SMR 3 -High Temp Gas Reactor Flashcards
1
Q
X energy
purpose
A
We Design and Build Reactors, and the Fuel That Powers Them
2
Q
X energy : Reactor: Xe-100
focused on ______
A
Gen-IV High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGR)
3
Q
X energy : TRISO-X
Our reactors use _______fuel, developed and improved over ___years. We manufacture our own proprietary version ___ to ensure ____and ___
A
tri-structural isotropic (TRISO) particle
60
(TRISO-X)
supply and quality control
4
Q
X energy : Space Applications
NASA, DOE, and DOD are exploring our technology and fuel for ____ and ______for the ____ surface.
A
nuclear thermal propulsion
and fission power
lunar
5
Q
HTGR
A
High Temperature Gas Reactors
6
Q
The HTGR is the advanced reactor technology nearest deployment and ______is the most optimized, meltdown proof design – deployable within ___ years
A
the Xe-100
5
7
Q
__$____U.S. DOE investment, including development and testing of the safest fuel – _______
A
> $700 million
UCO TRISO coated particles
8
Q
The Xe-100 Design Solution
- Proven ________ Reactor
- Derived from over ____ years of design and development to significantly reducing costs to enable competitive deployment
- Online refuelling through ______
- Versatile ___________ that can be deployed
for _____ generation and/or process _____
A
High Temperature Pebble Bed
50
automated continuous fuel handling system
Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)
electricity
heat applications
9
Q
The Xe-100 Design Solution
- ______ design that does not require ______or code cases
- Steam pressure and temperature designed to provide steam to multiple
_________/____(typically those used in ______Power Plants)
A
Conservative
new material development
Commercially Off The Shelf (COTS) Steam Turbine / Generator sets
Combined Cycle
10
Q
_____, not _____, ensures 100% safety
A
Physics
mechanical systems
11
Q
The U.S. DOE describes TRISO fuel as,
-____
It retains ____and ______within the ___during ___, even __ and cannot ____.
A
“the most robust nuclear fuel on Earth.”
It retains waste and fission products within the fuel during ALL conditions, even worst-case accidents and cannot melt.
12
Q
TRISO-X
A
- We manufacture our own proprietary TRISO encapsulated fuel (TRISO-X) to ensure supply and quality control.
13
Q
TRISO-X Why is this important
list 1-3
A
- No safety related power or operator action required to ensure safety.
- TRISO fuel has 40+ years of prototype and full-scale demonstration reactors.This is a proven safety approach.
- The low reactor power density and self-regulating core design (i.e., if cooling stops the core shuts down), ensures the reactor is always ‘walk-away safe.
14
Q
Size of pebble fuel element and TRISO fuel particle
A
60mm
1mm
15
Q
TRISO Fuel
enrichment
avg burnup per fuel element
particles per pebble
pebbles per reactor
A
- 15.5% U-235 Enrichment
- Average burnup per fuel
element is 168,000 MWd/tHM - HALEU = High Assay Low
Enriched Uranium - 6 thousand HALEU particles
per 6 cm pebble - 224,000 pebbles per reactor
- TRISO pebbles cannot melt
- Spent fuel is air-cooled
16
Q
Fuel Pellets ___% ____ enrichment
avg burnup per fuel element ___MWd
___pellets per reactor, __ in assemblies
can ____ in extreme cases and ____cladding reacts to create ____
- Spent fuel must be stored in ____for ___before being _____
- CANDU fuel: ___% U-235 (natural concentration)- Similar cladding issues
A
- 5-6% U-235 Enrichment
45,000MWd/tHM
- 18 million pellets
bundled
melt
Zirconium
hydrogen
cooling water
years
air-cooled
0.7
17
Q
Helium Pressure Boundary See slide 8
A
18
Q
thermal power MWth
fuel pebbles >
helium pressure MPa
A
Thermal power ≈ 200 MWth
Fuel Pebbles > 200,000
Helium pressure ≈ 6 MPa
19
Q
The Reactor System performs the plant function:
A
Produce Thermal Energy
20
Q
Functional requirements are decomposed from this primary function. The
broad intention of these various requirements are to:
A
- Create and maintain a functional core geometry;
- Maintain the integrity of the fuel;
- Control criticality through reactivity control mechanisms;
- Monitor the neutron generation rate;
- Provide continuous fuel loading, movement through the core, and
unloading; and - Transport heat generated in the core away from the reactor.
