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Clinical Neurology > Pathology: Degenerative Diseases and Neoplasias > Flashcards

Pathology: Degenerative Diseases and Neoplasias Flashcards

1
Q

How is a degenerative disease of the nervous system characterized on pathology?

A
  • Loss of cells or cell components
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Usually slow progression
  • Commonly start at a young age
  • Peripheral or central
  • Pattern recognition

note: most degenerative diseases are suspected to be of genetic origin

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2
Q

How is pattern recognition of a degenerative neuropathy helpful in diagnosis?

A

Depending on the disease, species and breed will depend on the process and pathology, thus diagnosis

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3
Q

Define a Lysosomal Storage Disease

A

Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited metabolic diseases that are characterized by an abnormal build-up of various toxic materials in the body’s cells as a result of enzyme deficiencies

note: often the CNS is involved
note: these diseases are progressive and fatal

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4
Q

How can Lysosomal Storage Diseases be classified in pathology?

A

Based on the accumulated material found in the cells:

  • Glycoproteinosis
  • Sphingolipidosis
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis
  • Glycogenosis
  • Proteinosis
  • Gangliosidosis
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5
Q

Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease in Friesian calves

A

GM1: Gangliosidosis

- the accumulation of ganglioside due to an enzyme defect in beta-galactosidase

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6
Q

Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease in Jacob Sheep

A

GM2: Gangliosidosis

- the accumulation of ganglioside due to an enzyme defect in beta-hexasaminidase

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7
Q

Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease in Cairn and West Highland White Terriers

A

Krabbe disease or globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD)

- defective lysosomal hydrolysis of specific galactolipids found primarily in myelin

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8
Q

What is a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of rare degenerative brain disorders characterized by tiny holes that give the brain a “spongy” appearance.

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9
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in cattle

A

BSE: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

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10
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in sheep

A

Scrapie

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11
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in felines

A

FSE: Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy

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12
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in deer and elk

A

CWD: Chronic Wasting Disease

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13
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in humans

A

CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
Kuru
vCJD

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14
Q

What is the human concern when it comes to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

A

BSE spread to humans is believed to result in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans

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15
Q

How can BSE be diagnosed in a cow?

A
  • Submission of the obex region for testing

- Tests based on protease resistance of diseased prion

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16
Q

How can TSE’s be diagnosed?

A
  • Rapid Tests
  • Western Blot
  • Histopathology
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Strain typing
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17
Q

Is Scrapie in goats and sheep transmissable to humans?

A

Apparently not

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18
Q

What is Scrapie?

A

Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the nervous systems of sheep and goats. It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and as such it is thought to be caused by a prion

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19
Q

How can Scrapie be diagnosed?

A
  • Post mortem examination is important for the diagnosis of scrapie.
  • Histology of tissues shows accumulation of prions in the central nervous system
  • Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA can also be used to demonstrate the protein
20
Q

What is Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy?

A

FSE is thought to be related or identical to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
- Current thought is that the affected felines contract the disease by eating contaminated bovine meat

21
Q

What is Chronic Wasting Disease?

A

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), sometimes commonly referred to as zombie deer disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting deer, elk and moose

22
Q

Is Chronic Wasting Disease a concern to humans?

A

No current data shows transmission to humans can occur, though it is uncertain

It is however highly contagious and easily transmitted from deer to deer (or elk/moose)

23
Q

A tumour is found in the CNS of an animal, is it likely to have metastasized?

A

No, they rarely move outside of the CNS

24
Q

What are the 3 most common neoplasias that can metastasize to the CNS?

A
  • Carcinoma’s (mammary, lumg or thyroid)
  • Lymphosarcoma
  • Hemangiosarcoma

others include: malignant melanoma, and histiocytic sarcoma

25
Q

What is the prevalence of a CNS tumour in dogs?

A

4.5%

26
Q

What is the prevalence of a CNS tumour in cats?

A

2.2%

27
Q

What is the most common intracranial tumour in the cat (17%) and dog (30 - 50%)?

A

Meningioma

28
Q

What is the typical morphology of a Meningioma?

A
  • Expansive growth
  • Well-demarcated
  • Firm/ fibrous
  • May be gritty in texture
29
Q

What intracranial tumours are brachycephalic breeds more at risk of?

A
  • Astrocytoma

- Oligodendroglioma

30
Q

What is the typical morphology of an Astrocytoma?

A
  • Intra-axial (within the brain parenchyma)
  • poorly delineated
  • Brain-like consistency and colour
31
Q

What is the typical morphology of an oligodendroglioma?

A
  • well-demarcated
  • grey translucent
  • soft
  • almost like a fluctuating mass

commonly found in the frontal, olfactory, temporal and piriform lobes

32
Q

What are the histopathilogical features of an oligodendroglioma?

A
  • Uniform nuclei
  • densely cellular
  • nuclei seem to lie in a clear rounded halo or honeycomb pattern
33
Q

Where in the brain is an ependymoma more commonly found?

A
  • 3rd ventricle
34
Q

Where in the brain is a choroid plexus tumour more commonly found?

A
  • 4th ventricle
35
Q

What is the definition of a Neuronopathy?

A

Neuronopathy is a form of polyneuropathy and occurs as a result of neuron degeneration. It is a subgroup of disorders of the peripheral nervous system and involves the destruction of specific neurons in this area.

36
Q

What are the histopathological features of a neuronopathy?

A

pathological changes in the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia or ventral horn of the spinal cord

37
Q

What is the definition of an Axonopathy?

A

Broadly defined as functional or structural defects in the axon or its terminal end

38
Q

What are some of the causes of Axonopathies in domestic animals?

A
  • Trauma
  • Toxins: organophosphates/ lead poisoning, vincristin, metronidazol
  • Nutritional: B1, B6, B12 deficiencies
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Chronic uremia
  • Ischaemia
  • Immune -mediated
  • Neoplastic/ Paraneoplastic
39
Q

What is the most common cause of Axonopathies?

A

Trauma: laceration, violent stretching, tearing, compression

40
Q

What is the hereditary axonopathy found in boxers called?

A

Progressive axonopathy

41
Q

What is the hereditary axonopathy found in german shepherds called?

A

Giant axonal neuropathy

42
Q

What is the hereditary axonopathy found in Tibetan mastiff called?

A

Hypertrophic neuropathy

43
Q

What is the hereditary axonopathy found in Rottweilers, Dalmations, Leonbergers, and Pyrenese mountain dog called?

A

Polyneuropathy/laryngeal paralysis complex

44
Q

What cell type is involved in a Schwannoma?

A

Schwann cells

45
Q

What cell type is involved in a Neurofibroma?

A

Schwann cells and fibroblasts

46
Q

What cell type is involved in a Perineurioma?

A

Perineurial cells

Clinical Neurology (17 decks)

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