psych Flashcards
Implicit memories are formed _____
unconsciously
All habits are _____ a type of implicit memory
procedural memories
Where are habits/implicit memories stored in the brain?
basal ganglia
The term that describes how previous experiences current interpretation of an event
priming
an implicit memory effect where prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to same stimulus
negative priming
type of priming that speeds up reaction time
positive priming
A memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individuals life
autobiographical memory
what does memory encoding mean?
transferring info from temporary to long term memory
A working memory is processing anything that you’re thinking about in _____
the moment
If you want to remember more than ___ things, need to process that info so it stays in ____
7 long term memory
the term used to describe enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning
encoding specificity
What is the least effective way to store memories?
rote rehearsal
A memory technique that requires grouping info into meaningful categories
chunking
The term that describes linking what you are trying to learn to previously existing long-term info that is already in memory
mnemonics
The type of mnemonic device where the crazier the better
imagery
the type of mnemonic device where numbers are used to help memorize the order of words based on rhyming
pegword system
the mnemonic device which links info to locations
method of loci
The mnemonic device where each letter of a popular word means something
acronym
A memory technique that takes new info and relates it to yourself
self-referencing
The memory technique that spreads out study sessions instead of cramming
spacing
the term used to describe trying to remember something
retrieval
the term used to describe the environment you encode
context
____ - your state at the moment you encode.
state-dependent
___ can be a cue for state-dependent memory.
mood
What is the order of retrieval memory from most difficult to easiest?
free recall, cud recall, recognition
What is the order of retrieval memory from most difficult to easiest?
free recall, cued recall, recognition
free recall requires ___ ___ in recalling
no cues
What is the difference between primary effect and regency effect in free recall?
primary- first regency- last things on list
The serial position curve/effect is the overall tendency to recall ___ few items well, ___ few items well and ___ items not so great
first last middle
The type of recall that requires extra clues to remember the words
cued recall
The type of recall that presents the info and helps to retrieve memory (easiest)
recognition
____ is the mental blueprint containing common aspects of the world, instead of reality
schema
When people recall info they often forget the information’s source - an error in ___ _____
source monitoring
____ _____ is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned info has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge
Source amnesia
___ ___ are highly emotional memories that feel extremely vivid
flashbulb memories
the term used to describe making connections between neurons (LTP)?
long term potentiation
Presynaptic neurons release ____ on post synaptic neurons, allowing __ and ___ to flow in
neurotransmitters Na+ Ca2+
What is electrical potential?
difference in charge between outside and inside neuron
In the LTP mechanism, the same ___ ___ will elicit a ____ response in the ___ ___
presynaptic stimulation stronger postsynaptic neuron
the greater the post synaptic potential, the more ___ ___ will open in the neuron
ion channels
___ ___ is changes in brain size and involves function of environmental influences
neural plasticity
the term used to describe forgetting memories
decay
most forgetting happens _____
in the first few days
the name of the German psychologist that was the first person to look at decay in human memory
Ebbinghaus
the term describing how some foundation of memory still exists even if the person can’t recall
savings
What are the two types of memory interference?
retroactive and proactive
what type of interference refers to later info interfering with memory of earlier info?
retroactive
What type of interference refers to how earlier info interferes with later info?
proactive
When aging, implicit memory and recognition memory abilities are ___
stable
when aging, ___ memories ____ until the age of ___.
semantic improve 60
when aging, there is a decline in ___ memories. Also ___ memories are impaired (forming new memories are difficult), ____ speed is also slower.
recalling episodic processing
____ memory is remembering to do things in the future
prospective
the term for decline in memory and other cognitive functions to the point of interfering with normal life
dementia
The most common form of dementia is ____ ____
Alzheimer’s disease
In earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease, people have difficulty remembering the __ of the person they just met
name
Exact cause of AD is ____. may be due to ____ dying off and ___ ___ shrinking in size
unknown neurons cerebral cortex
AD causes buildup of ___ ___ in brain
amyloid plaques
Continual progression of AD might lead to ____ instability and loss of control over ___ ___
emotional bodily functions
____ syndrome is caused by a lack of vitamin b1 (____)
Korsakoff’s thiamine
Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by malnutrition, ___ ___, and especially ____
eating disorders alcoholism
Thiamine is important because converts ____ into ___ cells needed for energy
carbs glucose
In Korsakoff’s syndrome, the first stage causes poor balance, abnormal ___ movements, mild confusion and ___ loss. this stage is called ___ ____
eye memory Wernicke’s encephalopathy
If Wernicke’s encephalopathy is diagnosed in time it can __ the damage or prevent further damage
reverse
Korsakoff’s syndrome if diagnosed is ____
treatable
treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome is ___ ___, staying on a healthy diet, abstaining from ___
thiamine injections alcohol
_____ amnesia is inability to recall info previously encoded
retrograde
_____ amnesia is inability to encode new memories
anterograde
____ is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease or ____ ____
amnesia psychological trauma
____ ____ - concepts are organized in mind as connected ideas
semantic networks
What is the first semantic network theory that suggested we store info from higher order categories to lower order categories?
