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VMS 4001 > Small Mammal Surgery > Flashcards

Small Mammal Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Common procedures?

A
  • Neutering
  • Cystotomy (GP)
  • Scent gland excision (gerbil/hamster)
  • Mammary mass removal (rat)
  • Tail amputation
  • Adrenalectomy (ferrets)
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2
Q

What approach to GP neutering?

A
  • Flank ovariectomy -> ventral recumbeny tolerated well
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3
Q

Do we routinely spay GPs?

A

No usually because of cystic ovarian dx

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4
Q

Prevalence fo Cystic ovaries in GPs?

A
  • Most common endocrine dx in GPs identified in >75% adult females at necropsy
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5
Q

Cystic ovaries - signs?

A
  • May have none
  • May have abd distention
  • Non specific signs discomfort
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6
Q

What do functional cysts cause?

A

Non pruritic flank alopecia. (usually symmetrical)

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7
Q

Diagnosis of cystic ovaries?

A
  • CLS & palpation hgihly suspicious
  • Confirming with US (also check for endo abnormalities)
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8
Q

What are the three main treatment options for cystic ovaries?

A
  • Hormonal implants as medical tx
  • Percutaneous drainage
  • Ovariectomy
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9
Q

What to note on medical management of cystic ovaries?

A

Can potentially be cause leiomyoma in already at risk cases

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10
Q

Why is percutaneous drainage not ideal ?

A
  • Risk of iatrogenic peritonitis
  • Does not address causative factors so recurrence high
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11
Q

Describe ovariecomy process in GP?

A

BILAT dorsal flank incisions -> caudal to last rib ad ventral to transverse processes (bilaterally)

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12
Q

Describe steps of OVH GP

A
  1. 1 cm incision side flank - ovary should be right under
  2. Ligate ovarian pedicle cranially and uterine horn caudally
  3. Haemoclips or ligatures can be used to remove - sharp incision
  4. Confirm both ovaries no fragments
  5. Close muscle with cruciates absorbable - use monocryl
  6. Skin suture intradermal o glue
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13
Q

Vicryl in GPs?

A

Can form granulomas

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14
Q

GP Castration approach?

A

Abdominal -> avoid scrotum to minimise post op infections
Single incision in front of penis

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15
Q

Describe steps of abdominal castration in GP

A
  • Incise skin, fat& LA separately
  • Midling bladder an be deflected to access inguinal region
  • pressure applied to scrotum and fat pad can be visualised moiving into the abdomen
  • Grasp fat pas and exteriorise this and the attached testis
  • Break down gubernaculum and ligate spermatic cord
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16
Q

Rats Female neutering - what approach?

A

Flank or midline -> advise to routinelu spay to reduce risk of mammary masses later on

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17
Q

Rat neutering MALE approach?

A

Castration - single scrotal tip incision, ligate spermatic cord and glue skin

18
Q

Mice hamsters and gerbils spaying?

A
  • Midline abdominal spay: haemoclips helpful
  • Ovarian cysts and neoplasia very common in gerbils
19
Q

Mice hamster gerbil castrate?

A

lateral incisions to scrotum, ligate spermatic cord, close tunic and glue skin

20
Q

Ferret neutering approaches?

A
  • Spay: midline OVH like at
  • Castrate: scrotal incision like cats
21
Q

Why do e tend to do cystotomies? in who?

A
  • Urolithiasis very common in GPs
  • Inc incidence in females (short urethra) low grade bacterial cystitis
22
Q

What mineral predisp to urolithiasis?

A
  • Calcium oxalate or carbonate (radioopaque)
23
Q

CLS of urolithiasis?

A
  • No cls
  • Non sp lethargy & anorexia
  • Dysuria
  • Haematuria
  • Abd pain
  • Inc vocalisation
  • Obstruction a
24
Q

What is the posture for GA in herbivores like GPs

A

Reverse Trendelenburg position (elevated chest)

25
Q

How to do a cystotomy?

A

Same approach as spay - fat pad should pop up, reflect fat pad to visualise bladder and exteriorise
- Incise bladder on craniodorsal aspect
- Retrieve stone

26
Q

How do we close the bladder?

A

Continuous inverting layer (Lembert) of absorbably monofilament in bladder all - AVOIDING inner mucosa

27
Q

How do we close cystotomy?

A
  • Simple continuous appositional muscle layer
  • Cruciates in fat
  • Intradermals in skin
28
Q

Describe scent gland excision (gerbil)?

A
  • A ventral abdominal scent gland is present is under androgen control
  • Similar structure present in Edward hamsters but neoplasia is less common
29
Q

Who is neoplasia of scent glands common in ?

A

Entire Males

30
Q

What kind of neoplasia of scent glands do we see?

A
  • SCC, papilloma, benign hyperplasia epithelioma, become more malignant later on
  • Excision recommended
31
Q

Describe malignancy of mammary gland neoplasia

A

85% benign, 10% adenoC

32
Q

…. are less commonly affected by mammary G masses

A

MAles (but usuallt more malignant)

33
Q

Why are mammary gland neoplasia more common in females?

A

PROLACTIN DEPENDENT -> assoiaytrf with functional pituitary adenomas

34
Q

Tx for female mammary gland neoplasia?

A

Cabergoline can slo ne regrowth 1ml/kg once daily

Prophylactics spay useful in young animals

35
Q

Mammary gland mass excisions?

A

Good to do early bc high metabolism -> sharp incision most shell away relativelt easily
- Ligate vessels
- Intradermal sutures

36
Q

Zymbal’s gland adenocarcinoma (rats) - describe

A
  • Firm mass at base of ear canal
  • Present with otitis
    -Aggressive local spread btu don’t tend to metastasive
  • Palliative care
37
Q

Describe Tail amputation in Degus

A
  • Inappropriate handling can cause degloving injury to tail
  • Lack of soft tissues leads to vertebral necrosis
38
Q

What technique for Tail amputation?

A
  • Make a staggered incision to create a ventral flap of skin
  • Amputate boen here vertebraevital
  • Close skin
39
Q

Why do we do adrenalectomies in ferrets ?

A

To manage adrenal ectopic sex hormone secretion

40
Q

What approach for adrenalectomy ?

A

Midline laparotomy

41
Q

Describe left adrenal removal

A
  • Craniomedial to kidney
  • Often burried in fat
  • Potentially fully resectable
42
Q

Describe right adrenal removal

A
  • Attached to vena cava
  • Often buried in fat
  • Debulkiing may be needed
  • Paediatric Statinsky clamp can help
  • Haemoclip or laser also often incomplete

VMS 4001 (4 decks)

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