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Clinical Neurology > Small Ruminant Neurology > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What neurological diseases are common in a lamb?

A
  • Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease)
  • Congenital Swayback (Enzootic ataxia)
  • Complications of Dystocia: brain hemorrhage, cerebral hypoxia, Hypoglycemia
  • Meningitis
  • Heat meningitis due to inappropriate heat cauterization of goat kids
  • Polioencephalomalacia
  • Tick pyemia
  • Louping Ill
  • Gid
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2
Q

What are the main etiological agents of bacterial meningitis in lambs?
How do these agents get to the meninges?

A
  • E.coli
  • Listeria
  • Mannheimia

Entry: Navel or penetrating wound

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3
Q

How can bacterial meningitis be diagnosed in a lamb?

A
  • CSF analysis: neurtrophilia + elevated protein
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4
Q

What is the prognosis for bacterial meningitis in lambs?

A

Poor

They often cause severe clinical disease and spinal abscessations

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5
Q

What is Border Disease (aka Hairy Shaker Disease), and what is the etiological agent?

A

Border disease (Britain) or hairy shaker disease (Australia and New Zealand) is a congenital disorder of lambs characterized by:

  • low birth weight and viability
  • poor conformation
  • tremor, ataxia with strength
  • excessively hairy birth coat

resulting from in-utero infection with a pestivirus

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6
Q

How can Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease) be diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs

- Confirmed by histopathology, serology, or PCR

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7
Q

How can Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease) be managed on a farm?

A
  • No treatment for those infected
  • Cull persistent shedders: can confirm with PCR
  • Cull clinically affected

Note: No vaccine available

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8
Q

A ewe aborts its fetus, what are the potential etiological agents that can cause abortion in ewes?

A 
bluetongue
chlamydiosis
listeriosis
campylobacteriosis
salmonellosis
rickettsiosis
toxoplasmosis
Akabane virus infection
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9
Q

What is Congenital Swayback (enzootic ataxia)?

A

This is a Copper Deficiency in utero or after birth resulting in permanent myelin degeneration in the spinal cord, leading to progressive incoordination and paralysis with failure of mobility

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10
Q

How can Congenital Swayback (enzootic ataxia) be diagnosed?

A
  • Assess the feed for Copper concentrations
  • PM assessment of dead lambs (liver sample)
  • Plasma Cu levels of lambs and ewes
  • Must rule out Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: it presents identically (lentivirus)
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11
Q

How can Congenital Swayback (enzootic ataxia) be managed on the farm?

A
  • No curative treatment: the damage to the myelin sheath is permanent. Supplementing the Cu to an affected animal wont fix the problem
  • Prevention is key: assess the feed Cu levels and supplement as necessary
  • Soil analysis may be helpful too

+/- Copper methionine injections to the ewe during mid-pregnancy

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12
Q

What is Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in Ruminants?

A

PEM is a pathologic diagnosis and a common endpoint of several conditions.

  • Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and camelids are affected.
  • Associated with 2 dietary risks: altered thiamine status and high sulfur intake
  • Other toxic or metabolic diseases (eg, acute lead poisoning, sodium toxicosis/water deprivation) can result in PEM as well.

The main clinical signs reflect dysfunction of the cerebrum and include wandering, circling, cortical blindness, incoordination, head pressing, recumbency, nystagmus, and seizure activity

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13
Q

How can Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) be diagnosed in a sheep?

A
  • Suspect on clinical signs and response to Tx with Thiamine administration (Vit B1 10mg/kg TID IV)
  • Confirmation with PM + Histopathology of nervous tissue

Must rule out:

  • pregnancy toxemia
  • type D clostridial enterotoxemia (focal symmetric encephalomalacia)
  • listeriosis
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14
Q

What is the management for Polioencephalomalacia caused by Thiamine deficiency?

Prognosis?

A
  • Tx: Vit B1 10mg/kg TID IV slowly (otherwise animal may collapse)
  • Prognosis is good if caught early
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15
Q

What is the etiological agent of Tick Pyemia?

A

Staph aureus

According to MSD Merck manual: Tick pyemia is mainly a staphylococcal superinfection of lambs already infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tickborne fever

Tick pyemia affects lambs 2–12 weeks old and is characterized by debility, crippling lameness, and paralysis. Pyemic abscesses are common in joints but may be found in virtually any organ

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16
Q

How can Tick Pyemia be diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Isolation of S.aureus from lesions
  • PCR: demonstration of A. phagocytophilum
17
Q

How can Tick Pyemia be Treated and Controlled?

A
  • Tx: Penicillin or tetracycline can be effective
  • Prevention is by tick control: regular dipping (q 3 weeks if a recurrent problem)
    Spring dip ewes before lambing
  • Place ewes and lambs on tick-free pasture until 6 weeks old if possible
  • Can also use a long-acting oxytetracycline at 2-3 weeks of age
18
Q

What is Louping Ill, what is the etiological agent?

A

Louping ill is an acute, tick-transmitted viral disease of the CNS that primarily affects sheep
- Etiological agent: louping ill virus (family of Flaviviridae)

19
Q

How can Louping Ill be diagnosed?

A
  • Neurologic clinical signs in association with exposure to ticks is suspicious of disease
  • Antemortem diagnosis is by serologic testing, differentiating IgM from IgG predominance by hemagglutination inhibition to show recent infection
  • Definitive diagnosis: PM + Histopathology of brain tissue
20
Q

How can Louping Ill be treated and prevented?

A
  • Tx: No specific treatment, but nursing, hand-feeding, minimizing external stimuli, and sedation may be helpful
  • Prevention is by tick control: regular dipping (q 3 weeks if a recurrent problem)
    Spring dip ewes before lambing
  • Place ewes and lambs on tick-free pasture until 6 weeks old if possible
21
Q

What is Gid in sheep? (Coenuriasis)

What is the etiological agent?

A

Parasitic tapeworm infection (T. multiceps)

  • Intermediate host infected with larvae + production of coenuri cysts in the brain tissue and spinal cord
  • Adult worms of these species develop in the small intestine of the definitive hosts (dogs, foxes and other canids)
22
Q

How can Gid be diagnosed in sheep?

A
  • Clinical signs: blindness, neurological signs such as depression, head pressing, circling
  • PM of brain and spinal tissue
  • Fecal analysis of farmdogs
23
Q

How can Gid be prevented in sheep?

A
  • Deworm dogs, as they are the definitive host
  • Dont feed dog uncooked tissue of infected sheep
  • Prevent dogs from going on sheep pasture
24
Q

How can Gid be treated in sheep?

A
  • Only surgery is a potential option

Most animals are euthanized

25
Q

What is Listeriosis in sheep?

What is the etiological agent?

A

Listeriosis is a sporadic bacterial infection that affects a wide range of animals, including people and birds
Encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in adult ruminants is the most frequently recognized form, causing neurological signs, salivation and depression

  • Agent: Listeria monocytogenes
26
Q

How can Listeriosis be diagnosed in sheep?

A
  • Clinical signs: presence of facial nerve paralysis rules out ketosis
  • Samples of lumbosacral CSF can be collected under local anesthesia. In cases of listeriosis, the CSF has an increased protein concentration (0.6–2 g/L [normal 0.3 g/L]) and a mild pleocytosis composed of large mononuclear cells.
  • PM + Histopathology
    note: Serology is not used routinely for diagnosis, because many healthy animals have high Listeria titers
27
Q

How can Listeriosis be treated and prevented in sheep?

A
  • Penicillin G should be given at 44,000 U/kg body wt, IM, daily for 1–2 wk; the first injection should be accompanied by the same dose given IV. Supportive therapy, including fluids and electrolytes, is required for animals having difficulty eating and drinking
  • In an outbreak, affected animals should be segregated.
  • If silage is being fed, use of the particular silage should be discontinued on a trial basis. Spoiled silage should be avoided.
  • Corn ensiled before being too mature and grass silage containing additives are likely to have a more acid pH, which discourages multiplication of L monocytogenes.
28
Q

How can otitis media/ interna be treated in sheep?

A
  • Parenteral oxytetracycline (10mg/kg) or penicillin G (40,000iu/kg)
  • Local lavage and antibiotics if tympanic membrane ruptured
  • Response to treatment good if prompt

Clinical Neurology (17 decks)

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