SOC construction (T/O) Flashcards
- What are the types of lumber?
Hardwood
Softwood
Bamboo
Palm
- What are the three main classes of lumber?
Yard lumber (used for SOC)
Structural lumber
Factory/ Shop grade
- What are the two classifications of yard lumber?
1) Select lumber
Good appearance and finishing. Identified by Grade A thru D
2) Common Lumber
It is suitable for general construction and utility. Identified by Grades No. 1 Common thru 5 Common.
- Describe Select Lumber Grades
1) Grade A:
Suitable for natural finishes and practically clear
2) Grade B:
Suitable for natural finishes, and generally clear
3) Grade C:
Suitable for high quality paints and finishes
4) Grade D:
Suitable for paint between high finishing and common grades
- Describe Common Lumber Grades
1) No. 1:
Suitable for use without waste, it is sound and tight knotted. Considered watertight
2) No. 2:
Used for framing, sheathing and other structural forms
3) No. 3:
Permits some waste. Used for footings, guardrails, and rough flooring
4) No. 4:
Permits waste, is of low quality. Used for sheathing, subfloors, and roof boards
5) No. 5:
Used for boxes, crates, and dunnage where quality requirements are low
- What is nominal and actual measurement of 2 by 4?
Nominal 2” by 4”
Actual 1-1/2” and 3-1/2”
- Describe plywood
Fabricated from odd numbers of layers (plies) of wood bonded together
Comes in various thickness up to 1” (nominally 1”)
Both face grains run in the same direction
Standard 4’x8’
- Describe the BF (Board feet of lumber) formula
BF = (T x W x L x Number of pieces) / 12 or 144
T = thickness of the board
W= width of the board
L = length of the board
If L is in feet use 12, if L is in inches use 144
1 BF is 1’ x 1’ x 1”
- Describe Board Measure (BM)
Used to estimate the building materials for project by adding the waste factor
- What is the waste factor for Board Measure?
1” or smaller, add 20% (1.2)
2” or larger, add 10% (1.1)
(Less gets more, more gets less)
Only use a waste factor for plywood when told to do so (1.2)
- Describe BM formula
BF X (1.2 OR 1.1) = BM (Only round up to whole number if going on to calculate nails)
- Describe formula plywood?
2(L + W) x H divide by 32 = amount of plywood (Round up to whole number)
- What is sheathing used for?
Floor, Wall, and Roof
- Why strong joint is important?
A structure is only as strong as its weakest joint
- What are the two types of strong connection?
Joints and Splices
- What is a joint?
A connection of two or more pieces that meet at an angle
- What is a splice?
A connection of two or more members that continue in a straight line
- What are the two types of joint?
Butt and Lap
- What are the three types of But Joints?
Straight Butt joint
Oblique Butt joint
Miter Butt joint
- What are the types of Lap joints?
Cross lap joint
Middle lap joint
Plan lap joint
Half lap joint
What is a splice designed to resist stresses of?
Tension, Compression, and Bending
- What are the four primary types of nails?
Common wire
Finishing
Scaffolding
Roofing
What is the range of nails size?
2d to 60d
1” thru 6”
- What size of nails to you use for sheathing?
2d-8d (Usually 8d in SOC)
What size of nails to you use for framing?
10d-60d (Usually 16d in SOC)
- What are the three rules of nailing?
1) Use proper nail size it must penetrate at least 2/3 into second board
2) Drive nails at a slight angle toward each other (x)
3) Use a good nailing pattern
- Describe Nail Formula
It is used to determine the amount of nails needed in pounds
1) Framing 10d to 60d
Pounds (p) = (d/6) x (BM/100)
2) Sheathing 2d to 8d
Pounds (p) = (d/4) x (BM/100)
• Round up to whole number
For 16d
P = 2.66 x BM/100
For 8d
P = 2 x BM/100
- What are the other Fasteners?
Spikes and Drift Pins
Screws
Bolts
Timber Connectors
- What is the design life?
How long can the building stand without major repairs
- What are the three categories of design life?
Permanent (25 years and more)
Semi-permanent (5 to 25 years)
Temporary (5 years or less)
- What are the three types of framing?
Platform (used extensively in military construction, studs extend 1 story high)
Balloon (full height studs)
Braced (old school)
- What is substructure?
Anything above foundation lines and below your feet is considered sub structure
- What are the four components of the substructure?
Footer, Girder, Joist, and Subfloor
- What is the proper spacing of Footers?
Footer should never be placed more than 10 feet apart.
- What are the components of of footer?
Footing
Spreader
Scab
Post
- What are footers made of in SOC?
Pressure treated lumber
- What is the spacing on center between joist?
16 inches
- What is the proper placement of Joists?
Run perpendicular to load bearing walls and girders, 16” OC
- Where should bridging should be constructed?
For every 8’ of span one line of bridging should be constructed
- What is splice plates?
It covers a joint in joists, constructed of the same lumber used in the joists. 24” in length and cover both sides of the joint.
- What are the special instruction of laying sub floor?
Off-set joints of the plywood by starting with a half sheet, the first course of plywood runs perpendicular to the joist (3/4 in treated plywood)
- What is the special instruction on wood materials?
All wooden material should be treated if less than 18 inches from the ground
- Estimate floor sheathing formula
(( L x W) / 32 round up) X 2 = amount of sheets
(Add an extra inch, 0.08 ft to one dimension to get extra sheet. This is why you don’t need a waste factor)
(treated and untreated)
- What are the two types of stairs?
Stringer and Box frame
- What is the range of stair Risers?
7 to 9” high
- What is range of stair tread?
8 to 11” deep
- Describe the stairs formulas for stringers
Ground level to floor / 7.5 rounded to nearest whole number = # of treads
(only time you actually round in SOC)
Ground level to floor / # of treads = actual riser height
Stringer Length = Square Root(Rise^2 + Run ^2)
Run = # of treads x 11
If stair width is less than 3’ you only need 2 stringers
- What are the special instruction for Stairs?
Maintain a minimum distance of 3 1/2” on the back of the stringers before the cut for the ledger, install tread boards cups down (two 2x6’s)
- What are the dimension of the mud sill and ledger?
Mud sill = 2 by 4”
Ledger = 2 x 6”
- Superstructure consist of what?
Wall panels and roof
- What are the component of Wall panel?
Sole plate Jack/king studs Top plate (Doubled) Fire block (Girt) Splices Door and windows (headers, cripples and sill) Sheathing Truss or Rafter
- What is spacing of wall studs?
Either 16” O.C or 24” O.C
- Describe wall panel layout
All panels are 8’ by 8’ for movement
Stud are placed 16” O.C
Top plate is doubled at construction site
- What are the roof styles?
Gable (most common)
Lean to
Hip
Gable and Valley
- What is pitch?
Angle of the rafter: A 5-12 pitch means for every 12 inches horizontal distance there is a 5 inch vertical rise
- Describe Rafter Formula
Run = width /2
Rise = pitch x Run
TRL=sqrt(run^2+rise^2)
TRL with Overhang
Find out RL and add OH
TRL with Projection Add projection (ft) to run
Calculate number of trusses/rafters
Truss and Rafter spacing rule of thumb
of roof members = (Building length / O.C spacing Round up) +1
Rafter spacing 16” (1.33) OC
Truss spacing 24” (2’) OC
- Center vertical webbing of truss called what?
Hanger
- What are purloins?
The first layer of roofing. 2 x 4 material, spaced 24” O.C from outer edge of the overhang to the peak. First and last row are doubled 2x4 or 2x6 to allow for layering of roof material.
Used to square roof
- What is spacing of trusses?
24” O.C
- What are the roofing materials?
Metal
Tile
Shingle (Wood and Asphalt)
- Formula to estimate roof sheathing
(Total rafter length X total building length / 32) x 2 Round up = sheets
Total building length = length + 2(projection)
- What is fascia board?
Fascia boards are the outer most part of the BLDG placed before all permanent purloins
Dimensions of common framing lumber
Referred to by nominal thickness (2 by X)
Comes 8 to 20 ft long (inc. of 2 ft)
Comes 2 to 12 inches wide (inc. of 2 inches)
Dimensions of trim lumber
Referred to by nominal thickness (1 by X)
Comes 8 to 20 ft long (inc. of 2 ft)
Comes 2 to 12 inches wide (inc. of 2 inches)
Where can you find the quantity of lumber for a specific project?
BOM
What nails are used for gussets in SOC?
6d
What are the types of splices?
Butt Halved Square Plain Complimentary
Characteristics of Temporary Buildings
Design life of less than 5 years Normally built in TO during conflict Used as temporary housing of facilities Minimum safety standards Bare essentials (walls, floor, roof) Simple, durable, use local materials, unskilled labor, withstand weather, lower safety factors are allowed
Types of Girders
Solid Built up (3 laminated 2x6s)
Characteristics of finished floor
Offset from sub floor
Perpendicular to sub floor
Seams do not coincide
3/4” untreated plywood
How much bearing space do you need for a supported member?
At least 1.5” on both sides
Types of wall panels
Long
Short
Partition
Types of headers
Solid
Built-up
Flat 2x4
Insulated
Types of Corners/wall ties
Three stud corner
Two stud corner
Three stud channel
Blocked up corner
Formula for exterior sheathing
(Linear feet x Height / 32) Round up = Sheets
Add an extra inch 0.08 to one dimension to get extra sheet
How far do rafters span?
1/2 length of the building
Steps of rafter construction
Ridge cut Seat cut Plum cuts (Birds mouth/tail) Ridge beam Collar tie/Ceiling joist
Components of Truss
Chord (top, bottom)
Gusset (heel pt, peak pt, quarter pt, third pt)
Web (short, long, hanger)
What are gussets made from?
1/2” plywood
What is used for roof sheathing?
1/2 or 3/4 inch plywood
Guidelines for felt paper when roofing
Moisture barrier
Overlap horizontal joints 2”
Overlap vertical joints 4”
Offset vertical laps 6”
Spacing for studs
16 or 24 inches on center
Rafter spacing
16 inches on center
Truss spacing
24 inches on center
Purloin spacing
24 inches on center