hierarchical semantic network
The hierarchical semantic networks states that more ___ takes more ___ to process
nodes time
The modified semantic network states that ___ nodal links determines the amount of activation emitted to a network
stronger
Which psychologist argued that children actively construct their understanding of the world as they grow?
Piaget
The first stage of Piaget’s stages of development is from ages __ to__. It is called the ____ ____.
0 2 sensorimotor stage
In the sensorimotor stage, children gather info from ___. Their main development in this stage is ___ ____- objects exist even if they can’t see them
senses object permanence
Stage 2 of Piaget is ages __ to __ called the ___ ___
2-6/7 pre-operational stage
In stage 2 of Piaget kids start to ___ play and are very ____ - only concerned about themselves
pretend egocentric
Stage 3 of Piaget is age __ to__. It is called the __ __.
7 11 concrete operational
In stage 3, kids learn the idea of _____. They learn ___ and begin reasoning of ___ skills
conservation empathy math
stage 4 of piaget is age __. It is called ___ ___ ___
12+ formal operational stage
In stage 4 of piaget, children begin to understand ___ concepts. The begin to develop ___ ___
abstract moral reasoning
___ are mental models or frameworks for us to organize and interpret new info
schemas
One way to develop a schema is through ___ - how we describe new info in terms of our current understanding
assimilation
_____ is how we later adjust our schemas to incorporate new experiences
accommodation
____ ____ is moving from a current state to a goal state
problem solving
___ ___ problems - clear starting and ending point
well-defined
___ ___ problems - more ambiguous starting or/and ending point (ex. how to live a happy life)
ill-defined
What method of problem solving involves taking a random guess until something finally works?
Trial and error
What method of problem solving involves a methodical approach, but is not efficient and guarantees a correct solution?
Algorithm
What is the problem solving method that involves mental shortcuts that allow to find solution quicker, but may not guarantee a correct solution?
heuristics
___ ___ ___- a heuristic where we analyze main problem and break down into smaller problems
means-end analysis
___ ___- goal state –> current state. start with goal and use it to suggest connections back to current state
working backwards
What is the method of problem solving that involves relying on instinct. (high chance of error)?
intuition
____- getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem
fixation
Type 1 error =
false positive
type 2 error =
false negative
__ __ - we make a judgement of the probability of a certain outcome
decision making
What decision making heuristic uses examples that come to mind, but may not match real world situations?
availability heuristic
What decision making heuristic involves looking to match a prototype of the problem?
representativeness heuristic
__ __- occurrence of two instances is more likely than a single one
conjunction fallacy
___ prevent us from making correct decisions or from changing decisions once they are made
bias
going into a test without knowing a lot of info is an example of ___
overconfidence
___ ___ is a type of bias when you ignore/rationalize disconfirming facts
belief perseverance
type of bias that actively seeks out only confirming facts
confirmation bias
___ effects - how you present the info. that can affect decision making (ex. save 200 people vs kill 2/3 of 600)
framing
What does IQ stand for?
intelligence quotient
Spearman’s theory of intelligence states theres 1 __ __
general intelligence
__ __ proposed that there are 3 types of intelligences
Robert Sternburg
The 3 types of intelligences presented by Robert Sternburg are
analytical, creative and practical intelligence
IQ score only measures ___ intelligence
analytical
average score on IQ test is __
100
__ __- the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions in interactions with others
emotional intelligence
___ intelligence- ability to reason quickly and abstractly, such as when solving novel logic problems (think on ur feet)
fluid
___ intelligence - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (ability to retrieve and acquire knowledge)
crystallized
__ __ - first to develop an intelligence test, but wasn’t intending to. (designed to find child’s mental age)
Alfred Binet
__ __- the psychologist at Stanford that modified Binet’s intelligence test and included adults and teenagers
Lewis Terman
What is the question of nature vs. nurture?
how much is intelligence due to genes and how much is due to environment?
