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CAEM Pt. 2 > Small Mammal Exam > Flashcards

Small Mammal Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of rabbit snuffles

A
  • Deep nasal culture
  • Oral exam
    +/- Skull radiographs, chest rads
    +/- CT scan
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2
Q

Treatment of rabbit snuffles

A
  • Antibiotics - enrofloaxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol, penicillin
  • Nebulization
  • Improving husbandry, housing, diet
  • May be a long-term problem
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3
Q

What do these signs indicate in a rabbit? = shaking head, scratching ears, discharge, head tilt (torticollis)

A

Ear disease

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4
Q

Diagnosis of ear disease in rabbits

A
  • Full PE and otic exam
  • Ear swab - to find mites
  • Anesthesia and deep culture
    +/- Skull radiographs
    +/- CT scan
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5
Q

Treatment of ear disorders (parasites, otitis)

A
  • Mites = ivermectin or selamectin, DON’T peel crusts off
  • Otitis = sedation + ear flushes with sterile saline, topical and oral/injectable antibiotics for 4-8 weeks
  • Analgesia = buprenorphine, meloxicam
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6
Q

Treatment of epiphora and conjunctivitis in rabbits

A

Treat it like bacterial with antibiotics (cipro, chloramphenicol), then try nasolacrimal duct flush if it doesn’t work

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7
Q

Common cause for corneal ulcers in rabbits

A

Other medical conditions that cause torticollis, conjunctivitis, nasolacrimal duct = DO AN EXAM

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8
Q

Treatment for rabbit corneal ulcers

A

Topical antibiotics + debridement, rarely grid keratotomy or surgical intervention (non-healing cases)

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9
Q

Causes of rabbit cataracts

A
  • Often idiopathic and clinically insignificant

- May be associated with E. cuniculi

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10
Q

Treatment of rabbit cataracts

A
  • If E. cuniculi positive = treat it

- Control inflammation

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11
Q

Treatment of rabbit glaucoma

A
  • Decreased intra-ocular P drugs = may be ineffective

- ENUCLEATION

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12
Q

Causes of unilateral and bilateral rabbit exophthalmia

A
  • Unilateral = orbital or retrobulbar abscesses
  • Bilateral = thymic mass (cranial thoracic mass) or compromised heart function = impaired venous drainage from external jugular
  • Dx = radiographs or CT scan
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13
Q

Treatment of rabbit pseudoptygerium

A

Immune-mediated - cyclosporine or prednisolone (sx is rarely successful)

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14
Q

Treatment of rabbit exophthalmos

A
  • Radiation of thymic masses
  • Surgery
  • Palliative management
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15
Q

Diagnosis of rabbit neurologic disorders

A
  • Good PE and neuro exam (can be hard)
  • First observations of the rabbit in the exam room
  • Good questions = history of trauma, change in ambulation (less hopping), head tilt, general response?
  • E. cuniculi titers
  • Full otic exam, skull rads, ear flush, ear culture
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16
Q

What does torticollis in rabbits most commonly indicate?

A

Otitis media

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17
Q

True or false - E. cuniculi can be senescent

A

True - carried for months or years before clinical signs

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18
Q

What tissue does E. cuniculi go to? Clinical signs?

A

1) Neural = seizures, paralysis, head tilt
2) Renal = AKI
3) Ocular = cataracts

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19
Q

Diagnosis of E. cuniculi

A

> U. of Miami titers - IgG, IgM, APP = helpful in determining active infection
*Combine with clinical signs

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20
Q

Treatment of E. cuniculi

A
  • Fenbendazole (some anti-inflammatory effects), causes myelosuppression
  • Ponazuril

*Variable response, neuro issues may persist

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21
Q

What do you suspect when you see rabbits with hindimb paresis/paralysis or intracranial signs?

A

Head or spinal cord trauma, poor handling

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22
Q

Are simple UTI’s common in rabbits?

A

No - requires a full diagnostic work-up

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23
Q

What is the most common cysto/renolith in rabbits?

