Small Mammals Flashcards
why do myo’s not have many dental rpoblems? which jaw is wider?
what is the anatomy of a female genitalia? do they have a post partem oestrus?
only the incisors continualy grow! so mot many dental issues. the mandible is wider than the maxilla. opp.
they ‘gnaw’ still see spikes.
female - separate urathral and vaginal opening. (rabbit - vulva) ddx. pyo. vaginal plug post coitus and they do have a post partem oestrus.
what is a myomorph? what is a hystricomorph?
dental formula of both?
what is the dental formula of a rabbit?
myo - rat mouse gerbal, hamster. 1/1,0/0,0/0,3/3
hystrico - gp, chinchilla, degu - 1/1,0/0,1/1,3/3
rabbit - lagomorph. 2/1,0/0,3/2,3/3
in a hystricomorph which teeth grow? what colour is the enamel in a gp? what colour in all the others?
what is the stomach like in a hamster? do they all perfrom coprophagy?
all teeth grow in hystrico - prone to dental issues. diastema and spkies.
gp is whit enamel and yellow in all the others.
hamster - stomach looks bilobed - distinct.
caecum on the left - in a rabbit its on the right.
what is chromodactorrhoea? which species? cx of what?
seen mainly in rats. others too. red tears from the hardarian glands. normal. if exxcess cx of resp diease. much more if sick and not grooming.
what do gps often get above their tail and where is it from? what problem may arise?
often get greasy back end due to scent glands. may also get impacted.
do rats have a gall bladder?
no
hamsters have what that is unique in their mouth? what else do they have on their backs? - look like bald patches?
cheek pouches. sebaceous glands on their back - owner may think they are bald patches.
how do you sex a myomorph?
hystricomorph?
myo - male - anogenital distance is greater and a female has nipples.
hystrico - ano genital. female slit like vulva and urethral process.
gp - male - round and extrude penis. female - y shaped.
do rats have an os penis? whch other species?
yes and so do ferrets.
which species should you never hold by the tail?
which hamsters do not hibernate?
what do gerbils often get around their lips?
if you see a square shaped tail - what does it mean?
gerbils! you should cup or scruff them!
russian hamsters.
cheilitis -inflamm.
square tail - indicates they are thin - see vertebral processes.
what cx can you look for on a clinical exam?
hunched, pyloerection, aggressive, teeth grind, square tail, discharges - esp. chromodactorrhoea. lame, salivate, inapp, isolated, coat, rattle, masses, hair loss etc.
what is the range of temps?
pluses?
RR?
temp - 35-39
pulse -100-700
rr - 35-200
hedgehog - low temp all others are above 37
taking bloods? need? where from? (4 sites)
average blood volume? ow much can you take? same as a rabbit?
GA needed. sapenous, later tail vein, femoral, jugular, cardiac puncture, cranial vc.
70ml/kg of blood. can take 10% safely. or 0.5/100g if sick. or smaller animal.
urine samples? ph?
in a rat and mouse what is normal?
gerbil?
USG?
alkaline unless canrivore. gp very high ph - 9.
rat and mouse - protein is normal.
gerbil - acetone, bilirubin, glucose and proetin is normal.
USG - often >1.045.
free flow or cycstocentesis. /GA.
xray - iso. GA.
xrays? what can you see?
abdo large compared o thorax. hamster = bilobed stomach,
uroliths are common
gp - cystic ovarian disease.
skull - chinchilla have large tymoanic bullae.
testes can be retracted.
os penis in rats and mice and ferrets.
endocarditis in hamsters is common - enlarged heart.
when doing an U/S what should you try and mnimise and why?
clipping - large bw;sa ratio. therefore they lose heat easily.
way to give therapy?
iv - hard. im - no!
oral is good.
not in water as unoredictable.
ip or i/o. is okay too. - fluids good this way.
giving fluids? maintenance? how given? max at any one time?
which species absolutely needs vit c if it is ill?
