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Smith LA Medicine > Ch 46 -47 Biosecurity > Flashcards

Ch 46 -47 Biosecurity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four principal goals for infection control programs?

A
  1. Decrease likelihood of exposure
  2. Decrease intrinsic risks for HAIs
  3. Maximize participation in infection control
  4. Optimize protocol efficiency
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2
Q

How are the above 4 goals achieved? (5 main ways)

A
  1. Decr direct and indirect patient contact
  2. Optimize hygiene
  3. Use proven methods to decr risk
  4. ID high risk patients
  5. Optimize communication and education
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3
Q

Which common disinfectants are active or inactivated in contact with organic debris?

A

Rapidly inactivated: bleach, alcohols, chlorhexidine, and pov iodine

Moderate: quaternary ammonium

Very good: Phenols and Peroxygen/accelerated hydrogen peroxide

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4
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of Bleach?

A

Broad. But not cryptosporidium. Great against nonenveloped viruses and bacterial spores.

**Great for spores especially

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5
Q

What decreases the activity of bleach?

A

Organic debris, alkalinity, colder temps, ammmonia, nitrogen, cationic soaps, sunlight

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6
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of quaternary ammonium?

A

Gram neg bacteria and enveloped viruses. Okay with gram pos, limited against enveloped viruses.
Ineffective at Cryptosporidium and bact spores

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7
Q

What inactivates quaternary ammonium?

A

Anionic detergents, cold temps, low pH

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8
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of phenols?

A

Broad, limited with enveloped viruses. Not good for bact spores or Cryptosporidium

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9
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of Peroxygens?

A

Broad spectrum, incl spores and nonenveloped viruses. Some activity against crypto

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10
Q

What are good applications of peroxygens?

A

-routine enviro disinfection
-footbaths, environmental fogging
-environmentally friendly
-not good for many synthetic and metal surfaces

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11
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of alcohols?

A

poor spectrum. Okay for disinfecting patient items

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of chlorhexidine?

A

moderate. Limited for enveloped viruses. none for nonenveloped viruses, spores, crypto. Good for use on skin surfaces

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13
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of povidone iodine?

A

Moderate. Limited against enveloped viruses. Poor for nonenveloped, spores, crypto.

Bet for use on skin surfaces, diluted

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14
Q

How much contact time do most disinfectants require?

A

10-30 minutes

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15
Q

What are the five types of pathogen transmission?

A
  1. Contact: MRSA, S. equi equi, fecal-oral
  2. Droplet: Bacterial agents, power washing
  3. Vector: mosquitoes, flies, rodents
  4. Fomite: contact with materials
  5. Airborne: Usually 5 um or smaller, such as Equine influenza
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16
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Bacillus anthracis?

A

-G+, spores, anaerobic bacerium
-All species
-Cutaneous, pulmonary, or GI
-N95 mask, face mask, zero contact, no necropsy

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17
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for B. bronchiseptica?

A

G- bacterium
pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, horses
Rare dz in humans
Resp infection via contact & droplets
Barriers, hand hygiene

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18
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Brucella/brucellosis?

A

Gram neg
Production mammals, horses, dogs, etc
Flu-like in humans, mental signs, recurrent fevers arthritis

Contact, droplets, aerosol

Barriers, N95, face covers

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19
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Burkholderia mallei (farcy/glanders)?

A

-Gram neg
-Horses and equids
-Flu-like, photophobia, ulcerative cellulitis, splenic and hepatic abscesses, diarrhea, septicemia, lymphadenopathy, pneumonia
-Direct contact, droplets, prolonged contact
-N95, enhanced barriers, hand hygiene

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20
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Campylobacter jejuni or coli ?

A

-Spirochete bacterium
-Production bird and mammals, dogs, cats, etc
-Ranges mild GI distress to fulminating or relapsing colitis. Guillain-Barre syndrome possible
-Fecal-oral, ingesting contaminated material
-Hand-hygiene, outer garments

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21
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for C. difficile?

A

-Gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming
-Pigs, horses, cattle, dogs, other
-Colitis and fever, dysentery, complications
-Oral-fecal exposure, droplets
-Hand-hygiene, outer garments, resp protection if cleaning

22
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for C. perfringens?

A

-Gram positive anaerobe
-all species
-wound infections = gas gangrene. Orally, abdominal cramps, enteritis, diarrhea
-Droplets, ingestion
-Protective garments

23
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Coxiella burnetti?

A

Gram neg, spore, intracellular
Most domestic species
Fevers, pneumonia, bad for pregnant women, endocarditis
Aerosol, droplet, ingestion
N95, extensive

24
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Crypto parvum

A

-Apicomplexan protozoan parasite
-Birds, mammals, ruminants, pigs, horses
-GI disease
-Fecal-oral, droplets
-Strict hygiene

25
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Dermatophilus congolensis?

A

-Gram neg actinomycete bacterium
-Large animals
-Pustular desquamative dermatitis
-Direct contact
-gloves, hygiene

26
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Erysipelothrix rhysiopathiae?

A

-Gram negative, facultative anaerobe
-Pigs
-Cellulitis with raised red lesions
-Direct contact
-hygiene, gloves

27
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Shiga-toxin producing E coli?