There is no recipe for structuring ___ to make a genius
environment
___ mindset - intelligence is biologically set and unchanging
fixed
___ mindset- praises effort, perseverance, improvement and strategies in improving intelligence
growth
Who introduced the idea of hereditary genius (human ability is hereditary)?
Galton
__ intelligence was proposed by Guilford to describe IQ test related intelligence
convergent
Who proposed the theory of general intelligence and what is the theory of general intelligence?
Charles Spearman
- used factor analysis to identify cluster of related abilities
- 1 general intelligence
- g factor- can predict intelligence in many different areas
What evidence supports the theory of general intelligence and what are the problems with this theory?
supported by research
those who score high in one area score well in others
controversial
can one factor explain all diverse human abilities
limited in what it considers to be intelligence
Who introduced the Theory of Mental Abilities and what is the theory?
L.L. Thurnstone
- 7 factors of intelligence; word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive
reasoning, and memory.
What are the strengths and problems of the Theory of Primary mental abilities?
strength- breakdown seems intuitive
problem- How can scores vary together statistically?
- Limited in what it considers to be intelligence
Who introduced the theory of Multiple Intelligence? What is it?
Howard Gardner
- Expanded ideas of what can be included in intelligence
- logical-mathematical intelligence, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, naturalist, and existential intelligence
What are the strengths and problems of the theory of Multiple Intelligence?
strength- You can have different strengths independently.
• Intelligence is more than just “book smarts.”
problem- No way to test this theory (not supported by research)
• Intelligence vs. talents/abilities (but maybe this is just a labeling)
Who introduced the Triarchic theory of Intelligence? What is it?
Robert Sternburg
analytical (problem solving ability), creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
What are the strengths and problems with the Triarchic Theory of intelligence?
strength - reliable, easy to study by research
problem - research shows that scores of all intelligences vary together
- are these 3 sides of the same coin?
What are 4 cognitive abilities that decline as you age?
recall, episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention
What cognitive abilities are STABLE as you age?
implicit memory, recognition memory
What cognitive abilities IMPROVE as you age?
semantic memory, crystallized intelligence, emotional reasoning
Which hemisphere of the brain is language processed?
left
What are the 2 main areas of the brain where language is processed?
Broca’s area (frontal lobe) and Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe- sound processing)
___ is a communication disorder that involves language problems, like speaking, listening, reading and writing
Aphasia
__ __ - disease that produces broken/halted speech. The __ __ region is damaged in the brain
Broca’s aphasia frontal lobe
__ __ - a disease that causes words not to make any sense. people can’t understand what others say. The __ __ region of the brain is damaged.
Wernicke’s aphasia temporal lobe
__ __- disease that is the combination of impaired comprehension and production of speech
global aphasia
the wernicke’s and Broca’s are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called __ __
arcuate fasciculus
__ __ - disease that causes inability to conduct between listening and speaking. Associated with damage to the __ __
conduction aphasia arcuate fasciculus
__ - the inability to write
agraphia
___ __- disease characterized by the inability to name objects or retrieve words
Anomic aphasia
a split brain patient is caused by damage to the __ __ which connects the two hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
The brain has ___ organization; left visual field gets processed by right side and vice versa
contralateral
___ - located on right hemisphere, concerned w larger units of speech like syllables. (contribute to linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress)
prosody
___- empiricist, believe that language is a conditioned behavior
behaviorists
___- rationalist, language must be innate
nativists
__- look at what happens in brain when people speak/think/write
materialist
The theory of ____ states that thought determines language completely.
Universalism
Piaget thought that children use __ to describe their thoughts. Language influence is influenced by __ __
language, cognitive development
___ thought that language and thought are both independent, but converge through __
Vygotsky, development
__ __ __ : (relativism) language influences thought. the theory that linguistic structure influences but doesn’t determine the context of everyday encounters
Weak Linguistic Determinism
__ __ __ - (Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis) language determines thought completely. People understand their world through language
Strong linguistic determinism
___ perspective on language- children are born with the ability to learn language. Associated with __ __
nativist, Noam Chomsky
Naom Chomsky thought that all humans had a _ _ _ that allowed them to learn language.
