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foundations 2 perio > Smoking > Flashcards

Smoking Flashcards

1
Q

leading cause of preventable disease and death in US

A

smoking

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2
Q

Smoking accounts for ____ deaths per year

A

480,000

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3
Q

% US adults smoking

A

15.1%-This means an estimated 36.5 million adults in the

United States currently smoke cigarettes.

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4
Q

Chemicals in smokeless “toe-bag-o”

just list some…

A

Polonium 210 (nuclear waste)

Formaldehyde (embalming fluid)

Cadmium (used in car batteries)

Lead (nerve poison)

Nitrosamines (cancer causing substances)

Arsenic
Cyanide

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5
Q

three types of smokeless tobacco

A

chewing
Snuff
Dry snuff

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6
Q

Concerns of e-cigs

A
  • Each nicotine cartridge in an e-cig can provide 200 to 400 puffs, equivalent to two to three packs of cigarettes.
  • may absorb higher concentrations of nicotine and other toxins
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7
Q

Results of smoking (5 main ones)

A 
Discoloration
-teeth, restorations, and dentures
Mucosa
-heat injury, melanossis, nicotine stomatitis, keratosis, black hair tongue, squamous cell carcinoma
Bad Breath
Sense of smell and taste
Saliva
-Periodontitis
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8
Q

flow rate of saliva of smokers

A

increased

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9
Q

pH of saliva in smokers

A

reduced

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10
Q

Buffering capacity of saliva in smokers

A

reduced

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11
Q

Bacteria response in smokers

A

reduced

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12
Q

Bacteria and fungi in smokers

A

increased

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13
Q

Support of smoking causing periodontitis/bone loss

A

both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies support higher prevalence

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14
Q

among smokers, ___% of their periodontitis was attributed to smoking

A

~75% it was found.

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15
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_  is  considered  one  of  the  strongest  risk  predictors  for  future
periodontal breakdown (true risk factor)
A

smoking

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16
Q

Odds Ratio

A

defined as the odds of having a disease if one is exposed to the risk factor compared with the odds of having the disease if one is not exposed to the same factor

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17
Q

The odds ratio for periodontitis among smokers is in the range of __ to __

A

2-7

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18
Q

Heavy smokers have odds ratio that are over ______ times that of light smokers

A

two times

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19
Q

Effects of smoking on gingival inflammation

A

less clinical signs of inflammation and more supra-gingival calculus, gingival tissue appears
fibrotic with rolled margins, decreased inflammatory response to plaque accumulation compared to non-smokers

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20
Q

% of smokers aware that smoking causes gingival problems

A

~5%

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21
Q

smokers more or less calculus

A

more

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22
Q

primary sign of periodontitis

A

PD

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23
Q

Primary sign of gingavitis

A

bleeding

24
Q

Smoking ___ the risk of attachment and/or bone loss in postmenopausal women, diabetics, and HIV-seropositive individuals.

A

increases

25
Q

Smoking is associated with what types of gingavitis?

In young? Older?

A

Generalized aggressive periodontitis in young patients

Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

26
Q

Proposed mechanisms for the negative effects of smoking

(8)

A
  • Vascular alterations
  • Neutrophil function
  • IgG production decre
  • decreased lymphocyt
  • incr periopathogens
  • altered fibroblast attachment and function
  • hard to clean
  • negative local effects on cytokine and growth factor production
27
Q

Smoking may alter the composition of bacterial plaque in favor of ____ bacteria

A

more virulent-may be a selective pressure

28
Q

Lower oxygen tension in the periodontal pockets of smokers may favor ________

A

anaerobic species

29
Q

Smokers may harbor greater numbers of periodontal pathogens such as _____(3 main perio bugs)

than non-smokers with comparable levels of periodontal disease

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis,

Tannerella forsythia (B. forsythus)

and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

30
Q

It may also be more difficult to eradicate P. gingivalis and T. forsythia from periodontal pockets in smokers using ______ techniques

A

non-surgical

31
Q

Altered vasculature in smoking hosts

A

Vasoconstriction may lead to
decreased gingival blood flow,
decreased GCF

32
Q

Wound healing in smokers

A

inhibit gingival fibroblast attachment and proliferation, dec collagen, impaired GF expression

33
Q

How neutrophils are effected by smoking (3)

A

Decreased chemotaxis,
Decreased phagocytosis,
Decreased adhesion to vascular endothelium

34
Q

Antibodies and smoking

A

decreased Ab production, dec levels of salivary IgA and serum IgG-may alter IgG subclass concentrations

35
Q

T/F:African American smokers had lower IgG1 concentrations

A

True…

36
Q

Next to ________, ______ is the strongest modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease.

A

bacterial plaque

Smoking

37
Q

the more someone smokes the ____ viable PMNs are

A

less

38
Q

Phagocytosis capacity _____ when smoking

A

decreases

39
Q

smoking and oxidative stress

A

increased

40
Q

Probing depth reduction and clinical attachment level improvements in smokers are ______those of non- smokers.

A

50-75%

41
Q

Dose-response: heavy smokers vs light smokers response to therapy

A

heavy smokers (31 or more cigarettes) respond less favorably than light smokers (9 or less).

42
Q

The difference in treatment outcome between
smokers and non-smokers is more pronounced
when

A

after surgical treatment

43
Q

evidence for usefulness of antibiotic therapy with surgical periodontal therapy in smokers

A

not much-inconclusive

44
Q

PD redcution in non smoker after graft vs in combo with combination therapy

A

Probing depth reduction is better in the non-smoker and the best in the non- smoker with the combination therapy of resorbable barrier and DFDBA than with resorbable barrier alone in Grade II Furcations

45
Q

Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD)

A

may provide increased defect fill and cementum formation in cigarrette smokers but was detrimental to new bone formation

46
Q

Smoking and failure of dental implants-associated?

Failure rate?

A

Smoking is significantly associated with failure of dental implants

failure rates as much as 2x as high

47
Q

Smoking affect on ridge augmentation procedures

A

negative affect

48
Q

Impact of smoking on dental implant therapy is more dramatic in _______ with an odds ratio of 1.4-3.9.

A

grafted maxillary sinus

49
Q

Implant rates for past smokers

A

Implant success rates for past smokers are similar to those who never
smoked.

50
Q

In a group of patients who quit smoking 1 week before and 8 weeks
after implant placement, incidence of early implant failures was

A

similar

to that in nonsmokers

51
Q

cover screw or abutment to cover tissue to reduce exposure on smokers and those with questionable oral hygiene

A

similar

to that in nonsmokers

52
Q

Recession with smokeless tobacco location?

A

just localized

53
Q

Effect of nicotine

A

May affect cells involved in periodontal repair

54
Q

Gingival inflammatory response

A

Not clear what effects result from alterations in pro- inflammatory factors due to smoking

55
Q

Gingival bleeding

in smokers

A

Less gingival bleeding, lower proportion of small blood vessels

56
Q

Smoking proven risk factor?

A

yes

Increased risk to develop periodontitis Faster progression of periodontitis More susceptible to aggressive forms of periodontitis Not responding as favorable to periodontal treatment and implant placement as non-smokers
Scientific evidences support the negative effect of smoking on cells
and components of the immune and inflammatory system and
periodontal tissues.
The effect of smoking on the bacterial composition of plaque is not
clear
Smoking is a proven risk factor

foundations 2 perio (9 decks)

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