A

Ca++ carbonate

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24
Q

Treatment of rabbit bladder sludge

A
  • Diuresis = fluids, grass hay with watery veggies
  • Eliminate high Ca++ foods
  • Bladder flushing can carry bladder rupture risk
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25
Q

Diagnosis of rabbit bladder sludge or uroliths

A
  • Radiographs = of the perineum and both kidneys

- U/A = hematuria, pyuria, bacturia

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26
Q

Treatment of rabbit uroliths

A
  • Surgical removal of cystic calculi
  • Manipulate urethroliths in females
  • MANAGEMENT = increased water intake, moderately restricted Ca++, control UTI’s
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27
Q

Most common cause of urinary incontinence in rabbits

A

Secondary to neurologic conditions

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28
Q

What drug should you never use to treat fleas in rabbits?

A

Fipronil - 100% fatal

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29
Q

What should you suspect in a rabbit with mild flaking (seborrhea) or severe, pruritic dermatitis?

A

Cheyletiella, find with skin scrape (may be difficult)

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30
Q

Treatment of Cuterebra

A
  • Remove or extend the incision to remove
  • Flush cavity with sterile saline or chlorhex
  • Oral antibiotics for 7-10 days
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31
Q

Treatment for maggots

A
  • Sedation, clipping, clean area, remove maggots

- Analgesia and antibiotics

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32
Q

Predisposing factors for rabbit pododermatitis (5)

A
  • Obesity
  • Wire floors
  • Lack of exercise
  • Soiled bedding
  • Incontinence
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33
Q

Diagnosis of rabbit pododermatitis

A

Visualization + radiographs (may extend to osteomyelitis)

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34
Q

Treatment of rabbit pododermatitis

A 
- Clean affected areas and debride
\+/- Culture
- Bandage with donuts to alleviate pressure 
- Antibiotics
- Analgesia
- Change environment
- Diet change and weight loss
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35
Q

Clinical signs of guinea pig vit-C deficiency

A

> > Vitamin-C = involved in collagen synthesis
+ Lameness
+ Swollen joints (knee)
+ Dental disease
+ Poor fur condition
+ Immunosuppression = delayed wound healing, secondary bacterial infections

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36
Q

Are pellets or water supplements a good source of vitamin-C for guinea pigs?

A

NO - oxidizes and breaks down

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37
Q

Most common urolith in guinea pigs

A

Ca++ carbonate

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38
Q

Problem and treatment with guinea pig serous cysts

A
  • Space-occupying lesion = compress GI tract = anorexia
  • Tx = OHE if quality of life is impaired
  • Tx = U/S FNA, but will recur
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39
Q

Do serous or follicular cysts respond to hormonal treatment?

A
  • Serous = No

- Follicular = YES

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40
Q

Things you suspect with alopecia in a guinea pig (4)

A

1) Follicular ovarian cyst
2) Vitamin-C deficiency
3) Parasitic = mites (Trixacarus caviae)
4) Infectious = dermatophytes

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41
Q

Treatment of follicular ovarian cysts

A

GnRH agonist or OHE

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42
Q

What problem do you have with breeding guinea pigs?

A

If done > 6 months = pelvic symphysis fuses = DYSTOCIA

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43
Q

Treatment of uterine prolapse in guinea pigs

A

OHE - don’ try and replace it

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44
Q

Cause and treatment of guinea pig pregnancy toxemia

A
  • Cause = ketosis, anorexia, obesity

- Tx = NOT GREAT, work on prevention

45
Q

Do we house guinea pigs and rabbits together?

A

No - rabbits can give their normal respiratory flora (Bordetella, Strep) to the guinea pigs

46
Q

What do you suspect in a guinea pig with severe pruritus?

A

Mites - Trixacarus caviae

47
Q

Cause of pododermatitis in guinea pigs

A

> Pressure induced ischemia and inflammation of foot pad

  • Same as in rabbits, can also lead to osteomyelitis
  • Obesity
  • Coarse bedding
  • Poor sanitation
  • Wire or abrasive flooring
48
Q

Most common cause of exophthalmos in guinea pigs

A

Tooth root abscesses

49
Q

What is osseous choriostoma in guinea pigs?

A

Ciliary body mineralization –> bone formation and uveitis

50
Q

What is pea eye in guinea pigs?

A

Protrusion of glandular tissue from inferior conjunctiva

51
Q

Diagnosis of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs

A

Strep zooepidemicus - like strangles in horses –> cytology and culture of lymph nodes

52
Q

Differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs

A

Lymphoma

53
Q

What should you suspect in a guinea pig that is PU/PD, hyperactive, and weight loss despite a good appetite?