Language acquisition device
In the Nativist perspective of language, there’s an idea of a __ __, where the child is most able to learn a language from age _ to _
critical period, 0-8/9
The __ (behaviorist) theory- children aren’t born with anything, they only acquire language through __ conditioning
learning, operant
__ __- (aka social interactionist approach) theory that states biological and social factors have to interact in order for children to learn language. Associated with __
interactionist approach, Vygotsky
What is lexicon?
a set of vocab items
Lexical access refers to ___ a word and __ to its meaning
identifying, connecting
___- actual sound of a language “sound system”
phonology
there are __ phonemes in english language
40
___ - refers to the structure of words
morphology
___- association of meaning with a word
semantics
____- how words are put together in sentences
syntax
___- dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge. affected by __ - the rhythm, cadence and inflection of our voices
pragmatics, prosody
the limbic system is a set of structures in the brain that play a role in regulating ___.
emotions
Structures of the limbic system include (HAT Hippo):
Hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
What does the thalamus control?
sensory relay station (directs senses to appropriate areas in cortex)
Amygdala - aka ___ center. when stimulated produces __ and __
aggression, anger fear
__ __ syndrome- destruction of amygdala, results in ___ (put things in mouth a lot) and drunken behaviors
Kluver-Bucy, hyperorality
Patients with a damaged amygdala are given ___ as treatment
Benzos
key role of hippocampus
forming memories
key role of hypothalamus
regulates Autonomic nervous system, controls endocrine system by triggering hormones, responsible for hunger, sleep, thirst and sex
Positive emotions evoke more brain activity on the __ hemisphere
left
Negative emotions are evoked by more brain activity on the __ hemisphere
right
the __ __ of the brain is responsible for executive control (solve problems, make decisions, how you act in social situations)
prefrontal cortex
The ANS (autonomic nervous system) has two branches, the __ and the __
sympathetic, parasympathetic
what physiological changes occur during a sympathetic response?
pupils dilate decrease in salivation increase respiration rate increase HR increase adrenaline increase glucose release
What physiological changes occur during parasympathetic response?
pupils constrict increased salivation decrease respiratory rate increase digestion decrease adrenaline increase glucose storage
What are the 3 components of emotion?
physiological, cognitive, behavioral
__ __ found _ main universal emotions. What are they?
Paul Ekman, 6
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger and surprise
The __ __ theory of emotion - experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological responses
James-Lange
In James-Lange Theory of emotion, an event –> ____ —> Interpretation –> ___
physiological response, emotion
___ ___ theory of emotion- disagreed w James-Lange, physiological responses and emotion occurred ___.
Cannon-Bard, simultaneously
What flaws were found on the James-Lange theory of emotion?
- can experience physiological response w/o emotion
- noticed many emotions had same physiological responses
- physiological responses were slow compared to emotions produced
__ __ (2 factor theory of emotion) - physiological and cognitive responses ___ form experience of emotion.
Schachter-Singer, simultaneously
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion-
event–>PR + ___ —> emotion
identifying reason for situation
The ___ theory- experience of emotion depends on how the situation is cognitively labelled (what events elicit good or bad emotions)
Lazarus
the ___ is the conductor of emotional experiences, communicating between the ___ and prefrontal cortex.
amygdala, hypothalamus
emotions associated with memories are encoded in the ____
hippocampus
the ___ ___ law- people perform best when they are moderately aroused (__ shape curve)
Yerkes-Dodson, bell
What is stress?
the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
What is a stressor?
Threatening/challenging event
What is the stress reaction?
subsequent physical and emotional response
__ __ believes that stress arises less from physical events but more from the interpretation of those stresses (___ theory of stress)
Richard Lazarus, Appraisal
the 1st cognitive stage of stress is the __ __, which is assessing stress in present situation
primary appraisal
What are the 3 responses to primary appraisal in stress?
irrelevant, benign/positive, stressful/negative
___ ___- evaluation of the individual’s ability to cope with the stressful situation (2nd stage of stress)
secondary appraisal
What are the 4 main categories of stressors?
Significant life changes
catastrophic events
daily hassles
Ambient stressors
Who coined the term “fight or flight”?
