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Clinical Neurology > Pathology: Metabolic and Toxic diseases of the neural system > Flashcards

Pathology: Metabolic and Toxic diseases of the neural system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common lesions found in Metabolic and Toxic diseases in the neural system?

A
  • Usually symmetrical lesions which involve specific regions of the brain or spinal cord
  • The most common lesion is malacia (tissue softening)
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2
Q

What disease does Copper deficiency cause in Newborn or Young Lambs?

A

Swayback (Enzootic Ataxia)

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3
Q

What disease does Thiamine deficiency cause in animals (horses, ruminants and carnivores)?

A

Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CCN)

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4
Q

What causes Congenital Swayback in Newborn Lambs?

A
  • Cu deficiency during day 100 - 120 days of gestation (important time for myelination of the cerebrum)
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5
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Congenital Swayback in newborn lambs?

A
  • Blind, unable to suckle or dead
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6
Q

What lesions are found in a lamb with Congenital Swayback?

A
  • Cavitation/ gelatinous subcortical white matter of the brain
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Degeneration of the spinal cord: bilateral, symmetrical in the dorsolateral and ventromedial columns
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7
Q

What causes Delayed Swayback in Young Lambs?

A
  • Cu deficiency at 20 days after birth (important time for myelination again)
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Delayed Swayback in Young lambs?

A
  • Ataxia at 1-2 months old
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9
Q

What lesions are found in a lamb with Delayed Swayback?

A
  • No gross brain lesions are visible
  • Histologically: Chromatolysis of neuron nucleus
  • Degeneration of the spinal cord: bilateral, symmetrical in the dorsolateral and ventromedial columns (same as congenital form)
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10
Q

Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CCN) can also be seen in what other diseases/ intoxications?

A
  • Salt poisoning (water intoxication): pigs and ruminants
  • Lead poisoning: ruminants
  • Sulphur intoxication: ruminants
  • Severe hypoxia
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11
Q

How can thiamine deficiency occur in the diet of horses, dogs/ cats, and foxes/mink/cats?

A

Horses: bracken fern poisoning (contains thiaminases)
Dogs/ cats: cooked meat diet (thiamine is heat labile)
Foxes/ mink/ cats: fish diets (rich in thiaminases)

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12
Q

What lesions are associated with Thiamine deficiency in carnivores?

A
  • Multifocal haemorrhage and malacia often periventricular
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13
Q

What animal species is most commonly affected by Lead Poisoning, and why?

A

Cattle/ calves, through the ingestion of batteries, old paint, fishing weights, or contaminated feeds

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of lead poisoning?

A
  • Lead interferes with DNA transcription, enzymes that help in the synthesis of vitamin D, and enzymes that maintain the integrity of the cell membrane.
  • Anemia may result when the cell membranes of red blood cells become more fragile as the result of damage to their membranes.
  • Lead alters the permeability of blood vessels and collagen synthesis causing ischemia and neuronal injury
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15
Q

What are the typical lesions associated with lead poisoning in cattle?

A
  • Gross: cerebral edema

- Histopathology: endothelial degeneration with astrocytic swelling

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16
Q

What animals are most at risk of salt poisoning/ water intoxication?

A
  • Pigs and cattle

Due to frozen water pipes leading to dehydration

17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of salt poisoning/ water intoxication?

A
  • Decreased water intake –> dehydration and increased plasma sodium, which moves passively into the CSF
  • High sodium content in the CSF inhibits anaerobic glycolysis in the brain –> cerebral ATP production is decreased and Sodium cant be actively transported from the CSF back to the plasma
  • Increased cerebral sodium creates an osmotic gradient, water follows salt into the CSF leading to edema, increased pressure and necrosis
18
Q

How can salt poisoning/ water intoxication be treated?

A

Slow reintroduction of water

19
Q

What lesion of the neural system can chronic Clostridium perfringens type D (Pulpy kidney disease) in lambs/ calves?

A

Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia: edema +/- haemorrhage in the white and grey matter, malacia and swelling of the endothelial cells

20
Q

What lesion of the neural system can edema disease (STEC) cause in rapidly growing feeder pigs?

A

Cerebrospinal Angiopathy: widespread injury of the small arteries and arterioles, leading to edema and ischaemic injury of the tissues including the brain

21
Q

Define Dysautonomia

A

Dysautonomia or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly

22
Q

What pathological findings can be found in animals with dysautonomia?

A

Acute neuronal degeneration in the autonomic ganglia and CNS

23
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Dysautonomia?

A
  • Pupillary dilation
  • Megaesophagus
  • Constipation
  • Anorexia
  • Dehydration
  • Colic
24
Q

What is another name for Dysautonomia in horses?

A

Grass Sickness

25
Q

What is another name for Dysautonomia in cats?

A

Key-Gaskell Syndrome

26
Q

What is Equine Motor Neuron Disease?

A

Equine motor neuron disease is a progressive, noninflammatory degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem of horses

27
Q

What is the cause of Equine Motor Neuron Disease?

A

Uncertain but a strong risk factor is associated with Vit E deficiency

28
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Equine Motor Neuron Disease?

A

generalized, symmetric weakness, trembling and muscle atrophy

note: ataxia is NOT a feature, in contrast to most spinal cord diseases

29
Q

What lesions are associated with Equine Motor Neuron Disease?

A

Gross: none
Histological: degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord

30
Q

What is Hepatic Encephalopathy?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy is a decline in brain function that occurs as a result of severe liver disease. In this condition, your liver can’t adequately remove toxins from your blood. This causes a buildup of toxins in your bloodstream, which can lead to brain damage.

31
Q

What are the most common causes of hepatic Encephalopathy in Cattle and Horses?

A
  • Ragwort poisoning

- Aflatoxin ingestion

32
Q

What are the most common causes of hepatic Encephalopathy in the dog?

A
  • Porto-systemic shunts

- Liver Cirrhosis

33
Q

What are the most common causes of hepatic Encephalopathy in the Sheep?

A
  • Copper poisoning
34
Q

What lesions are associated with hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Gross: subtle cerebral edema (or no changes at all)
Histologically: Myelin edema (spongy vacuolation), and hypertrophy/ hyperplasia of astrocytes

Clinical Neurology (17 decks)

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