SNPS, STRS, and Indels Flashcards

1
Q

Define SNPS’s

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms

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2
Q

Over how many mutations in the gene _____ have been associated with cystic fibrosis?

A

gene CFTR, 1500

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3
Q

What does the gene CFTR do> why do mutations cause cystic fibrosis?

A

Gene CFTR encodes protein that maintains correct balance of salt and water on lungs, mutations cause buildup of mucus on lungs

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4
Q

What results from changes in the dna sequence?

A

Common polymorphisms and rare mutations

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5
Q

What are indels?

A

insertions-deletions

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6
Q

What are STRs?

A

short tandem repeats

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7
Q

What is the most common type of genetic variation among humans?

A

SNPS, single base pair differences between dna sequences

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8
Q

What’s a transition SNP?

A

purine is replace with purine
pyrimadine is replaced with pyrimadine

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9
Q

What’s a transversion SNP

A

purine replaces with a pyrimidine or vice versa

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10
Q

What are the three causes of SNPS?

A

Spontaneous DNA replication error (as dna is synthesizing a mistake is made, ex: can be due to tautomerization
Chemical changes to a nucleotides (due to the fact that cell has water and free radicals that’ll react with dna ex: depurination, deamination
Induced mutations (exposure to chemicals mutagens ex: replacing or altering a base)

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11
Q

What are tautomers?

A

bases which exist in different chemical isoforms with diff stabilities

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12
Q

What is the keto tautomer?

A

The most common form in DNA, keto form of A bonds to T as expected

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13
Q

What is tautomerization?

A

Changes in the positions of bases atoms and bonds between atoms, these changes occur rapidly and transition between on another and are in equilibrium

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14
Q

What does the enol form of thymine do?

A

Bonds to guanine, making three H bonds

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15
Q

How does DNA polymerase prevent msimatching?

A

they have proofreading ability, where they remove mismatched bases by working backwards in 3’ to 5’ direction and removing it.
they then extend and add the correct base

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16
Q

Mistakes that escape proof reading by dna polymerase are usually corrected by what?

A

additional dna repair mechanisms

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17
Q

Is DNA polymerase an effective repair mechanism? why?

A

yes, less than 1 error in every 10^10 nucleotides doesnt get repaired

18
Q

What is depurination?

A

is when bond between the base and sugar gets broken by hydrolysis, during replication sometimes no base is added or paired with another base resulting in mutations

19
Q

What is an apurinic cite?

A

no purine on the nucleotide

20
Q

How often does depurination happen?

A

200-1000 times a day in each human cell

21
Q

Depurination is so common, how does it get corrected?

A

Through DNA repair mechanisms

22
Q

What is deamination?

A

hydrolytic removal of an amino (NH2) group

23
Q

What three bases contain amino groups?

A

cytosine, adenine, and guanine

24
Q

What does deamination or depurination result in?

A

transitions and transversions

25
Q

What do indels include?

A

nonrepetivie indels (includes point mutations)
STRs (short tandem repeats (repeats of 2-9 nucleotides)
VNTRs (variable tandem repeats of 10-100 nucelotides)

26
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

singe base pair is added, deleted, or changed

27
Q

What is an insertion mutation that in non repetivie? What abut a deletion?

A

for example adding a g-c pair or deleting a gc pair

28
Q

What do the single insertion/deletion mutations result in?

A

frameshift mutations

29
Q

Say you remove nucleotides in a multiple of 3? Does this result in a frameshift?

A

NOPE

30
Q

Say you repeat 2 nucleotides 100 times, what is classified as?

A

STRs

31
Q

STRs are also known as ______

A

microsatellites

32
Q

There are over how many STR regions in the human genome?

A

1 million

33
Q

What are STRs present in?

A

exon, introns, regulatory regions, and non functional dna sequences, can influence protein and non proteins coding regions

34
Q

STRs have a high or low mutation rate?

A

high

35
Q

The number of alleles at a str region (locus) is how large?

A

usually 20+

36
Q

What is mre useful in pinpointing suspects, SNPS or STRs?

A

STRs, usually have more than 20+ so if they all match can be really sure

37
Q

What are trinucleotide repeats?

A

are when 3 same nucelotides repeated again and again ex: CAGCAGCAG

38
Q

If you repeat CAG in the HTT gene what happens?

A

might get huntingtons if theres more than 35 repeats

39
Q

What is the cause of STR alleles?

A

slippage in the daughter strand (can be due to GC binding making a semi stable structure) which causes template to be repeated twice.

40
Q

What causes deletion- the removal of repeats?

A

slippage of the template strand, so it doesnt get made created in daughter strand, causes deletion

41
Q

What can stop slippage?

A

repair mechanisms

42
Q
A