A

-Gram neg bacterium
-Cattle
-Fever, enteritis, dysentery, hemolytic uremic syndrome
-fecal-oral, droplet
-hygiene

28
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Francisella tularensis? (Tularemia)

A

-Gram neg bacterium
-Sheep, rabbits, cats
-Flu, rashes, splenomegaly, ulcerative lesions, enteritis
-Contact, droplet, aerosol, ingestion
-Gloves, N95, mask, barriers

29
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for FMD?

A

-Nonenveloped RNA single strand virus
-Ruminants, pigs, camelids
-Headache, fever. Rare in people
-Contact, droplet, aerosol,
-N95, hygiene

30
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Giardia duodenalis?

A

-Flagellated protozoal parasite
-most species
-GI disease, lactose intolerance, can be chronic
-Oral fecal
-hygiene

31
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Hendra virus?

A

-enveloped, single strand RNA virus
-Horses, others
-Fever, lethargy, resp, neuro
-occupational contact with horses
-Biosafety level 4 agent

32
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Influenza virus

A

-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus
-pigs, fowl
-unusual for cross species infection
-close contact with pigs
-N95, barriers, hygiene

33
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Leptospirosis?

A

-Spirochete bacterium
-All mammals
-varies. Meningitis possible, MODS
-Skin or mucous membrane contact with blood or tissues, droplets
-N95, enhanced barriers

34
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Listeria monocytogenes?

A

-Gram positive bacterium
-all species
-papular lesions, flu-like, gastroenteritis, meningoencephalitis
-direct contact, respiratory, oral fecal, droplet, ingestion
-N95, esp risk for immunocompromised

35
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis, avium complex

A

-Acid-fast bacterium
-All species
-Depends on organs involved
-Inhalation, oral exposure, ingestion, raw, unpasteurized milk
-N95 masks, strict barrier protection

36
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Nipah virus?

A

-Enveloped single strand rna virus
-pigs
-fever, neuro, cough
-pig contact
-Biosafety level 4 agent.

37
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Parapox virus?

A

-Enveloped, double strand DNA virus
-Sheep and goats, cattle
-Papular lesions
-contact with lesions
-hygiene, gloves

38
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Rabies virus?

A

-Enveloped single strand RNA virus
-All mammals
-Encephalitis etc
-Bites, droplets, contact, respiratory secretion
-Complete animal isolation, strictest measures

39
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Rift valley fever

A

-Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus
-Ruminants
-Flu-like illness, photophobia, vomiting, eye disease, meningoencephalitis, hemorrhagic fever
-Contact, droplets, moquitoes, raw milk
-Enhanced barriers, N95, extremem precaution

40
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Rhodococcus equi?

A

-Gram positive facultative intracellular bacterium
-Horses, sheep and cattle (?)
-Can lead to chronic, progressive, granulomatous pneumonia in immunocompromised ppl
-Equine contact
-Hygiene esp for immunocompromised

41
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Microsporum or Trichophyton?

A

-Fungi
-Cattle, horses, dogs, cats
-circular dermal lesions
-direct contact
-hygiene

42
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Salmonella enterica?

A

-Gram neg bacterium
-All species
-flu-like, septicemia, dysentery, GI dz
-Oral fecal
-hygiene

43
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for Staph aureus MRSA?

A

-Gram pos bacterium
-Horses, pigs, dogs, cats
-Colonizes anterior nares w/o signs
-Direct contact
-hygiene, gloves, bandage cuts

44
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for strep suis?

A

-Gram +
-Pigs
-Meningitis, septicemia, hearing loss
-Contact with pigs
-Cover wounds, barriers, hygiene

45
Q

What type of agent, which animals are susceptible, what is the transmission mode to humans, and what PPE is recommended for vesicular stomatitis virus?

A

-Enveloped single strand RNA
-Cattle, sheep, goats, camelids, pigs, horses
-RARE in humans
-mucosal exposure
-barriers, N95

46
Q

For how long should horses with EHV-1 be isolated (without adjunct testing)?

A

28 days

47
Q

What is the best test for rapid confirmation of EHV-1 infection?

A

PCR test of nasal secretions

48
Q

What are the reportable diseases of horses?

A

Glanders
African horse sickness
Hendra virus
Vesicular stomatitis
Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella)
Equine encephalomyelitis
EHM (EHV-1)
Piroplasmosis (Babesia caballi or Theileria)
Japanese encephalitis
Piroplasmosis
West Nile virus

49
Q

What clinical signs or observations should indicate a foreign animal disease?

A

-Oral/coronary vesicles
-CNS signs
-Mucosal diseases
-Hemorrhagic septicemia
-Larvae in wounds
-Ornate ticks
-High morbidity or mortality
-Unusual/unexplained illness

50
Q

What diseases of small ruminants resemble Foot and Mouth?

A

-FMD
-Vesicular stomatitis
-Malignant catarrhal fever
-Peste des petits ruminants
-Bluetongue (REPORTABLE)
-Orf
-Epizootic hemorrhagic disease

51
Q

What diseases of cattle are difficult to tell from FMD?

A

-FMD
-Vesicular stomatitis
-Rinderpest
-BVD
-Malignant catarrhal fever (REPORTABLE)
-Bovine papular stomatitis
-Bovine herpes mammillitis
-Pseudocowpox
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

52
Q
A

Smith LA Medicine (12 decks)

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