100ml/kg.day. sc or orally or ip or io.
25-35 ml at any one time. 2-3xd.
gps absolutely need vit c!!
critical care of a rodent? main points? fluids? 02? which ones shoiuld be kept alone and which with a companionm?
02 therapy if blue mm or if resp difficulties.
admin warm fluids (lactate ringers) and keep them warm. i/p route is good. warm the environment up too. dont over heat as they cant pant or sweat. keep away from dogs and cats. off inticing foods and syringe feed and familiar h2o. try not to isolate from companions! (rats alone) and syrian hamsters alone. offer additional nesting material and hide boxes. keep quiet. etc etc
GIT disorders of rodents? (5) explain the place rule?
stasis? tx?
obs? cx? tx?
bloat? tx?
constipated? due to? cx? common in? tx?
diarrhoea and enteritis. ? cause? in hamsters? also called? tx?
stasis - esp if stressed and esp in hingut fermenters. hystricomorphs get dehydration of contents too. need fluids nutrition and prokinetics.
- obstruction - anorexic and acute abdo or asymptomatic. reduced faeces, lethargic, quiet, hunched - emergency!! fluids . surgery and zantac anf fibre.
- bloat - diet change. huge stomach emergency. - gps. stomach tube or trochar.
- constipation - lack of fibre. rectal impaction. often still eating! often male gps. flaccid anus? dont eat caecotrophs. manually evacuate!
- diarrhoea and enteritis - gp and hamster disrupted gut flora. enterotoxaemia. not rats and mice often. rodents cant vomit. hamster - lawsonia - wet tail, PLE. foul smell and rectal prolapse, intuss, PM die fast. tx - support oral tetra/neomycin. care . poor prog.
PLACE RULE - pen, linco, amino, ceph, erythro’s - do not give orally.
DDX diarrhoea and enteritis?
- gp and cc?
- hamster?
- all? (9)
gp and cc - diet! sudden change. laxative plants or mouldy - remove source and supportive tx.
hamster - lawsonia intracellularis. - wet tail. die quickly. PLE. 3-8w/o rectal prolapse, intuss, foul smelling.
ALL - e.coli, salmonella, (ZOO)
yersinia pseudoTB. - trans by outdoor, wild birds, rodents etc sep, wl, death, enlarged LN’s/
clostridia.spiriforme/difficile - AB doses too high - enterotoxaemia - fatal. MET. and support
TYZZERS DISEASE - c. piliforme. mice and gerbils esp. white spots in liver. and in rabbits. acute death esp young. necrotising hepatitis, lns, cns signs. silver stain. MET.
cocci - esp gp and cc. eimeria. 2 to poor husbandry. oocysts. tx - sulphur drugs and clean out
trichomoniasis - MET
pinworms - fenbend. )oxyuris) d and irritated.
AB associated - smear! enterotoxaemia. gp and hamsters. tx - fluro, TMPS, Met, transfaunation and support and probiotics.
resp diseases? rodents? cx?
tx?
most common in GPS’? most common in rabbits?
ddx? gp’s? mice? rats?
cx - discharge, chromodaccorhoea, sneeze, rattle, cough dyspnoea. red ocular disachrge. (porphyrin from harderian gland.0 anorexia and dep.
tx - AB. C+S. TW/SWABS. support - nebulise 02 nsaids vitc lower ammonia,
rats and mice - mycoplasma pulmonis - only manage chronic. ab’s.
GP - bordetella, do not mix with rabbits. they can pass it to gp’s. and dogs. stress related - otoitis media and abscesses and metritis. xrays and vit c!
GP - strep pneumoniae. otitis media etc.
Gp - kelbsiella, moraxella, pseudomonas,
Rats - mycoplasa pulmonis - rattles. chronic! cant eliminate. only supportive tx and manage. red tears. head tilit. support. may try enroflox or doxy.
mice - CAR (cilia associated resp bacillus) sendai virus. or cn get mycoplasma.