Walter Cannon
In the endocrine response, the __ __ releases catecholamines (epinephrine and ___).
adrenal medulla, norepinephrine
The adrenal cortex releases __ -steroid hormone that redistributes glucose energy in body and suppresses __ __
glucocorticoid (cortisol), immune system
What are the 3 phases of stress by Hans Selye? (General Adaptation Syndrome)
Alarm phase- stress kicks in
Resistance - fleeing, temp elevated, BP high
Exhaustion - if resistance isn’t followed by recovery
___ stress has serious __ effects to the body
chronic, negative
What kind of effects does chronic stress have on the heart?
increased BP. - can lead to hypertension and vascular disease
What negative effects does chronic stress have on metabolism?
excess blood sugar can cause diabetes or heart disease
What effects does chronic stress have on the reproductive system?
women- decrease in FSH/LH
men- decrease in testosterone
What effects does chronic stress have on the immune system?
causes inflammation, more susceptible to illness
the 2 areas of the brain with most glucocorticoid receptors are the __ and __
hippocampus, frontal cortex
depression or ____ is the inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors
anhedonia
In depression, the ___ ___ stops responding to __ (the hormone for happiness)
anterior cingulate, serotonin
___ ___- you learn from having control ripped out of hands, lose ability to identify coping mechanisms
learned helplessness
What are the 3 emotional/behavioral effects of stress (3 A’s)?
Anger, anxiety, addiction
What are some ways to manage stress in a healthy way?
exercise, meditation, religious beliefs, cognitive flexibility
one positive coping strategy for stress is anticipating the problem, known as __ __
proactive coping
___ is when one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing to cope
anticipation
A type of stress coping that seeks social support from others
social coping
A type of stress coping when a person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful experience
meaning-focused coping
What are some examples of maladaptive coping mechanisms?
dissociation, sensitization, safety behaviors, anxious avoidance, escape
What consist of the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
__ __ __ - efferent neurons of the PNS synapse on control skeletal muscle
lower motor neurons
___ - involuntary twitches of skeletal muscle
fasciculations
hyporeflexia
decreased muscle stretch relfex
somatosensation includes 5 main ones:
position sense, vibration, touch, pain and temperature
What kind of receptors detect position, vibration and touch?
mechanoreceptors
What kind of receptors detect pain?
nociceptors
What kind of receptors detect temperature?
thermoreceptors
nociceptors and thermoreceptors are ___ in speed
slow
mechanoreceptors are __ in speed
fast
Mechanoreceptors are located where?
skin, blood vessels, ear
Where are chemoreceptors located in the body?
tongue, blood, nose, tissue
Where are thermoreceptors located?
skin, hypothalamus
mechanoreceptors have __ myelin sheath
thick
reflexes have 2 parts: __ (stimulus) and __ (response)
afferent, efferent
muscle stretch reflex- causes a muscle to ___ after ___
contract, stretched
sympathetic NS starts ___ of spinal cord –> __ axon synapses with short ganglia close to spine –> second neuron goes to target cell
middle, short
PNS starts at the __ __ or bottom of spinal cord –> 1st neuron sends long axon –> synapse with ganglion of second neuron –> sends __ axon to target cell
brain stem, short
What does gray matter consist of?
neuron somas (cell bodies)
White matter consists of?
myelinated axons
__ matter in on inside of spinal cord, and __ matter is on outside
grey, white
In the brain, __ matter is on inside and __ matter is on outside
white, gray
__ __ __ control the LMNs (lower motor neurons)
Upper motor neurons
a collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
corticospinal tract
collections of axons that travel from cerebral cortex to the brain stem
corticobulbar tract
___ - increase in the muscle stretch reflexes
hyperreflexia
___- rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle
clonus
___- increased tone of skeletal muscles. increase muscle tension
hypertonia
__ __ __ - if you take a hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor – toes will come down on the object. But with extensor, toes extend up.
extensor plantar response
all somatosensory pathways __ to the other side of the __
cross, brain
Which part of the brain processes sensory information?
parietal lobe
Which part of the brain processes visual info?
occipital lobe
Which part of the brain processes auditory info?
temporal lobe
The ___ hemisphere is dominant for a vast majority of people
left
What part of the brain helps to maintain balance and motor control?
