Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CAEM Pt. 2 > Exam #3: Repro Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Exam #3: Repro Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gestation length of mares

A

> 335-342 days

Winter adds 10 days

Males take 2-3 days longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Timeframe, signs, dx, and tx of uterine torsion

A
  • Common between 5-9 months
    + Low-grade persistent colic, non-responsive to analgesia
  • Dx: rectal palpation
  • Tx: roll the mare, surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fetal movement in the uterus

A
  • Day 100 = floating in uterus
  • Day 190 = taking up room in the body of the uterus, head points caudally
  • Day 240 = legs are extended into the uterine horns, no longer able to rotate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common etiologic agents of ascending placentitis

A

Bacterial = Strep zooepidemicus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Route of infection for ascending placentitis

A
  • Ascend from caudal repro tract due to poor conformation or leaky cervix
  • Less common - hematogenous infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does ascending placentitis most commonly occur in pregnancy?

A

Last trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical signs of ascending placentitis

A

+ Mammary gland development, dripping colostrum
+ U/S evidence of increased combined thickness of uterus and placenta (> 12 mm after 9 months, make sure it’ not a vessel)
+ Placental separation
+ Changes in fetal fluid character
+ Vulvar discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tx of ascending placentitis

A
  • Begin at the first signs of placentitis
  • Banamine
  • TMS = good placental penetration
  • DOUBLE DOSE of altrenogest = keeps the uterus quiescent
  • Pentoxyifylline (anti-inflam)
  • Administered until abortion occurs, or delivery of a live foal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs of impending parturition

A
  • 3-6 weeks before = mammary development
  • 2 days to 6 hrs before = waxing from udder
  • Changes in milk electrolytes (decrease Na, increase in Ca)
  • Measure Ca or CaCO3 = more helpful to determine if pregnancy will not occur soon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Monitoring methods for parturition

A
  • Alarms for opening of vulva or vagina (false +)
  • Halter position monitors (false +)
  • Night watchers
  • Video cameras
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Characteristics of a good foaling area (4)

A
  • Large
  • Clean
  • Deep bedding
  • Accessible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amount of fetal hormones that the mare sees

A

Very little, majority of hormones are processed by the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Estrogen produced during parturition

A
  • No difference in amount produced based on female and male feti
  • Decreases in last 2-3 months of gestation
  • End of gestation = pulses that increase at night = coincide w/ myometrial contraction and oxytocin increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormonal change that initiate parturition

A
  • Fetal gonad steroids are transformed into cortisol instead of P4
  • Increases in PGF
  • Increases in oxytocin
  • Decreases in estradiol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal foal presentation

A

Longitudinal - cranial/anterior

Abnormal = longitudinal posterior (breech), transverse (dorsal, ventral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal foal position

A

Normal = dorso-sacral (spine of foal with mare)

Abnormal = dorso-ilial (left, right), dorso-pubic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal foal posture

A

Normal = legs extended/staggered (position of neck, legs)

Abnormal = flex forelimb/neck, flexed shoulder and dog sitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Signs of first stage labor

A 
- Lasts 0.5-4 hours
\+ Restelessness
\+ Mild colic
\+ Patchy sweating
\+ Looking at the flank
\+ Lying down and getting up frequently
\+ May see the allantois in the vagina - RUPTURES = END OF stage 1
  • Grab tail, cleanse the perineum
  • Foal is positioned, flips dorsal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Events and clinical signs of stage 2 labor

A
  • Forceful abdominal contractions via oxytocin release
    + First hoof at vulva 5 min after rupture
    + Expulsion of fetus
    *Lasts 20-30 min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Events of stage 3 labor

A

> Expulsion of placenta

  • Expelled inside out, examine for completeness, thickness, villi, color
  • Occurs within 30 min to 3 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are chorioallantoic pouches normal?

A

Yes - where the endometrial pouches are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are white portions on the placenta normal?

A

Yes - cervical star and portion over the uterotubal junction

23
Q

Is yellow or green discoloration of the amnion normal?

A

No - staining from foal’s meconium, indicates stress of the foal

24
Q

Common and uncommon causes of dystocia

A

> Common = malposition (forelimbs, neck), premature placental separation (red bag)
Less frequent = malposture (hindlimbs or hips), caudal presentation (breach), transverse presentation

> Maternal = uterine inertia, pelvic abnormalities, uterine torsion, problems with abdominal press

> Fetal = problems with PPP, weak foals that don’t rotate, teratogenic effects, hydroamnios

25
Q

Characteristics of dystocia

A
  • Stage 1 = > 4 hours
  • No forelimb at vulva > 5 min after chorioallantoic rupture
  • Problems with PPP at any time
  • No stage II progression after 10 min
  • Presence of hemorrhage, odor, abnormal color, etc.
26
Q

What should you always do during a dystocia?

A

> CHECK THE MARE - don’t get so focused on the foal
Move quickly = ask about history and records while prepping/cleaning the mare
Vaginal exam for PPP, status of foal and vagina/uterus

27
Q

Options to deal with dystocia (4)

A
  • Assisted vaginal delivery = gentle traction and manipulation (C-section in 10-15 min)
  • Controlled vaginal delivery = general anesthesia, hoist mare’s hindquarters, repulse and manipulate (C-section in 10-15 min)
  • C-section
  • Fetotomy
28
Q

What type of fetotomy is recommended?

