SNPS, STRS, and Indels Flashcards
Define SNPS’s
single nucleotide polymorphisms
Over how many mutations in the gene _____ have been associated with cystic fibrosis?
gene CFTR, 1500
What does the gene CFTR do> why do mutations cause cystic fibrosis?
Gene CFTR encodes protein that maintains correct balance of salt and water on lungs, mutations cause buildup of mucus on lungs
What results from changes in the dna sequence?
Common polymorphisms and rare mutations
What are indels?
insertions-deletions
What are STRs?
short tandem repeats
What is the most common type of genetic variation among humans?
SNPS, single base pair differences between dna sequences
What’s a transition SNP?
purine is replace with purine
pyrimadine is replaced with pyrimadine
What’s a transversion SNP
purine replaces with a pyrimidine or vice versa
What are the three causes of SNPS?
Spontaneous DNA replication error (as dna is synthesizing a mistake is made, ex: can be due to tautomerization
Chemical changes to a nucleotides (due to the fact that cell has water and free radicals that’ll react with dna ex: depurination, deamination
Induced mutations (exposure to chemicals mutagens ex: replacing or altering a base)
What are tautomers?
bases which exist in different chemical isoforms with diff stabilities
What is the keto tautomer?
The most common form in DNA, keto form of A bonds to T as expected
What is tautomerization?
Changes in the positions of bases atoms and bonds between atoms, these changes occur rapidly and transition between on another and are in equilibrium
What does the enol form of thymine do?
Bonds to guanine, making three H bonds
How does DNA polymerase prevent msimatching?
they have proofreading ability, where they remove mismatched bases by working backwards in 3’ to 5’ direction and removing it.
they then extend and add the correct base
Mistakes that escape proof reading by dna polymerase are usually corrected by what?
additional dna repair mechanisms