SMRM research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is a testable hypothesis?

A

A scientific question that is specific and answerable

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2
Q

A scientific experiment must have ___ ___ and verification

A

peer review

verification- aka replication

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3
Q

The two types of human subjects research is __ and __

A

experimental

observational

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4
Q

What is the term that describes the end of a study because of positive results?

A

beneficence

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5
Q

What is the term that describes the end of a study because of negative results?

A

nonmaleficence

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6
Q

___ - patient autonomy and informed consent

A

autonomy

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7
Q

__ - equal treatment of all people

A

justice

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8
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

longitudinal study observing characteristics of members of a cohort across time (ex. smokers are more likely to get lung cancer before 50)

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9
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

analysis of data collected from a population at one specific time (ex. survey of population of us to see prevalence of covid)

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10
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

observational study of individuals with condition compared to control of the population

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11
Q

What is selection bias?

A

method to select participants is not completely random

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12
Q

What is specific real area bias?

A

conducting the study in a specific area that does not include a representative sampling of the population being studied

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13
Q

What is self-selection bias?

A

participants in the study have the ability to choose to participate or not to, or determine their level of involvement (surveys)

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14
Q

What is pre-screening or advertising bias?

A

advertising process itself results in an unrepresentative sample

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15
Q

What is exclusion bias?

A

exclusion of an entire group from the population (ex. excluding homeschooled kids in a study ab education)

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16
Q

What is healthy user bias?

A

when persons included in the study are healthier than normal people

17
Q

What is Berkson’s Fallacy?

A

selection of participants from hospitals, where they are more likely to be unhealthy

18
Q

What is Overmatching?

A

negative outcome resulting from what is normally a good practice- matching for potentially confounding variables

19
Q

What is observer bias?

A

observers know the goals of the study or the hypothesis and allow the knowledge to influence observations

20
Q

What is information bias?

A

wrong or inexact recording of variables or data

21
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

affects both independent and dependent variables and may skew an experiment

22
Q

What is detection bias?

A

systematic differences between groups caused by inconsistency in the method of detection or diagnosis

23
Q

What is performance bias?

A

systematic differences between groups in terms of the actual care or treatment provided

24
Q

reporting bias vs confirmation bias

A

reporting bias- not reporting all the findings

confirmation bias- favor info that supports hypothesis

25
Accuracy vs precision
accuracy - how correct you are | precise - how repeated trials are close together in value
26
validity vs reliability
reliability - results are consistent and repeatable | validity - the test measures what it purports to measure and uses methods that meet scientific standards
27
What is test-retest reliability?
measure of the degree of consistency between administration of a test and a subsequent administration of that same test
28
What is inter-rater reliability?
measure of consistency between multiple raters assigning the same values or making the same observations
29
External vs internal validity
external - the degree to which findings can be applied to general population internal - findings of truth or causation are justifiable
30
What is Hill's criteria?
set of guidelines that evaluates whether there is a causal relationship
31
# Define the terms of Hill's criteria - temporality - strength - consistency - specificity - plausibility - dose -response relationship - testable by experiment - coherence - analogy
temporality - exposure of treatment MUST precede outcome strength- statistical significance plausibility - fits logically within understanding of process dose-response- effects proportional to dosage of treatment coherence- association is compatible with pre-existing science analogy - similar associations are known to exist
32
necessary vs sufficient
necessary- condition that must be satisfied for event to occur sufficient - if satisfied that event is guaranteed to occur
33
double blind vs single blind experiments
double - both experimenter and subject is unknowing | single - experimenter or subject is unknowing
34
In normal distribution, there is a bell shape curve, what percentages of the population are at each SD
1 SD- 68 2 SD - 95 3 SD - 99
35
null vs alternative hypothesis
null- there is no relationship | alternative - there is a significant difference
36
The presence of an asterisk generally indicates ___
data point is statistically significant
37
SEM in stats is__
standard error of the mean - how precise the mean represents the true mean of population SEM decreases as sample size increases