A

Hyperthyroidism

54
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of guinea pig hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs

A

Like small animals

  • Dx = measure T4
  • Tx = methimazole, I-131, or surgery
55
Q

Most common urolith in chinchillas

A

Ca++ carbonate

56
Q

Is dystocia more common in chinchillas or guinea pigs

A

Guinea pigs

57
Q

What organism do you suspect, in chinchillas, with localized conjunctivitis, enteritis, otitis, pneumonia?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

58
Q

Common cause of epiphora in chinchillas

A

Cheek tooth elongation and nasolacrimal duct obstruction

59
Q

How do we treat chinchilla epiphora and secondary conjunctivitis?

A

NSAIDS and antibiotics - can’t flush the nasolacrimal duct

60
Q

What do we get concerned about, in chinchillas, if we see depression, lethargy, tachycardia, dyspnea, poor body condition, or pale MM?

A

Less benign heart murmurs

61
Q

How do we diagnose heart murmurs and cardiac disease in chinchillas?

A

Echocardiography

62
Q

Purpose of hamster cheek pouches

A

> Bilateral invaginations of buccal epithelium

*For storage and transportation of epithelium

63
Q

Treatment of hamster cheek pouch disease

A
  • Reposition with moistened Q-tip
  • Place stay suture
  • Continually prolapses = resection
64
Q

What aged hamsters do we see wet tail in most frequently? Tx?

A

+ Diarrhea

  • Young hamsters (< 12 wks)
  • Tx = antibiotics = enrofloaxacin, doxycycline
65
Q

Causes of wet tail diarrhea in hamsters?

A
  • Bacterial = Lawsonia, Campylobacter
  • Antibiotic induced (PLACE)
  • Protozoal
66
Q

Common mites types in hamsters

A
  • Demodex = immunosuppressed older animals

- Sarcoptes = uncomon

67
Q

Treatment of hamster demodex

A

Ivermectin > 30 d or selamectin topical

68
Q

Common cause of hamster pyoderma

A

*Usually secondary (like trauma) - Staph aureus, Strep

69
Q

Most common cause of hamster trauma and skin disorders

A

Cage mate aggression

70
Q

Types of hamster neoplasia (2)

A
  • Cutaneous lymphoma

- Epitheliomas (hamster polyomavirus)

71
Q

Types of hamster metabolic/endocrine skin disorders (2)

A
  • Hyperadrenocorticism = adenoma or carcinoma

- Chronic renal disease

72
Q

What do we suspect, in hamsters, with tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, lethargy, anorexia, etc?

A

Cardiac disease (> 1.5 yrs)

  • Dx = radiographs, echo
  • Tx = diuretics, ACE-i, anticoagulants
73
Q

Common confounding factors for rat respiratory disease

A
  • Crowding
  • Stress
  • Poor nutrition
  • Co-infections
74
Q

Common microbe in chronic respiratory rat infections

A

Mycoplasma pulmonis - 100% of pet rats infected, see disease > 1-1.5 yrs old

75
Q

Common microbe in acute respiratory rate infections

A

Strep pneumoniae - common in younger animals (normal nasal flora)

76
Q

True or false - rat respiratory disease is multifactorial

A

YES - environmental and infectious interactions

77
Q

Diagnostics for rat respiratory disease (do’s, don’ts)

A
  • Imaging = differentiate between respiratory and cardiac disease
  • DON’T use BAL and C&S, serology (not helpful)
78
Q

Antibiotic therapy (and other tx) of rat respiratory disease

A
  • Amoxicillin/clavulenic acid = good for gram positives
  • Enrofloaxacin, doxy, azithromycin = good for Mycoplasma
  • Others = bronchodilators, mucolytics, NSAID’s, nebulization
79
Q

Cause of porphyrin tears in rats

A

Stress or illness - not a disease in itself

80
Q

What should you remember about rat mammary tumors?

