Smith 16 Flashcards
How long should it take a normal foal to be sternal, then BAR, then attempting to stand, then wobblyly standing?
2-3 min, 5 min, 25 min, standing securely by 60 min
how long should it take a suckle reflex to appear? By when should it nurse? How long are normal nursing sessions?
30 minutes, 2 hours, 5-7 minutes
What % bodyweight do newborn foals consume daily?
20-25%
What does an APGAR score assess? When should it be performed?
Neonatal asphyxia. Within 15 minutes of birth, and then again in 4 minutes
What components comprise an APGAR score?
mm color, pulse, grimace @ nostril stim, ear tickle response, thoracolumbar stimulus response, muscle tone, respiration
What drug has been used to treat maternal aggression? What are the side effects?
Alprazolam (benzodiazepine), causes sedation at q8hr, poses risk to preg humans
What is the average healthy daily weight gain for a TB foal?
1.3-1.7 kg/d
What are characteristics of a dysmature or premature foal?
Domed forehead, shiny and short coat, floppy ears (check for hemorrhages too), periarticular laxity, small body size and weight
When in gestation is a foal considered premature vs postmature?
pre: before 340 d
post: after 365 d
What is the normal temp for a foal up to 4 days old?
T: 99-102*F
How long does it take a menace response to develop?
14 days
What normal finding could be confused with congenital cataracts?
Y suture lines in the lens
How could you correct entropion in a foal?
Apply staples or vertical mattress sutures, inject PPG into the lower lid, (rarely) perform surgery
Episcleral injection is a prominent feature of which major disease?
Sepsis
Which ocular finding in older foals is associated with Salmonella or Rhodococcus equi infection?
Iridiocyclitis
What are the ddx for icterus in a foal?
systemic sepsis, neonatal isoerythrolysis, liver disease, internal hemorrhage, meconium retention, or EHV1 infection
What does pallor + icterus indicate?
neonatal isorerythrolysis or internal hemorrhage
when should foal incisors erupt?
by 5-7 days
When do corner incisors erupt in foals?
6-9 mo
What is the most common oral congenital malformation in foals?
brachygnathism
What other condition is associated with mandibular prognathism?
Congenital hypothyroidism
What dietary factors/additives to a mare can cause fetal goiters?
excess iodine via seaweed, high nitrate, insufficient iodine
Thyroid enlargement in foals can be associated with what other disease category?
Respiratory dysfunction
What breed is most predisposed to atlantoaxial malformations?
Arabian foals
How can atlantoaxial malformation be ID’d on rads?
- atlantoccipital fusion
- Dens hypoplasia
- Axis malformation
When is meconium usually passed, and at what point is lack of passage concerning?
usually passed in 1-4 hours, should pass by 12 hours old
What kind of enema would you give a foal with a resistant meconium impaction?
Acetylcysteine
How would you address a direct inguinal hernia?
Advise surgery
“foal heat diarrhea” is associated with what normal event?
Coprophagy and passage of protoza
Where is the stomach normally located in foals? How thick is it?
ICS 6-12, left ventral. 2 mm
What are the appropriate thicknesses of the small intestine and colon, respectively, in the first week of life?
SI: < 2.5 mm
Colon: < 2.8 mm
In which situations is a barium enema under sedation appropriate?
intraluminal obstruction and atresia
What is an abnormal nucleated cell count in foal peritoneal fluid (up to 4 mo old)?
1.5x10^9
What findings on foal abdominocentesis support septic peritonitis?
pH < 7.2
elev Lactate
> 2.7 mmol/L difference between serum and peritoneal glucose
what is a normal HR for a newborn foal vs in the first week alive?
newborn: 36-80 bpm (vagal tone)
1-7 d: 80-100
A foal is born with a cardiac arrhythmia. By what point in its life is this considered abnormal and worth investigating?
15 min - 2 hours
At what point, or in what circumstances, is a cardiac murmur in a foal abnormal?
-ICS 3 machinery murmur (PDA) after 3-4 days old
-Loud murmurs persisting 7+ days with clinical signs
What is a normal mean arterial pressure for a foal < 7 d old
around 100 mmHg
What is a normal resp rate in a newborn vs older neonate foal?
60 br/m at birth, decreases to 30 br/min
What are some pulmonary causes of elevated RR?
meconium aspriation, bact/viral pneumonia, atelectasis via recumbency, congenital dz, rib fracture or dislocation, pleural effusion
What are some extrapulmonary causes of hyperpnea?
fever, pain, excitement, exercise, brain disease, metabolic acidosis, idiopathic tachypnea syndrome
what are 2 signs of impending respiratory failure?
paradoxical thoracic wall motion, expiratory grunt
How long after collection is an arterial blood gas sample good?
90 minutes in airtight container
What non pathological context can reduce arterial PaO2 by up to 30 mmHg?
Lateral recumbency
What should supplemental oxygen be initially set to?
5 l/min
What PaO2 value defines hypoxiemia?
< 70 mm Hg
How long does it take for the kidneys to compensate for respiratory acidosis by reabsorbing bicarb?
6- 12 hours, maxes out at 4 days
