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CAEM Pt. 2 > Exam #3: Equine Nutrition > Flashcards

Exam #3: Equine Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Five tips for feeding lactating mares (or other performance animals)

A

1) Add grain - forage alone can’t meet needs
2) Split up feediings = 10-15 lbs of grain, split BID or TID/day for the first 3 months
3) Adequate protein = building blocks
4) Account for foal’s consuming grain, either separate feed or feed mare more
5) Monitor BCS

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2
Q

What is the first limiting amino acid in growth and development?

A

Lysine

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3
Q

What BCS should broodmares be when they enter the breeding season?

A

Chubby, BCS = 7-8, until pregnancy is documented

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4
Q

What BCS do we maintain broodmares at?

A

BCS = 5-7

Below BCS of 5 = may jeopardize reproductive performance

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5
Q

Six areas we use to determine BCS

A

1) Crest of neck, along mane
2) Along the withers
3) Crease of the back
4) At the tailhead, rump
5) Over the ribs (mid thorax)
6) Behind the shoulder

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6
Q

Cause of prominent or muscle wastage withers

A
  • Prominent withers = conformation

- Muscle wastage = poor fitting saddle

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7
Q

What is a healthy horse BCS?

A

> BCS = 4-6, determined by workload and management

  • BCS = 4 = moderately thin
  • BCS = 5 = moderate
  • BCS = 6 = moderate fleshy
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8
Q

BCS for flat back (no crease or ridge), ribs aren’t visual but can be felt, tailhead is starting to be fleshy, rounded withers, shoulder/neck blend smoothly

A

BCS = 5, moderately thin

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9
Q

BCS of starting to see the ribs

A

BCS = 4, thin

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10
Q

BCS for slight back crease, some fat over the ribs, sides or withers, behind shoulders, along neck, fat around tailhead is soft

A

BCS = 6 = moderately fleshy

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11
Q

BCS for crease down back, fat filling in between ribs, soft fatty tailhead, fat deposits along withers, behind shoulders, along neck

A

BCS = 7 = fleshy

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12
Q

What is the best form of recording weight changes?

A

BCS, weigh/record your horse every 2 weeks

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13
Q

How do we estimate the weight of a horse?

A

> Wt (lbs) = (heart girth^2 x body length/ 330)

  • Body length = point of shoulder to gluteals
  • Heart girth = circumference just behind elbow
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14
Q

When do we start supplemented foal with feed? How much?

A

> 4 months - start on concentrate type they will be fed as a weanling
6-8 lbs of grain/day at weaning
1 lb of hay/100 lbs at weaning

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15
Q

How much do we feed yearlings and two year olds?

A

0.5-1 lb grain/100 lbs

1-1.5 lb hay/100 lbs

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16
Q

What is the ideal BCS for foals?

A

BCS = 5-7

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17
Q

What do we use to BCS foals?

A

Same system as mares - neck, withers, shoulder, ribs, back, rump

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18
Q

How much weight and height (%) do foals have at 6 months?

A

80% of mature height

50% of mature weight

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19
Q

How much hay do we feed a mature horse?

A
  1. 5-2 lbs hay/100 lbs
  2. 5-0.75 lbs protein supplement/100 lbs

High workload = 0.5-1.75 lbs grain/100 lbs

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20
Q

Grain and hay amounts across pregnancy and lactation

A

> 1st half pregnancy = 1.5-2 lbs hay/100 lbs
2nd half pregnancy = 0.5-1 lb grain/100 lbs, 1-1.5 lbs of hay/100 lbs
Lactating = 1-1.5 lbs grain/100 lbs, 1-1.5 lbs hay/100 lbs (just as much grain as hay)

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21
Q

How often should we be feeding horses?

A

Twice a day, feed at the same time each day

Allow access to hay throughout the day

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22
Q

When do we introduce creep feed?

A

Slowly after 1 month = 0.75-1 lb feed/100 lbs

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23
Q

Most important nutrient?

A

Water

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24
Q

How much protein is usually in the diet? Who needs the most?

A

7-20% of horse’s diet, adults usually require 8-12%

Required in greater amounts for young and growing animals

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25
Q

Where do we get most of our vitamins and minerals?

A

In high quality hays or grains

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26
Q

What is the only B-vitamin that may require supplementation?

A

Thiamin

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27
Q

Where do we get Ca/P?

A 
Ca = in hays/forages
P = can be found in grains
28
Q

Ca/P ratio requirements

A

> Ideal = 1.43:1

  • Never less than 1:1
  • Never over 3:1 in young or 6:1 in mature horses
29
Q

Which minerals do we usually have to supplement?

A

Na, Cl

30
Q

Pros of omega -3 fatty acids

A
  • Reduce inflamation
  • Improve coat quality = shine, softness
  • Improve digestion
  • Boost immune function
  • Reduce chance of laminitis
  • Help regulate thyroid function
31
Q

How much flax seed do we feed?

A

4-6 oz/day, don’t exceed 8 oz/day

40% fat
30% highly digestible fiber
20% protein

32
Q

What should we do if we want to adjust the diet?

A

Do it slowly = over 7-10 days

33
Q

How long do we fast horses for?

A

36 hours (digestion takes 36-72 hrs)

34
Q

How much do horses drink daily?

A

1 gallon/100 lbs/day

Increases with climate, activity level, feed type, lactation, diarrhea, etc.