cerebellum
The brainstem consists of what 3 structures?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
__ __- neuron somas scattered throughout the brainstem (role in autonomic functions)
reticular formation
__ __- collections of axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem
long tracts
There are __ pairs of cranial nerves
12
What part of the brain regulates waking and relaxing?
pons
What part of the brain is involved in motivation and alertness?
reticular formation
What part of the brain regulates the autonomic activity of the heart and lungs?
medulla
___ ___ - contains many important pathways, including the corticospinal tract
internal capsule
__ __ - major role in motor functions, don’t have UMNs but help motor areas to perform proper movements. Also cognition + emotion. (part of brain)
basal ganglia
___ - responsible for sensory functions, also higher functions of brain such as cognition and emotion.
thalamus
___ - controls the pituitary gland, the master gland that controls all other glands in body
hypothalamus
the most common excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate
the 2 most common inhibitory Neurotransmitters
glycine and GABA
Which neurotransmitter is released for lower motor neurons? (released from nuclei in frontal lobe)
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is sent from the hypothalamus to cerebral cortex?
histamine
Which neurotransmitter is released from the pons (locus coeruleus) and sent to the cerebral cortex?
norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by nuclei all over the brainstem called raphe nuclei to cerebral cortex?
serotonin
dopamine is produced in the __ __ and the __ __ __
substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
When dopamine produces negative symptoms, it is produced in the VTA –> __
pre-frontal cortex
The pathway for positive effects of dopamine=
___ —> ____
VTA, limbic (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus)
in the PNS, the two main neurotransmitters are
acetylcholine and epinephrine
GABA affects the __ and glycine affects the __
CNS, PNS
Low levels of __ are associated with Parkinson’s disease
dopamine
high levels of __ are associated with schizophrenia
dopamine
____ - people who thought each brain area is devoted to a certain personality characteristic, thought, emotion
phrenologist
___ studies- when parts of the brain are purposefully destroyed to find out what their function is (not done on humans)
lesion
lesions studies can be done by ___ ___- used to destroy tissue on surface of brain and deep inside brain. Wire is inserted into brain to determine the area. Then pass high frequency current which heats up and destroys tissue.
radiofrequency lesions
__ __- a lesion study technique that uses surgical removal of parts of brain
tissue removal
the most precise method of lesion studies of the brain (excitotoxins are used to bind to glutamate receptors)
neurochemical lesions
What is an example of a excitotoxin that destroys cell bodies but doesn’t influence axons passing by?
kainic acid
Which excitotoxin selectively destroys dopamine and NE neurons?
oxidopamine
What lesion study method involves cooling down neurons until they stop firing?
cortical cooling (cryogenic blockade)
Which brain imaging technique uses x-rays to show the structure of the brain, but can’t show brain activity?
CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan
Which type of brain imaging method uses radio waves and a magnetic field?
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
How does an MRI work?
radio waves are added to a magnetic field which disorients atoms. when atoms move back to alignment w the magnetic field they release signals and they used to create an image
Which type of brain imaging method can give info of seizures, sleep stages and cognitive tasks? (don’t get a picture of the brain)
EEG (electroencephalogram)
Which of the brain studying methods has a better resolution than an EEG and uses magnetic fields produced by electric currents in the brain. Measured by using SQUIDS
MEG (megnetoencephalogram)
Which type of brain imaging uses MRI images but tells us about brain activity? (measures oxygen in the brain)
fMRI (functional MRI)
What type of scan involves injecting glucose into cells to see which parts of the brain are active (more invasive)? (also requires swallowing a radioactive tracer)
PET (positron emission tomography)
What part of the brain regulates blood volume?
hypothalamus
What hormones does the Anterior pituitary gland produce?
FH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?
ADH and oxytocin
What hormone does the Pars Intermedia produce?
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
What is the main function of the thyroid?
regulate body metabolism
What is the main role of the parathyroid?
regulate calcium levels
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
involved in stress response and produces catecholamines and glucocorticosteroids
FSH/LH stimulation releases ___ hormones
sex
What is the main role of the pancreas?
regulates blood sugar (PAN of sugar)
Hormone concentration in the body is regulated by ____ and ___
metabolism, secretion (negative feedback loops)
the name of the layer with many glycoproteins on a human egg before cell membrane
zona pellucida
What is the acrosome reaction in fertilization?
enzymes leak into the zona pellucida and digest it. sperm gets closer to the plasma membrane of the egg
what is the cortical reaction in fertilization?
when sperm binds to plasma membrane, cortical granules are released and plasma membranes fuse, genetic material is transferred
What is the order of embryogenesis? zygote —> __ —> ___
zygote, morula, blastula
How many cells is a morula?