21
Q
Main Factors Affecting Criticality (EM)
A
Negative Temperature Coefficient
Low core power Density
Low excess reactivity
22
Q
Low excess reactivity
A
- Online refueling (similar to CANDUs)
23
Q
Low core power Density
A
- 4.83 MW/m3 (common SMR advantage)
- Low decay heat generation
24
Q
Negative Temperature Coefficient
A
- Amount of fissile material per pebble
- U-238 as fertile material
- Moderation ratio (NC/NU)
25
Passive Heat Removal
* Decay heat is passively removed from the core via:
see slide 11
* Thermal conductivity
* Radiation, and
* Natural convection
26
Fuel Handling System
Xe-100 Fuel Handling System is a unique attribute of our plant that allows the reactor to _____ without
the need for _____every ___ months.
The pebble fuel form allows for pebbles to be ___and migrate to ____ under ____ and
then ___through a special____machine.
* The ______ is measured and if it is _____it goes through the _____.
* This approach allows us to get a ____ of more that a ____ MWd/Thm (about ___ times the burnup that traditional reactors can achieve).
* On average a pebbled will pass through the reactor ___ times over a period of about ___.
* The ___ operates automatically without any specific operator interaction.
operate continuously
traditional refueling outage
18 months.
added in the top of the reactor
to the bottom under gravity and
then removed
fuel unloading
fuel burnup
fully spent
reactor for a next pass.
significantly higher burnup
164 000
four
six times
36 months.
FHS
27
____MWt /____MWe ____-bed _____-cooled reactor
* Scalable from _____ per site
* No ____ on _____ to perform any required _____ functions
* Highly competitive _____and significant _____cost improvements
*___ the components of a traditional nuclear plant
200Mt / 80MWe, pebble, gas
1-12 modules
reliance, onsite or offsite power, safety
First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) ,Next-of-A-Kind (NOAK)
1/10th
28
Intrinsic Safety: Our Reactors
Xe-100 does not require ____ to ensure safety. All safety functions are ____ to the design.
active systems or operator actions to intrinsic
29
Current-generation reactors require ___times as many safety systems as our Xe-100—operator action, water pumps, back-up electric power, etc.—to prevent ____
10
the reactor from melting down.
30
Intrinsic Safety: Our Reactors
Why is this important?
Uncomplicated layout utilizing ____ to ensure safety.
No need for ____ systems.
Simple control system with only _ variables allows for more ___ & fewer___
_____ can be__ __Or ____cooled—affording ____flexibility.
The low ___ and ______________core
design (i.e., if ________ stops, the___ shuts down), ensures the reactor is always ___
natural features
complex safety systems.
4
automated operations
personnel.
Turbine generator
air- or water-cooled
geographic siting
reactor power density and self-regulating corecooling
core
‘walk-away safe.
31
Current Generation
Reactors ___ Miles
10
32
SLIDE 15
33
Factory-Built, Modular, Road-Shippable Components
___ & ___lead to scalability, time-line
and cost control never before seen in
nuclear energy
Modular design & manufactured
34
All systems are standardized and modularized at the highest level to reduce onsite work, moving a significant amount of Quality Assurance to centralized fabrication & integration facilities.
Why is this important?
* Nuclear site construction has traditionally been high-risk due to
complex design requiring significant degree of construction from the
ground up.
* Standardization allows for mass production and reduced next of a kind
cost.
* Modularization reduces on-site construction and improves schedule &
cost certainty.