A

Partial - full is risky for the mare, tiring for the operator

*May be easier with controlled vaginal delivery with the hindquarters hoisted

29
Q

What method is preferred for live foals, true breeches, transverse presentations, and/or severe trauma of the birth canal?

A

C-section

30
Q

Pathology behind “red bag”

A

> Premature placental separation
- Emergency due to fetal hypoxia (once it ruptures)
+ Chorioallantois is visible and failed to rupture
- Tx: open it and provide assisted vaginal delivery
*Make sure it’s not an organ prolapse

31
Q

What should you do with a mare that is high risk, ruptured prepubic tendons, has an abdominal hernia or hydrallantois?

A

Induce parturition

32
Q

What is one day to gauge fetal maturity when you want to induce parturition?

A

Examine milk electrolytes

33
Q

Side effects of induction of parturition (3)

A

1) Dystocia
2) Premature placental separation - almost always occurs
3) Fetal hypoxia and dysmaturity

34
Q

Treatment of choice to induce parturition

A

Oxytocin, should deliver within 15-90 min

35
Q

When is a placenta considered retained in a mare?

A

> 3 hrs after delivery

+ Placenta is visible (not passed), incomplete placenta was expelled, mild colic

36
Q

Treatment of retained placenta

A

> If placenta is visible

  • Knot the placenta to distribute the weight
  • Administer oxytocin
  • Refill chorioallantois with water if intact
  • Uterine lavage with warm/sterile water = helps to separate
  • Careful manual twisting of placenta
  • 5-6 hrs = med tx to prevent septicemia, toxemia, laminitis

> Not visible:

  • Vaginal/uterine exam
  • Administer oxytocin
  • Uterine lavage with warm/sterile saline
  • Med tx for prevention of septicemia, toxemia, laminitis
37
Q

Dx? Post-partum (as early as 12 hr) = fever, muddy MM, laminitis, fetid vaginal discharge, anorexia, CAUSE?

A

Metritis, laminitis, and septicemia

Cause = gross contamination at foaling or retained placenta

38
Q

Tx of septicemia, laminitis, and metritis

A
  • Uterine lavage
  • Tx endotoxemia = fluids, antibiotics, NSAID’s
  • Forced exercise if not laminitic = frog support, ice feet
39
Q

Cause of peripartum hemorrhage

A
  • Usually occurs within 24 hours of foaling

> Rupture (most commonly) of middle uterine artery, or utero-ovarian or external iliac

40
Q

Predisposing factors for peripartum hemorrhage

A
  • Age
  • Number of previous foalings
  • Low serum copper
41
Q

Dx? Tachycardia, tachpnea, cold extremities, trembling, sweating, weakness, pain, discomfort (mild colic), pale MM –> low PCV/TP, hypovolemic shock

A

Peripartum hemorrhage

42
Q

Treatment of peripartum hemorrhage

A
  • Medical tx for shock
  • Stall rest
  • Analgesia
  • Antibiotics
43
Q

Common timeframe for uterine prolapse to occur

A

Few hours after foaling

44
Q

Predisposing factor for uterine prolapse

A
  • Dystocia
  • Abortion
  • Retained placenta
  • Age
  • Number of previous foalings
45
Q

Tx of uterine prolapse

A
  • Sedation, analgesia, epidural or general anesthesia
  • Clean the uterus
  • Manually replace
  • Fill uterus with fluid to help invert the uterus
  • Caslick’s to keep it there
46
Q

What do these factors predispose a mare to: dystocia, uterine torsion, fetotomy?

A

Uterine rupture

47
Q

Dx? Colic, tachycardia, sweaty, cold, depression and fever within 24 hours

A

Uterine rupture

48
Q

Most common location of uterine rupture

A

Dorsal aspect of the uterus (foal hoof)

49
Q

Dx of uterine rupture

A
  • Palpation via vaginal or rectal exam

- Abdominocentesis = increased protein and WBC, evidence of hemorrhage, septic peritonitis

50
Q

Treatment of uterine rupture

A

> SURGICAL = recommended, fix rupture, lavage abdomen, evaluate uterine/GI integrity and viability
Medical = not recommended, only if dorsal aspect of uterus

51
Q

Treatment of agalactia

A

Domperidone

52
Q

Common bacterial, viral and protozoal venereal diseases

A

> Bacteria = Strep equi zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Taylorella (contagious equine metritis)
Viral = equine arteritis virus, EHV-3
Protozoal = dourine (Trypanosoma equiperidum, exotic)

53
Q

Causes for abortion (6)

A
  • Early embryonic death (< 40 days)
  • Twins
  • Torsion
  • Secondary to colic
  • Infectious - ascending placentitis, systemic [EHV-1, Strep, Nocardia, Lepto, mycotic, EIA, EVA, Babesia)
  • Toxic = mare reproductive loss syndrome

CAEM Pt. 2 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions