Smart Tests Flashcards
Which amino acid is a precursor for heme in RBCs?
Glycine
How does dorzolamide reduce aqueous production?
It is a competitive inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase
Name 3 things that may result from vitamin A deficiency?
Nyctalopia
Papilledema
Xerophthalmia
Which of the ocular striated muscles is last to develop?
Levator palpebrae
Glycine is a precursor for what?
Porphyrins
Km is a measure of affinity between what?
An enzyme and its substrate
What does a vitamin A deficiency cause nyctalopia?
Vitamin A is a component in rhodopsin and iodopsin
Orbital striated muscles are derived from what dermal layer?
Mesodermal mesenchyme
What type of drug is gentamicin, and what subunit does it work on?
Aminoglycoside
30S
What type of drug are clindamycin and erythromycin?
Macrolides
Macrolides work on which subunit?
50s
Chloramphenicol, acetazolamide, and trimethoprim are all associated with the development of what adverse condition?
Aplastic anemia
What is the MOA of acyclovir?
Inhibits DNA synthesis
Pseudomembranous colitis can be a major adverse effect of prolonged therapy with which drugs?
Clindamycin
Ampicillin
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
What will an increase in CO2 levels do to the binding between hemoglobin and oxygen?
Decrease the binding
How does the body compensate for blood pH changes during hyperventilation?
Increased excretion of HCO3-
What is an extra-focal distance?
Distance between the image and the image focal point of the lens
Describe the image created by a convex mirror.
Upright
Virtual
What is the conventional (trabecular) outflow pathway?
Posterior TM Juxtacanalicular cells Schlemm's canal Collector channels Episcleral veins
A biopsy of a squamous cell carcinoma will most likely show a high concentration of what cell type?
NK cells
What does VDRL test for?
Active syphilis
What does a positive FTA-ABS test indicate?
That a person has been infected at some point by syphilis
Parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pelvis viscera originate from which area?
Sacral spinal cord
The midbrain contains the nuclei for which structures?
III
IV
Edinger Westphal nuclei
The Edinger-Westphal nuclei controls what?
Pupillary constriction and accommodation
What happens to the corneal epithelium with age?
It thins
Where is the retina the thickest?
Parafovea
Which corneal layer has the most mitochondria? Why?
Endothelium
Na/K pumps
RPE cell death and breaks in Bruch’s membrane due to the accumulation of lipfuscin increase the risk of development of which things?
Subretinal hemorrhage
Pigmented epithelial detachment
Sub-RPE hemorrhage
Serous retinal detachment
The nacociliary nerve is a branch of which nerve?
V1
What information does the nasociliary nerve carry to/from the cornea?
Pain sensation from the cornea
Which layers of the cornea are capable of regeneration following partial thickness laceration?
Epithelium
Descemet’s
How is Sjogren’s evaluated?
Salivary gland biopsy
Which systemic conditions are most often associated with SLK?
Thyroid disease - most common
Graft-vs-host disease
Describe Posner-Schlossman syndrome.
Mild AC reaction with elevated IOP, with open angle
Retinal ganglion cell death in POAG occurs primarily via what?
Apoptosis
What are the initial site of insult in glaucoma?
Ganglion cell axons
Retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma is partly due to microvascular ischemia of what?
ONH
A brownish petaloid cataract is characteristic of which disease?
Wilson’s disease
What is Wilson’s disease?
Abnormal deposition of copper within tissues, including cornea and lens
A Vossius ring is generally a sign of what?
Trauma
What is the most common benign orbital tumor in adults?
Cavernous hemangioma
What is the most common malignant orbital tumor in kids?
Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
What is the typical presentation of cavernous hemangioma?
Unilateral, progressive proptosis
Occasionally optic nerve edema and choroidal folds
Nutritional optic neuropathy is most commonly seen in those that are deficient in which vitamin?
B12
What are the common VF defects in nutritional optic neuropathy?
Central or centrocecal defects
About 50% of NAION cases have an association with what condition?
HTN
Adie’s tonic pupil is due to a lesion where?
Ciliary ganglion - decreasing innervation of the iris sphincter (parasympathetic)
Horner’s system involves which nervous system?
Sympathetic
Argyll Robertson pupil is characterized by what?
Miotic pupil
What is Terson’s syndrome?
Vitreous hemorrhage resulting from sudden elevation of ICP due to a subarachnoid hemorrhage
Can CNVM cause a vitreous heme?
No
Optociliary shunt vessels are most commonly associated with what 2 things?
Optic nerve sheath meningioma
CRVO
Best’s dystrophy show what inheritance pattern?
Autosomal dominant
Name 3 autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies.
Gyrate atrophy
Stargardt’s
Congenital achromatopsia
Talc emboli are most often associated with what?
IV drug use
What do platelet emboli look like?
Long, white plugs in retinal arteries/arterioles
Describe calcific emboli.
Large
White
Non-refractile particles
Where do calcific emboli typically originate from?
Heart valves or aorta
What type of drug is epinastine?
Antihistamine/MSC combo
What is the MOA of epinastine?
Inhibits H1 receptors
Prevents mast cell degranulation
Why do prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone alcohol more readily enter the AC than other steroids?
They are more lipophilic
Which glaucoma med may have the benefit of neuroprotection?
Brimonidine (Alphagan)
Prostaglandins work on which pathway?
Uveoscleral
What classification of drug is natamycin?
Antifungal
Bacitracin and azithromycin work on what kind of bacteria?
Gram positive only
Which common BP med has a side effect of annoying cough?
Lisinopril
What classification of drug is lisinopril?
ACE inhibitor
What is the MOA of moxifloxacin?
Inhibits DNA synthesis
What cells migrate to cover a defect following corneal trauma?
Epithelial cells
What happens to the concentration of crystallins with age?
Decreases
Which of the crystallins are soluble?
All of them
What do the crystallins do?
Maintain proper spacing of lens fibers to promot destructive interference
Which crystallins are chaperones by doing what?
Alpha - helping beta and gamma recover from injury
What is the primary source of oxygen to the corneal endothelium in open-eye conditions?
Tear film
The tear film is the primary source of oxygen for which corneal structures when the eye is open?
All of them
What 4 ions are actively secreted into the posterior chamber?
Na+
Cl-
K+
HCO3-
What are the 3 rules of pantoscopic tilt?
Sphere power increases (same power)
Cyl power increases (same power)
Induced axis is 180
Central serous chorioretinopathy is most likely to occur from hyperactivity of sympathetic fibers traveling on which nerve?
Short posterior ciliary
What is microbial biofilm?
A protective mechanism of bacteria against preservatives
Inflammation of the superficial temporal artery (temporal arteritis) may lead to irreversible damage to the anterior optic nerve due to communication with which artery?
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Name the ocular manifestations of TB.
CME Chronic, bilateral anterior granulomatous uveitis Unilateral optic disc edema Keratitis Phlyctenules Conj granulomas Scleritis
What is Uthoff’s phenomenon?
Reduced vision after increase in body temp (common in MS)
What is the primary cause of edema in inflammation?
Increased capillary permeability
HIV has progressed to AIDS when the CD4 T lymphocyte count is what?
200
What is the AC/A ratio formula?
PD - [(near -distance)*WD]
Which vitamin is required to convert procollagen to collagen?
Vitamin C