* Centralized fabrication reduces overall system costs and improves
quality assurance
3-4 years to deploy vs. 10 years
35
Ramp rate of _% per minute, up or down between ___ power
Provides ___
5
40-100%
Provides stability for customers with variable electricity and/or heat demands
36
X-energy’s Thermal Output is Optimal for Most Industrial Applications
See slide 18
Xe-100 provides a broader range of ____ combined with ___ to ____ and ____, mature Gen IV technology, and a pedigree of development for industrial applications
steam temperatures
substantial capability
ramp-up and maneuver
37
TRISO-X Developments April 6, 2022
Submitted license application to the NRC for the firstever HALEU fuel fabrication facility * Will be operational in 2025 and initially have the ability
to supply 20 advanced reactors
* Sited at the Oak Ridge Tennessee’s Horizon Center
Industrial Park
38
TRISO-X Developments October 13, 2022
X-energy broke ground and began construction activities on
North America’s first commercial-scale advanced nuclear fuel
facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
39
See slide 21 and 22,23
40
Building the Best HTGR PRA in One Slide
1.-5.
1. initiating Events (what can happen?)
2. Event Trees (how does/should the design respond?)
3. System Fault Trees (model each system)
4. Event Sequence Quantification (combine all system responses)
5. Source Term and Radiological Consequences
41
4 External Hazards
* Seismic
* Fires
* Flooding
* High Winds
42
Radionuclide Transport Barriers
slide 24
43
Competitive Position Reinforced by ARDP
X-energy’s selection for the DOE’s Advanced Reactor Development Program (“ARDP”) represents a critical advantage that cannot be replicated
44
ARDP Overview
In May 2020, the DOE announced the ARDP to speed the transition of next
generation nuclear reactors from concept to demonstration through cost-share
partnerships
* In October 2020, X-energy was selected to deliver a commercial a first-of-a-kind
advanced nuclear plant with Energy Northwest1
as well as a commercial TRISOX fuel fabrication facility
* The program provides 50% cost share on all costs to deliver the first plant
45
Our ARDP Project With Energy Northwest
Energy Northwest Project
4-reactor Xe-100 Plant (320MW)
46
What ARDP Selection Means to X-energy
Recognition from the DOE as an advanced reactor technology of choice
* Selected out of ~50 applicants
Secures first customer deployment
* Partnered with Energy Northwest to deploy with one of the public utility districts
* Customer also benefits from the 50% cost-share on their development and construction costs
Provides $1.2 billion in funding from the DOE
* Fully funds all remaining design, licensing, and commercialization milestones of the reactor, including overnight CAPEX
* Funds the completion of the first TRISO-X fuel fabrication facility
Strengthens DOE’s support of the advancement of TRISO fuel
* Exemplifies the DOE’s commitment to scaling TRISO fuel production in the U.S.
* We are the only advanced reactor company producing TRISO fuel
47
Recent Announcements
Dow, X-energy to drive carbon emissions reductions through
deployment of advanced small modular nuclear power
* Dow and X-energy collaborate on intent to provide process heat and power at one of Dow’s U.S. Gulf Coast facilities by ~2030
* Dow is first manufacturer to announce intention to develop small modular
nuclear technology options
* Dow intends to take a minority equity stake in X-energy
48
Recent Announcements -Toronto
– Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and X-energy have signed a framework agreement to pursue opportunities to deploy Xe-100 small modular reactors (SMRs) for industrial applications in Canada.
Under the agreement, OPG and X-energy will pursue opportunities to deploy Xe-100 advanced reactors in Ontario at industrial sites and identify further potential end users and sites throughout Canada.
49
Xe-100 Meets All Generation IV Safety Goals
“Walk Away Safe”: Xe-100 does not require electrical power, active systems, or operator action to keep the public safe
Zero Core Damage Frequency: Our fuel pebbles do not melt at temperatures produced by off-normal events
Passive Safety Features: Our passive safety related systems allow near-infinite coping time
Resilience Features: Xe-100 design is very resilient to grid disturbances
* The Xe-100 standard plant is designed against design basis external hazards such as flooding, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, and extreme temperatures
* The Xe-100’s systems are all designed to current stateof-the-art digital technology for control, monitoring, and maintenance and are generally modular to support future upgrades
50
gen ___ reactor
type:
4
high temp gas
51
features a ___ refueling system.
pebbles enter top of reactor and pass through core __ times to achieve final burnup of _____MWd
continuos
6
165000
