphasis on forced skills
82
police service models place emphasis on
communication, problem solving, crime prevention
83
police force models place emphasis on
crime fighting, difference between right/wrong and good/evil
84
police subcultures were developed by
Albert Cohen
85
Police subcultures focus on
shared values and socialization
86
methodological challenges of policing include
gaining access to system
learning norms and values
gaining trust
spoiling the field for future research
87
Traditional police subcultures include
masculinity, authoritarianism, solidarity, and binary moral order model
88
masculinity model focuses on
dominant culture
reinforcement of masculinity through training
values strength, agression and crime fighting
89
Authoritarianism focuses on
the expectation and demand for obedience
the attitude test: officers action depend on citizen attitude
90
Authoritarianism comes from
recruitment, training, socialization, and exposure to danger
91
Link between masculinity and authoritarianism emerges because
they are functional and both mean something
92
Masculinity and authoritarianism are linked by
masculinity: facilitates bonding and associates risk awareness
authoritarianism: tied to increasing officer safety not citizen safety
93
Binary moral order model (us vs them)
comes from training and socialization, people develop mentality that the world is trouble
94
the binary moral order model consists of
solidarity and in/out groups
95
Solidarity subculture consists of
the reliance on brotherhood and how to furthers trust and solidarity
96
Solidarity comes from
training and socialization + isolation and shared experiences
97
Downside of solidarity
willingness to protect eachother is fundamental for coverups
98
Paolines research on occupational culture has ____ groups and clusters
7
99
Paolines 7 groups and clusters consist of
1 traditionalists: endorse crime fighting
2 law enforcers: favour procedure and distrustful of citizens
3 peacekeepers: believe in order maintenance and follow due processes
4 old pros
5 lay lows
6 dirty harry enforcers
7 anti-organizational street cops
100
Types of police misconduct include
discriminatory acts
noble cause corruption
self interested corruption
misbehaviour
crime
force
101
theoretical approaches to police misconduct include
subculture
organizational
structural
102
Noble cause corruption is also referred to as the
dirty harry problem
103
requirements for noble cause corruption include
noble cause
opportunity
guilty party
104
Cohen and Felson said 3 factors must be present for crime
motivated offender
suitable target
absence of guardianship
105
why do officers use excessive force
- if they don't see individual as a victim or person it makes violence easier
- excessive force can be seen as a reward system
106
Skolnick developed the
working personality
107
Binary moral order believes
1. world is divided by forces of good and evil
2. code of silence allows officer to do whatever they please
3. stigmatization used for non compliance
108
noble cause corruption can be divided into
subcultural
organizational
structural explanation
prevalence
109
excessive force in policing means
more force than justifiable
110
interpretations of justifiable force means
- people understand it differently
- perceptions of police change what public sees as excessive
- race and ethnicity are large predictor of force used
111
Rodney king case
92% african americans thought force was excessive
72% white americans thought force was excessive
112
reasons and predictors for excessive use of force include
visible minority subjects
resisting
under the influence
insulting/antagonizing officers
possession of weapons