A

Mammary glands are distributed abundantly along the body (in both males and females) = don’t rule out a mammary tumor based on its location

81
Q

Most common type of mammary tumor in rats

A

Benign fibroadenomas

82
Q

Treatment of rat mammary tumors

A
  • Surgical excision ASAP to avoid large vascular tumors = BENIGN
  • Perform OHE if it recurs
  • Can try deslorelin implants = helpful in animals that can’t undergo sx
83
Q

Differential in a rat with head tilt, anorexia, weakness

A

Pituitary tumor - can secrete prolactin (cystic proliferation or mammary tissue)

84
Q

Treatment of rat pituitary tumor

A
  • Anti-prolactin
  • Palliative with steroids and NSAID’s

*Limited efficacy

85
Q

What is the prognosis for hedgehog squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Poor, can attempt resection

86
Q

Common cause and treatment of hedgehog ocular disease

A

Shallow orbits (proptosis, corneal perf, phthisis bulbi) - tx by enucleation

87
Q

Cause, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Wobbly hedgehog disease

A
  • Cause = thought to be genetic
    + Paraparesis and ataxia, progress to tetraplegia
  • Dx = at necropsy
  • Tx = none
  • DDx = IVD
88
Q

What do you suspect, in a hedgehog, with seborrhea, quill loss, and crusts at quill bases?

A

Caparinia tripilis mites, often with concurrent dermatophytes

89
Q

Clinical signs of hedgehog torpor

A

Depression, anorexia, obtundation, recumbency –> warm before determining prognosis

90
Q

Common clin path findings in sugar gliders with fruit only (deficient diets)

A
  • Hypoproteinemia
  • Anemia
  • Hypocalcemia = neuro signs
91
Q

How much should a normal sugar glider weigh?

A

80-160 grams

92
Q

Treatment of sugar glider nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Ca++
    +/- Vitamin-D
  • Rest
93
Q

Treatment of sugar glider self-mutilation

A
  • Analgesia
  • Stress reduction and environmental change
  • E-jackets or e-collars
  • Anxiolytics
  • Put them in groups
94
Q

Treatment for ferret heartworm

A

Moxidectin and imidacloprid - Advantix Multi

95
Q

Treatment of ferret ear mites

A
  • Treat all animals/ferrets in the home
  • Wash bedding
  • Tx w/ imidacloprid + moxidectin (Advantage Mutli), ivermectin injfections, selamectin topical
96
Q

Clinical signs of adrenal associated endocrinopathy in ferrets

A 
\+ Alopecia
\+ Pruritus
\+ Change in behavior = hyperactive or lethargy
\+ Swollen vulva
\+ Stranguria due to prostatomegaly
97
Q

Diagnosis of ferret adrenal associated endocrinopathy

A
  • Blood test measuring sex hormones (NOT CORTISOL)
  • U/S
  • Definitive dx = surgical biopsy
98
Q

Treatment for ferret adrenal associated endocrinopathy

A
  • Sx = adrenalectomy
  • GnRH antagonist implant = deslorelin
  • Injection of GnRH antagonist
  • Meds = hormone inhibitors (flutamide, anastrazole)
99
Q

Thought of pathogenesis of ferret insulinoma

A

Feeding too many carbs or treats

100
Q

Clinical signs of ferret insulinomas

A 
\+ "Flat ferret syndrome"
\+ Hind end weakness
\+ Drooling
\+ Grinding teeth
\+ Acting "off"

< 70 mg/dL

101
Q

Tx of ferret insulinomas

A
  • Meds = prednisone, diazoxide
  • Sx = LONGEST SURVIVAL
  • Small and frequent meals (every 2 hrs)
102
Q

Types of ferret lymphoma (3)

A

1) Juvenile lymphoblastic - aggressive
2) Adult lymphocytic - less aggressive
3) Cutaneous = very bad

103
Q

Dx and tx of ferret lymphoma

A
  • Dx = FNA, cytology, radiographs for staging

- Tx = chemo, radiation, prednisone

104
Q

Syringe feeding guideline for small mammal herbivores

A

50-80 mL/kg/day, over 3-4 feedings

105
Q

Maintenance fluid for small mammals

A

60-100 mL/kg/day

106
Q

What might a glucose of > 400 mg/dL mean in small mammals?

A

Intestinal obstruction

106
Q

What might a glucose of > 400 mg/dL mean in small mammals?

A

Intestinal obstruction

107
Q

What antibiotic do we use to treat periodontal disease?

A

Mixed aerobe and anaerobe = enrofloxacin + metronidazole/pen G (anaerobes)

CAEM Pt. 2 (27 decks)

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