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Clinical Neurology > Pathology: Degenerative Diseases and Neoplasias > Flashcards

Pathology: Degenerative Diseases and Neoplasias Flashcards

1
Q

How is a degenerative disease of the nervous system characterized on pathology?

A
  • Loss of cells or cell components
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Usually slow progression
  • Commonly start at a young age
  • Peripheral or central
  • Pattern recognition

note: most degenerative diseases are suspected to be of genetic origin

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2
Q

How is pattern recognition of a degenerative neuropathy helpful in diagnosis?

A

Depending on the disease, species and breed will depend on the process and pathology, thus diagnosis

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3
Q

Define a Lysosomal Storage Disease

A

Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited metabolic diseases that are characterized by an abnormal build-up of various toxic materials in the body’s cells as a result of enzyme deficiencies

note: often the CNS is involved
note: these diseases are progressive and fatal

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4
Q

How can Lysosomal Storage Diseases be classified in pathology?

A

Based on the accumulated material found in the cells:

  • Glycoproteinosis
  • Sphingolipidosis
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis
  • Glycogenosis
  • Proteinosis
  • Gangliosidosis
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5
Q

Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease in Friesian calves

A

GM1: Gangliosidosis

- the accumulation of ganglioside due to an enzyme defect in beta-galactosidase

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6
Q

Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease in Jacob Sheep

A

GM2: Gangliosidosis

- the accumulation of ganglioside due to an enzyme defect in beta-hexasaminidase

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7
Q

Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease in Cairn and West Highland White Terriers

A

Krabbe disease or globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD)

- defective lysosomal hydrolysis of specific galactolipids found primarily in myelin

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8
Q

What is a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of rare degenerative brain disorders characterized by tiny holes that give the brain a “spongy” appearance.

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9
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in cattle

A

BSE: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

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10
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in sheep

A

Scrapie

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11
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in felines

A

FSE: Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy

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12
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in deer and elk

A

CWD: Chronic Wasting Disease

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13
Q

Give an example of a Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in humans

A

CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
Kuru
vCJD

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14
Q

What is the human concern when it comes to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

A

BSE spread to humans is believed to result in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans

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15
Q

How can BSE be diagnosed in a cow?

A
  • Submission of the obex region for testing

- Tests based on protease resistance of diseased prion

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16
Q

How can TSE’s be diagnosed?

A
  • Rapid Tests
  • Western Blot
  • Histopathology
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Strain typing
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17
Q

Is Scrapie in goats and sheep transmissable to humans?

A

Apparently not

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18
Q

What is Scrapie?

A

Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the nervous systems of sheep and goats. It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and as such it is thought to be caused by a prion

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19
Q

How can Scrapie be diagnosed?

A
  • Post mortem examination is important for the diagnosis of scrapie.
  • Histology of tissues shows accumulation of prions in the central nervous system
  • Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA can also be used to demonstrate the protein
20
Q

What is Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy?

A

FSE is thought to be related or identical to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
- Current thought is that the affected felines contract the disease by eating contaminated bovine meat

21
Q

What is Chronic Wasting Disease?

A

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), sometimes commonly referred to as zombie deer disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting deer, elk and moose

22
Q

Is Chronic Wasting Disease a concern to humans?

A

No current data shows transmission to humans can occur, though it is uncertain

It is however highly contagious and easily transmitted from deer to deer (or elk/moose)

23
Q

A tumour is found in the CNS of an animal, is it likely to have metastasized?

A

No, they rarely move outside of the CNS

24
Q

What are the 3 most common neoplasias that can metastasize to the CNS?

A
  • Carcinoma’s (mammary, lumg or thyroid)
  • Lymphosarcoma
  • Hemangiosarcoma

others include: malignant melanoma, and histiocytic sarcoma

25
What is the prevalence of a CNS tumour in dogs?
4.5%
26
What is the prevalence of a CNS tumour in cats?
2.2%
27
What is the most common intracranial tumour in the cat (17%) and dog (30 - 50%)?
Meningioma
28
What is the typical morphology of a Meningioma?
- Expansive growth - Well-demarcated - Firm/ fibrous - May be gritty in texture
29
What intracranial tumours are brachycephalic breeds more at risk of?
- Astrocytoma | - Oligodendroglioma
30
What is the typical morphology of an Astrocytoma?
- Intra-axial (within the brain parenchyma) - poorly delineated - Brain-like consistency and colour
31
What is the typical morphology of an oligodendroglioma?
- well-demarcated - grey translucent - soft - almost like a fluctuating mass commonly found in the frontal, olfactory, temporal and piriform lobes
32
What are the histopathilogical features of an oligodendroglioma?
- Uniform nuclei - densely cellular - nuclei seem to lie in a clear rounded halo or honeycomb pattern
33
Where in the brain is an ependymoma more commonly found?
- 3rd ventricle
34
Where in the brain is a choroid plexus tumour more commonly found?
- 4th ventricle
35
What is the definition of a Neuronopathy?
Neuronopathy is a form of polyneuropathy and occurs as a result of neuron degeneration. It is a subgroup of disorders of the peripheral nervous system and involves the destruction of specific neurons in this area.
36
What are the histopathological features of a neuronopathy?
pathological changes in the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia or ventral horn of the spinal cord
37
What is the definition of an Axonopathy?
Broadly defined as functional or structural defects in the axon or its terminal end
38
What are some of the causes of Axonopathies in domestic animals?
- Trauma - Toxins: organophosphates/ lead poisoning, vincristin, metronidazol - Nutritional: B1, B6, B12 deficiencies - Diabetes mellitus - Hypothyroidism - Chronic uremia - Ischaemia - Immune -mediated - Neoplastic/ Paraneoplastic
39
What is the most common cause of Axonopathies?
Trauma: laceration, violent stretching, tearing, compression
40
What is the hereditary axonopathy found in boxers called?
Progressive axonopathy
41
What is the hereditary axonopathy found in german shepherds called?
Giant axonal neuropathy
42
What is the hereditary axonopathy found in Tibetan mastiff called?
Hypertrophic neuropathy
43
What is the hereditary axonopathy found in Rottweilers, Dalmations, Leonbergers, and Pyrenese mountain dog called?
Polyneuropathy/laryngeal paralysis complex
44
What cell type is involved in a Schwannoma?
Schwann cells
45
What cell type is involved in a Neurofibroma?
Schwann cells and fibroblasts
46
What cell type is involved in a Perineurioma?
Perineurial cells

Clinical Neurology (17 decks)

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