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Smith LA Medicine > Smith 16 > Flashcards

Smith 16 Flashcards

1
Q

How long should it take a normal foal to be sternal, then BAR, then attempting to stand, then wobblyly standing?

A

2-3 min, 5 min, 25 min, standing securely by 60 min

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2
Q

how long should it take a suckle reflex to appear? By when should it nurse? How long are normal nursing sessions?

A

30 minutes, 2 hours, 5-7 minutes

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3
Q

What % bodyweight do newborn foals consume daily?

A

20-25%

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4
Q

What does an APGAR score assess? When should it be performed?

A

Neonatal asphyxia. Within 15 minutes of birth, and then again in 4 minutes

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5
Q

What components comprise an APGAR score?

A

mm color, pulse, grimace @ nostril stim, ear tickle response, thoracolumbar stimulus response, muscle tone, respiration

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6
Q

What drug has been used to treat maternal aggression? What are the side effects?

A

Alprazolam (benzodiazepine), causes sedation at q8hr, poses risk to preg humans

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7
Q

What is the average healthy daily weight gain for a TB foal?

A

1.3-1.7 kg/d

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8
Q

What are characteristics of a dysmature or premature foal?

A

Domed forehead, shiny and short coat, floppy ears (check for hemorrhages too), periarticular laxity, small body size and weight

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9
Q

When in gestation is a foal considered premature vs postmature?

A

pre: before 340 d
post: after 365 d

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10
Q

What is the normal temp for a foal up to 4 days old?

A

T: 99-102*F

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11
Q

How long does it take a menace response to develop?

A

14 days

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12
Q

What normal finding could be confused with congenital cataracts?

A

Y suture lines in the lens

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13
Q

How could you correct entropion in a foal?

A

Apply staples or vertical mattress sutures, inject PPG into the lower lid, (rarely) perform surgery

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14
Q

Episcleral injection is a prominent feature of which major disease?

A

Sepsis

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15
Q

Which ocular finding in older foals is associated with Salmonella or Rhodococcus equi infection?

A

Iridiocyclitis

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16
Q

What are the ddx for icterus in a foal?

A

systemic sepsis, neonatal isoerythrolysis, liver disease, internal hemorrhage, meconium retention, or EHV1 infection

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17
Q

What does pallor + icterus indicate?

A

neonatal isorerythrolysis or internal hemorrhage

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18
Q

when should foal incisors erupt?

A

by 5-7 days

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19
Q

When do corner incisors erupt in foals?

A

6-9 mo

20
Q

What is the most common oral congenital malformation in foals?

A

brachygnathism

21
Q

What other condition is associated with mandibular prognathism?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

22
Q

What dietary factors/additives to a mare can cause fetal goiters?

A

excess iodine via seaweed, high nitrate, insufficient iodine

23
Q

Thyroid enlargement in foals can be associated with what other disease category?

A

Respiratory dysfunction

24
Q

What breed is most predisposed to atlantoaxial malformations?

A

Arabian foals

25
Q

How can atlantoaxial malformation be ID’d on rads?

A
  1. atlantoccipital fusion
  2. Dens hypoplasia
  3. Axis malformation
26
Q

When is meconium usually passed, and at what point is lack of passage concerning?

A

usually passed in 1-4 hours, should pass by 12 hours old

27
Q

What kind of enema would you give a foal with a resistant meconium impaction?

A

Acetylcysteine

28
Q

How would you address a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Advise surgery

29
Q

“foal heat diarrhea” is associated with what normal event?

A

Coprophagy and passage of protoza

30
Q

Where is the stomach normally located in foals? How thick is it?

A

ICS 6-12, left ventral. 2 mm

31
Q

What are the appropriate thicknesses of the small intestine and colon, respectively, in the first week of life?

A

SI: < 2.5 mm
Colon: < 2.8 mm

32
Q

In which situations is a barium enema under sedation appropriate?

A

intraluminal obstruction and atresia

33
Q

What is an abnormal nucleated cell count in foal peritoneal fluid (up to 4 mo old)?

A

1.5x10^9

34
Q

What findings on foal abdominocentesis support septic peritonitis?

A

pH < 7.2
elev Lactate
> 2.7 mmol/L difference between serum and peritoneal glucose

35
Q

what is a normal HR for a newborn foal vs in the first week alive?

A

newborn: 36-80 bpm (vagal tone)
1-7 d: 80-100

36
Q

A foal is born with a cardiac arrhythmia. By what point in its life is this considered abnormal and worth investigating?

A

15 min - 2 hours

37
Q

At what point, or in what circumstances, is a cardiac murmur in a foal abnormal?

A

-ICS 3 machinery murmur (PDA) after 3-4 days old
-Loud murmurs persisting 7+ days with clinical signs

38
Q

What is a normal mean arterial pressure for a foal < 7 d old

A

around 100 mmHg

39
Q

What is a normal resp rate in a newborn vs older neonate foal?

A

60 br/m at birth, decreases to 30 br/min

40
Q

What are some pulmonary causes of elevated RR?

A

meconium aspriation, bact/viral pneumonia, atelectasis via recumbency, congenital dz, rib fracture or dislocation, pleural effusion

41
Q

What are some extrapulmonary causes of hyperpnea?

A

fever, pain, excitement, exercise, brain disease, metabolic acidosis, idiopathic tachypnea syndrome

42
Q

what are 2 signs of impending respiratory failure?

A

paradoxical thoracic wall motion, expiratory grunt

43
Q

How long after collection is an arterial blood gas sample good?

A

90 minutes in airtight container

44
Q

What non pathological context can reduce arterial PaO2 by up to 30 mmHg?

A

Lateral recumbency

45
Q

What should supplemental oxygen be initially set to?

A

5 l/min

46
Q

What PaO2 value defines hypoxiemia?

A

< 70 mm Hg

47
Q

How long does it take for the kidneys to compensate for respiratory acidosis by reabsorbing bicarb?

A

6- 12 hours, maxes out at 4 days

Smith LA Medicine (12 decks)

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