RNA overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA sugars?

A

RNA sugars have two OH’s

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2
Q

How does the extra OH group on RNA sugars effect the nucleotides?

A

make them less stable

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3
Q

Whats the difference between RNA and DNA bases?

A

RNA uses U instead of T (u is less stable)

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4
Q

RNA is synthesizes in which direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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5
Q

What performs transcription? How?

A

rna polymerase does, reads template dna in 3” to 5” direction and add nuceltides in 5” to 3” directions

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6
Q

RNA polymerase unwinds how many bp of dna at a time?

A

17

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7
Q

About how much of the human genome is protein coding?

A

1-2%

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8
Q

What does UTR stand for?

A

untranslated region

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9
Q

What does RBS stand for?

A

ribosome binding site

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10
Q

What are regulatory sequences in DNA? Do they get transcribed?

A

are regions that determine where and when the protein coding region will be transcribed (like in what tissue and what time), no they don’t get transcribed

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11
Q

Does only the protein coding region get transcribed?

A

No, UTRs and introns, and RBS and terminators get transcribed

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12
Q

Do prokaryotes have introns?

A

no

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13
Q

What is an exon?

A

is included in mature RNA and translated to proteins

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14
Q

What happens to introns during translation?

A

get spliced out

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15
Q

What is the splicing machinery?

A

the spliceosome

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16
Q

How does the spliceosome work?

A

It recognizes specific nucleotide sequences at the junction of exons and introns

17
Q

Introns begin with what and end with what?

A

Begin with GU and end in with AG

18
Q

What is the +1 site in dna?

A

Where transcription starts, rna polymerase recognizes the promoter here

19
Q

Whats the -1, -2, -3 site? what about the 1,2,3 site?

A

Is the diff position upstream after the promoter. Positive values are downstream of the promoter

20
Q

What are promoters?

A

They position RNA polymerase for transcription

21
Q

What is the sense strand?

A

Is the 5” to 3” strand, is also referred to as the coding strand

22
Q

What is the antisense strand?

A

Is the noncoding strand 3’ to 5’, promoter isnt here, also called the template strand where transcriptions builld ofof of

23
Q

What is the promoter sequences in all E.coli genes importance?

A

Sequences in the promoter (-35 and -10 regions) position the RNA polymerase for initiation of
transcription in E. coli

24
Q

What is quantitative PCR?

A

A method of PCR that allows us to quantify the amount of
DNA in the original sample

25
Q

What is the gold standard for covid 19 testing?

A

qPCR

26
Q

Does fluorescence increase as dna gets amplified?

A

Yes, after every cycle

27
Q

What is a CT value?

A

Cycle number at which the fluorescence
level crosses the threshold

28
Q

Say one sample crossed threshold at CT 2 and the other did at Ct 34, which one has more dna in the original sample?

A

the staple that crossed the threshold at CT 2

29
Q

How do we use qPCR to monitor gene expression?

A

We convert mRNA to cDNA and then do pcr and incorporate dye.

30
Q

What is cDNA? How do you make it?

A

Is complimentary DNA, made by using enzyme reverse transcriptase on mrna

31
Q

You get a higher Ct value for one gene using cDNA, what does that mean?

A

That gene has higher expression (is transcribed more)