Smoking Flashcards
leading cause of preventable disease and death in US
smoking
Smoking accounts for ____ deaths per year
480,000
% US adults smoking
15.1%-This means an estimated 36.5 million adults in the
United States currently smoke cigarettes.
Chemicals in smokeless “toe-bag-o”
just list some…
Polonium 210 (nuclear waste)
Formaldehyde (embalming fluid)
Cadmium (used in car batteries)
Lead (nerve poison)
Nitrosamines (cancer causing substances)
Arsenic
Cyanide
three types of smokeless tobacco
chewing
Snuff
Dry snuff
Concerns of e-cigs
- Each nicotine cartridge in an e-cig can provide 200 to 400 puffs, equivalent to two to three packs of cigarettes.
- may absorb higher concentrations of nicotine and other toxins
Results of smoking (5 main ones)
Discoloration -teeth, restorations, and dentures Mucosa -heat injury, melanossis, nicotine stomatitis, keratosis, black hair tongue, squamous cell carcinoma Bad Breath Sense of smell and taste Saliva -Periodontitis
flow rate of saliva of smokers
increased
pH of saliva in smokers
reduced
Buffering capacity of saliva in smokers
reduced
Bacteria response in smokers
reduced
Bacteria and fungi in smokers
increased
Support of smoking causing periodontitis/bone loss
both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies support higher prevalence
among smokers, ___% of their periodontitis was attributed to smoking
~75% it was found.
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is considered one of the strongest risk predictors for future periodontal breakdown (true risk factor)
smoking
Odds Ratio
defined as the odds of having a disease if one is exposed to the risk factor compared with the odds of having the disease if one is not exposed to the same factor
The odds ratio for periodontitis among smokers is in the range of __ to __
2-7
Heavy smokers have odds ratio that are over ______ times that of light smokers
two times
Effects of smoking on gingival inflammation
less clinical signs of inflammation and more supra-gingival calculus, gingival tissue appears
fibrotic with rolled margins, decreased inflammatory response to plaque accumulation compared to non-smokers
% of smokers aware that smoking causes gingival problems
~5%
smokers more or less calculus
more
primary sign of periodontitis
PD