35
Q

Where should the primary source of energy come from?

A

Fiber (forages)

36
Q

Which is the most difficult E source to use - fiber, grain, fat, protein?

A

Protein

37
Q

Risks with deficient energy

A
  • Weight loss
  • Depressed immunity
  • Intolerance of cold and stress
  • Impaired repro
38
Q

Risks with excess energy

A
  • Obesity, equine metabolic syndrome
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Heat intolerance
  • Risk of laminitis and colic
39
Q

What two amino acids are required?

A

Lysine, threonine

40
Q

What do these signs suggest? Poor hair coat/quality, retarded growth rate, weight loss, poor wound healing, impaired immune system

A

Protein deficiency

41
Q

How much fat do we need to absorb fat soluble vitamins?

A

2-3%

42
Q

What clinical signs do we see with low Ca and excess P?

A
  • Adults = “big head” = nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Young = leg deformities, growth defects
43
Q

What should we be feeding horses that have Cushing’s, metabolic syndromes, chronic laminitis, or ulcers and recurrent colics?

A

Low starch horse feeds

44
Q

How much grain do we usually want to feed?

A

0.5 lbs feed/100 lb per feeding

45
Q

What is high in legume hays?

A

High protein, high Ca, P

46
Q

What do we increase in younger and older animals?

A

Grain to hay ratio

47
Q

Things to consider with hot weather

A
  • Small frequent feedings
  • Low roughage
  • Avoid excess protein (add fat if needed)
  • Increase water intake
  • Shade
    +/- Electrolyte supplement
48
Q

Things to consider with cold weather

A
  • Increase digestible energy content
  • Free choice roughage
  • Energy dense feeds for young/old
  • Clean and heated water
  • Supplement vitamins A and D
49
Q

Special dietary considerations with geriatric horses

A
  • 10-20% increase in feed/day
    • Small/frequent feedings
    • Reduced protein, fiber
  • Higher quality protein
  • More digestible energy (fats)
  • Supplement vit C and B
  • Increased roughage quality
  • Avoid high Ca = cause renal calculi
50
Q

What do you want to avoid with horses with poor dentition?

A

Pelleted feeds - use cracked, crimped, steamed, flaked grains

51
Q

What do we need to ensure to provide with horses with critical illness? Why?

A

Adequate nutrition = calories and nutrients for maintenance and any ongoing losses

  • Avoids muscle wasting and catabolic states
  • Maintains glucose regulation
  • Foster tissue healing
  • Maintains immune function
  • Maintain gut function and integrity
52
Q

What can happen when a horse goes off feed?

A
  • Hyperbilirubinemia
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Hyperlipemia
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of muscle mass
  • Electrolyte and mineral imbalances
  • Acid-base alterations
53
Q

Most animals can withstand 2-3 days without feed, but who cant? (3)

A

1) Late pregnant mares
2) Lactating mares
3) +/- Mini horses

54
Q

Which types of animals do we want to treat aggressively with nutrition?

A
  • BCS > 7 - fatty liver
  • Systemic dz = Cushing’s, equine metabolic syndrome, compromised or sick neonates
  • BCS < 3 or quick weight loss
55
Q

Main advantage of enteral feeding

A

Maintains GI integrity and nutrient utilization

Less expensive, easier, can feed normal rations

56
Q

Where is the majority of nutrients absorbed?

A

Small intestine

57
Q

Complications of enteral feeding

A
  • GI = diarrhea, colic, alter GI motility
  • Laminitis
  • Metabolic derangements
  • Mechanical
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Draining tract or stricture with esophagotomy tube
58
Q

What should you be doing daily with horses on nutritional support?

A

Weigh the horse daily

59
Q

Indications for partial or total parenteral nutrition (3)

A

1) Inability to eat
2) Malfunctioning GI tract (ileus, non-mechanical intestinal obstruction)
3) Dysphagia - pharyngeal or esophageal

60
Q

Components of parenteral feeding

A
  • Dextrose
  • Amino acids
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Trace minerals
  • Electrolytes
  • Bicarbonate
61
Q

Things to remember with parenteral nutrition

A
  • Put in peripheral vein (jugular)
  • Gradual into and withdrawal so the liver can handle it
  • Monitor closely
  • Use a double IV lumen cathether
62
Q

Rates of parenteral nutrition

A

Start at 0.3 ml/kg/hr

Work up to 1.1 ml/kg/hr

63
Q

Complications of parenteral nutrition

A
  • Glucose, lipid, protein intolerance, Ex: azotemia, osmotic diuresis, hyperlipemia
  • Dehydration (can’t keep up with fluid needs)
  • Fluid overload
  • Electrolyte and metabolic imbalances
  • Thrombosis from phlebitis
  • Hepatic dysufnction
  • Fatty liver
  • Increase in metabolic states if the animal is going into a catabolic state
  • Respiratory compromise (gluconeogenesis = increase CO2)
64
Q

Healthy foal nutrition

A

> 2-3 L of colostrum in 6-8 hours after birth
Nursing frequently = 6-8 times/hr
Increasing 10-15%, 21-30%, then 25-35% of BW per week

65
Q

Indications for foal nutriitonal support

A
  • Aglactic or hypogalactic mare
  • Orphan or rejected foal
  • Restricted oral intake = poor suckler, dysphagia, immature gut, diarrhea, botulism, sepsis

CAEM Pt. 2 (27 decks)

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