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Semester 2 Pharmacology > SO MANY DRUGS > Flashcards

SO MANY DRUGS Flashcards

1
Q

Zoledronate

A
  • Bisphosphonate
  • Used to treat osteoporosis
  • Taken yearly
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2
Q

Dyflos

A 
• Anticholinesterase (organophosphate)
• Irreversible inhibition by phosphorylation 
• Long duration 
• Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect , Treatment of myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers 
• Side effects: In the ANS:
- SLUDGE
- Bradycardia 
- Hypotension 
- Miosis
- Bronchoconstriction 
• In the CNS:
- initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure
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3
Q

Warfarin

A
  • Anticoagulant
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Antagonist of vitamin K so prevents coagulation by reducing the formation of fibrin
  • Main side effect is haemorrhage, requires constant monitoring
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4
Q

Aspirin as an anti-platelet

A
  • Antiplatelet
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Inhibits cyclooxygenase, reducing the aggregation of platelets
  • Reduces thrombus formation
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5
Q

What drugs act as a β1 adrenoreceptor agonist?

A 
• Dobutamine 
• Adrenaline
Slightly:
• Salbutamol
• Salmeterol
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6
Q

Gemfibrozil

A
  • Fibrate
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Activates lipoprotein lipase
  • Treats mixed dyslipidaemia
  • Side effects: Can cause myositis, GI disturbances
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7
Q

Tropicamide

A
  • Non selective muscarinic antagonist
  • ophthalmic use (mydriasis)
  • Similar to atropine but shorter acting
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8
Q

Ibuprofen

A
  • NSAID
  • Propanoic acid
  • Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
  • Rapid, reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, preventing the formation of Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
  • used for short term pain
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9
Q

Nifedipine

A
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channel blocker (DHPR)

* Used to treat: Hypertension, Migrane, Atheroclerosis

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10
Q

Hyoscine butylbromide

A
  • Poorly absorbed
  • Doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier
  • Used to treat GI spasm
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11
Q

Salbutamol

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (β2)
  • Effect: Bronchodilation, relaxation of uterine smooth muscle
  • Used to treat: Asthma, premature Labour (24 and 33)
  • Method of administration: Inhaler
  • Onset: Fast
  • Duration: Short
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12
Q

Phenylephrine

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (α1)
  • Effect: Constriction of blood vessels
  • Used to treat: Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Method of administration: Oral, IV
  • Nasal decongestant
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13
Q

Cyanocobalamin

A

• Used to treat anaemia due to B12 deficiency

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14
Q

Diclofenac

A
  • NSAID
  • Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic
  • Used for chronic pain, it is longer lasting
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15
Q

Ipratropium

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic antagonist
  • Delivered via inhaler or nebuliser
  • Treatment of COPD
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16
Q

Celecoxib

A
  • NSAID
  • Coxib
  • Selective COX-2 inhibitor
  • Need to assess cardiovascular risk before hand
  • Used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis when traditional NSAIDs produce too severe GIT side effects
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17
Q

What are the non-selective muscarinic antagonists?

A
  • Atropine
  • Glycopyronium
  • Hyoscine hydrobromide
  • Hyoscine butyl bromide
  • Ipatropium
  • Tropicamide
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18
Q

Pyridostigmine

A 
• Anticholinesterase 
• Quaternary amine
• Forms a carbamylated enzyme complex 
• Medium duration 
• Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect, Treatment of myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers 
• Side effects: In the ANS:
- SLUDGE
- Bradycardia 
- Hypotension 
- Miosis
- Bronchoconstriction 
• In the CNS:
- initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure
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19
Q

Naproxen

A
  • NSAID
  • Propanoic acid
  • Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
  • Well absorbed
  • Lasts for 4-6 hours
  • Rapid, reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase
  • Used for chronic pain
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20
Q

Dantrolene

A
  • Acts on the RYR
  • Used to treat muscle spasm and malignant hypothermia
  • Spasmolytic drug that acts as a muscle relaxant
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21
Q

Dobutamine

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (β1)
  • Effect: Increases heart rate and force
  • Used to treat: Cardiogenic shock
  • Method of administration: IV
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22
Q

Pilocarpine

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic agonist
  • Effect: Constricts pupils, decreases intraocular pressure, increases salivation
  • Used to treat: Glaucoma, and xerostomia
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23
Q

What drugs act as a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist?

A
  • Salbutamol
  • Salmeterol
  • Adrenaline
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24
Q

Atovastatin

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Statin
  • Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway
  • Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash
  • Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
  • SPECIFIC TO ATORVASTATIN: lowers the serum cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia
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25
Q

Glycopyrronium

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic antagonist
  • Doesn’t cross BBB
  • Similar to atropine
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26
Q

Bethanechol

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic agonist

* Used to treat: Bladder and GI hypotonia

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27
Q

Pancuronium

A
  • Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ)
  • Medium onset
  • Long duration
  • Side effect: Tachycardia
  • Elimination: Hepatic metabolism
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28
Q

Suxemethonium

A
  • Depolarising blocker
  • Fast onset
  • Short duration
  • Elimination: Plasma cholinesterases
  • Side effects: Bradycardia, malignant hypothermia, postoperative myalgia, increased IO pressure, cardiac dysrhythmias
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29
Q

Clonidine

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (stimulates presynaptic α2 to decrease noradrenaline release)
  • Treats hypertension
  • Oral
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30
Q

Alteplase

A
  • Fibrinolytic
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Enzymatic tissue plasminogen activator
  • Binds to fibrin (preferably in the clot), activated plasminogen to release plasmin which breaks down the fibrin and dissolves the clot
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31
Q

Mefenamic acid

A
  • NSAID
  • Fenamate
  • Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory
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32
Q

Nicotinic acid (niacin)

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Vitamin with cholesterol lowering properties
  • Decreases VLDL production leading to decreased LDL
  • Activates lipoprotein lipase
  • Side effects: Flushing, palapatiations, GI disturbances
33
Q

Atropine

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic antagonist
  • Effect: CNS effects
  • Well absorbed orally
  • Used to treat: anti-cholinesterase poisoning, bradycardia/ cardiac arrest
  • Adjunct for anaesthesia
34
Q

Alendronate

A
  • Bisphosphonate
  • Used to treat osteoporosis
  • Taken weekly/daily
35
Q

What are the non depolarising drugs?

A
  • Pancuronium
  • Rocuronium
  • Vecuronium
  • mivacurium
  • Atracurium
36
Q

Clopidogrel

A
  • Antiplatelet
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Acts as an antagonist for ADP receptors and prevents the aggregation of platelets
  • Reduces thrombus formation
37
Q

Fenofibrate

A
  • Fibrate
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Activates lipoprotein lipase
  • Treats mixed dyslipidaemia
  • Side effects: Can cause myositis, GI disturbances
38
Q

What are the non-selective muscarinic agonists?

A
  • Pilocarpine

* Bethanechol

39
Q

Pravastatin

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Statin
  • Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway
  • Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash
  • Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
40
Q

Heparin

A
  • Anticoagulant
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Acts as a scaffold bringing antithrombin III (inhibitor of coagulation) in proximity to enzymes that are essential to the normal coagulation pathways
  • Acts almost immediately: injected
  • Reduces fibrin formation
41
Q

Ezetimibe

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption by inhibiting a sterol carrier in the brush border of the enterocytes
  • Side effects: GI symptoms: Bloating, nausea, constipation etc.
42
Q

Mivacurium

A
  • Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ)
  • Fast onset
  • Short duration
  • Elimination: Plasma cholinesterases
  • Side effect: Hypotension and bronchospasm
43
Q

What are the fibrinolytics?

A
  • Alteplase

* Streptokinase

44
Q

What drugs act as an α1 adrenoreceptor antagonist?

A

• Prazosin

45
Q

Aspirin as a NSAID

A
  • Salicylate
  • Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic
  • Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase by acetylating the alpha-amino group of the terminal serine

Side Effects:
• Stomach: bleeding and ulcers
• Systemic: tinnitus, dizziness, impaired hearing, nausea, vomiting
• Metabolic: affects the acid/base balance
• Haemostasis: affects blood coagulation
• CNS effects: stimulation then coma and respiratory depression
• Renal: insufficiency in susceptible patients and with chronic used and overdose

46
Q

Parathion

A 
• Anticholinesterase (organophosphate)
• Irreversible inhibition by phosphorylation 
• Long duration 
• Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect , Treatment of myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimers 
• Side effects: In the ANS:
- SLUDGE
- Bradycardia 
- Hypotension 
- Miosis
- Bronchoconstriction 
• In the CNS:
- initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure
47
Q

Rocuronium

A
  • Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ)
  • Fast onset
  • Medium duration
  • Side effects: Tachycardia
  • Elimination: unchanged in bile/urine
48
Q

Hyoscine hydrobromide

A
  • Non-selective muscarinic antagonist
  • CNS effects
  • Used to treat hyper salivation, motion sickness
49
Q

What drugs act as a β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist?

A
  • Propranolol

* Atenolol

50
Q

What are the antiplatelets?

A
  • Clopidogrel

* Aspirin

51
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (α1, β1, β2)
  • Increases heart rate and force, causes bronchodilator and decreases release of histamine by mast cells
  • Treats cardiac arrest
  • IV
52
Q

Apixaban

A
  • Anticoagulant (DOAC)
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Inhibits factor Xa
  • Takes a few hours to act: oral
  • Monitoring is not needed
  • Cannot be reversed
  • Reduces fibrin formation
53
Q

Vecuronium

A
  • Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ)
  • Medium onset
  • Medium duration
  • Hepatic metabolism
  • Few side effects
54
Q

Atenolol

A
  • Adrenoreceptor antagonist (β1)
  • Decreases heart rate and force
  • Decreases renin release by the kidneys
  • Treats: Hypertension, cardiac dysthythmias
  • Oral
55
Q

Rosuvastatin

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Statin
  • Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway
  • Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash
  • Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
56
Q

Atracurium

A
  • Non-Depolarising blocker (an antagonist, NMJ)
  • Medium onset
  • Medium duration
  • Elimination: ester hydrolysis/Hoffman elimination
  • Side effect: hypotension and bronchospasm
57
Q

Cholestrylamine

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug- basic anion exchange resin
  • Sequesters bile acid to prevent the enterohepatic recirculation
  • Increase the number of LDL receptors in the liver, resulting in a removal of LDL from the blood
  • Side effects: GI symptoms: nausea, Diarrhoea, constipation, bloating
58
Q

Salmeterol

A
  • Adrenoreceptor agonist (β2, slightly β1)
  • Effect: Bronchodilation
  • Used to treat: Asthma
  • Method of administration: Inhaler
  • Onset: slower
  • Duration: longer
59
Q

What drugs act as an α2 adrenoreceptor agonist?

A

• Clonidine

60
Q

Hydroxocobalmin

A
  • Used to treat anaemia due to a B12 deficiency

* 5 doses on alternative days then 3 a month

61
Q

What drugs are used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates:
• Alendronate
• Zoledronate

62
Q

What are the anti cholinesterases?

A
  • Neostigmine
  • Pyridostigmine
  • Dyflos
  • Parathion
63
Q

What is used to treat a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  • Hydroxocobalmin

* Cyanocobalamin

64
Q

What are the anticoagulants?

A 
• Warfarin 
• Heparin 
• Rivaroxaban 
• Apixaban 
All reduce fibrin formation
65
Q

What are the types of NSAIDS?

A

Salicylates
• Aspirin

Propanoic acids:
• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen

Fenmates:
• Mefenamic acid

66
Q

Which drugs activate lipoprotein lipase?

A
  • Fenofibrate (Fibrate)
  • Gemfibrozil (Fibrate)
  • Nicotinic acid
67
Q

Neostigmine

A 
• Anticholinesterase 
• Quaternary amine
• Forms a carbamylated enzyme complex 
• Medium duration 
• Clinical use: Reverse non-depolarising drug, given with atropine or glycopyrrolate to counteract parasympathetic effect  
• Side effects: In the ANS:
- SLUDGE
- Bradycardia 
- Hypotension 
- Miosis
- Bronchoconstriction 
• In the CNS:
- initially stimulation with convulsions then unconsciousness and respiratory failure
68
Q

What are the depolarising drugs?

A

Suxmethonium

69
Q

Propranolol

A
  • Adrenoreceptor antagonist (β1)
  • Decreases heart rate and force
  • Decreases renin release by the kidneys
  • Treats: Hypertension, cardiac dysthythmias
  • Oral
70
Q

Streptokinase

A
  • Fibrinolytic
  • Affects haemostasis and thromboisis
  • Non-enzymatic protein
  • Binds to fibrin non-selectively, activated plasminogen to release plasmin which breaks down the fibrin and dissolves the clot
71
Q

What drugs act as an α1 adrenoreceptor agonist?

A
  • Phenylephrine

* Adrenaline

72
Q

Simvastatin

A
  • Cholesterol lowering drug
  • Statin
  • Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase- inhibits cholesterol production in the liver via the mevalonate pathway
  • Side effects: Myositis, Angio-oedema, GI disturbances, insomnia, rash
  • Used to prevent: Secondary MI and stroke-atherosclerosis, primary prevention of arterial disease in patients with high serum cholesterol
73
Q

Rivaroxaban

A
  • Anticoagulant (DOAC)
  • Affects haemostasis and thrombosis
  • Inhibits factor Xa
  • Takes a few hours to act: oral
  • Monitoring is not needed
  • Cannot be reversed
  • Reduces fibrin formation
74
Q

Dexamethasone

A
  • Glucocorticoid
  • Inhibits the induction of COXs, induces lipocortin (PLA2 inhibitor)
  • Used to treat: Rheumatoid arthritis, bronchospasm, chemotherapy
75
Q

Iloprost

A
  • Prostacyclin analogue
  • Activates prostacyclin receptor
  • Treats: Pulmonary hypertension
76
Q

Zileuton

A
  • 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor

* Treats asthma

77
Q

Zafirukast

A
  • LT receptor antagonist
  • Inhibits leukotriene action by blocking its receptor
  • Used to treat asthma
78
Q

Dipyridamole

A
  • TXA2 synths inhibitor
  • Inhibits thromboxane A2 synthese
  • Used to treat pulmonary hypertension, stroke prevention (with aspirin)

Semester 2 Pharmacology (11 decks)

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