32
What is gastrulation?
formation of germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
in Neurulation, the ___ differentiates and thickens to a ___
ectoderm, neural plate
the neural plate eventually forms the ___
neural tube (becomes spinal cord)
____ is when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium
apposition
during implantation of the blastocyst, what cells provide nutrients to the embryo and later forms the placenta?
trophoblasts
___ form villi, which turn into fetal blood vessels
synciotrophoblasts
the endoderm forms__
GI tract tube, lungs, liver and pancreas
the mesoderm forms ___
inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, bladder, ovaries and testes
ectoderm forms___
skin, sweat glands, hair, nervous system
What characterizes embryogenesis?
divided cells and organ system formed
at what week of gestation is an embryo considered a fetus?
week 10
at week ___ of gestation there is a 50% chance of survival
24
how long is the avg. human gestation period (in weeks)?
37-42 weeks
___- preprogrammed motor skills
reflexes
major motor milestones at 2-4 months old
heads up/chest up
major motor milestone at 2-5 months
roll over
major motor milestone at 5-8 months
sit up
major motor milestones at 5-10 months
stand with support
major motor milestone at 6-11 months
pull up to standing position
major motor milestone at 7-12 months
crawling
major motor milestone at 7-13 months
walk with support
major motor milestone at 10-14 months
stand on own
major motor milestone at 11-15 months
walking
Gross motor skills develop ___ fine motor skills
before
What does head to toe development mean?
babies can lift heads before crawling
___ reflexes - important for newborns and also present throughout life
permanent
___ reflexes - these disappear as baby ages. helps doctors assess if something is not developing correctly
neonatal
rooting reflex (babies)
cheek stroking - baby turns head
Babinski reflex
how baby turn/unturn toes when stroked at sole of foot
moro relfex
fan out arms then back
tonic neck reflex (baby)
when babies head turned, the arm on that side straightens, while other arm bends
galant reflex (baby)
when skin stroked, baby moves/swings to side of stroking
palmer grasp reflex (baby)
close hands on anything that comes near palm
sucking reflex (baby)
baby suck on anything close to mouth
stepping reflex (baby)
hold infant upright and touch feet to flat surface, start taking steps
swimming reflex (baby)
infants in water move arms and legs, involuntarily holds breath
the ___ cortex is developed during adolescence
prefrontal
What are the top 2 parts of the limbic system that are developed in adolescence?
amygdala and hypothalamus
the corpus collosum develops until ___
puberty
in adolescence, there is an increase in __ in the brain
myelination
___ ___- breaking down connections between certain neurons. focus resources on the ones we use most (in adolescence)
synaptic pruning
__ __ - looking at genetic component or hardwiring component to behavior
behavioral genetics
we have aprox. 20,000 to __ genes
25 k
__ - units of hereditary
genes
What is an example of a simple trait?
eye color , hair color
What is an example of a complex trait?
happiness, intelligence, aggressiveness
simple traits interact ___ with the environment, while complex traits are more impacted by ___ ___
minimally, environmental influences
____ - broader than personality. characteristic emotional reactivity, intensity
temperament
Personality is believed to be __ over a person’s lifestyle
constant
monozygotic twins are __
identical
dizygotic twins are __
fraternal
__ __ - when an adopted child is compared to biological family and adopted family
adoption studies
__ or __ studies are used to look at the effect of nature vs nurture
adoption twin
if genes are strong identical twins are the __
same
if environmental factors in twin studies are strong then identical twins may seem like __
fraternal twins
In adoption studies, if genes are strong then the adopted child would ____
be similar to biological parents
In adoption studies, if environmental factors are strong, then the adopted child would be similar to __
adopted family
___ - variability of traits can be attributed to differences in genes
heritability
boys with a 100% controlled environment have different IQs, what percent of the difference in IQ heritable?
100%
__ __- a new field of science that looks at the molecular structure and function of genes
molecular genetics
What is the central dogma of molecular genetics?
DNA –> RNA —> protein
__ % of our genes do not code for proteins, but regulate how proteins are coded
95
___ - changes to gene expression resulting from changes other than DNA/gene sequence
epigenetics
