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THERIOGENOLOGY > SMALL ANIMAL_RE/PURPLE > Flashcards

SMALL ANIMAL_RE/PURPLE Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST OBSERVABLE PART OF THE OESTROUS CYCLE IN THE DOG?

A

PROESTROUS
- THE BLEEDING OCCURS HERE
- MALE DOGS COME AROUND
- BITCH ACCEPTS THE MATE

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2
Q

WHAT FORCES THE LH SURGE IN DOGS?
A. RAISE IN E2
B. DROP IN E2
C. DROP IN PROGESTERONE
D. RAISE IN PROLACTIN

A

B. DROP IN E2

A RAISE IN E2 MAKES HER REFUSE THE MATE

DROP IN E2 SHE ACCEPTS MATE

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3
Q

WICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT CONSTITUTE THE BEGINING OF PROESTROUS IN THE BITCH?
A. VULVAL SWELLING
B. SEROSANGUINOUS VAGINAL DISCHARGE
C. MATING
D. VAGINAL SWELLING

A

C.
MATING IS THE END RESULT

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4
Q

WHAT IS CORNIFICATION?
WHAT HORMONE LEADS TO CORNIFICATION IN THE BITCH?

A

FORMATION OF A LAYER OF DED CELLS TO CREATE A PYSICAL BARRIER
- OESTROGEN LEADS TO CORNIFICATION

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5
Q

WHAT IS DIAPEDESIS?

A

PASSAGE OF RBC THROUGH INTACT CAPILLARY WALLS
- E2 RESPONSIBLE

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN E2 AND THE BITCH’S SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY?

A

DECREASE- SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE
INCREASE- NOT RECEPTIVE

E2 DECREASES AT END OF PROESTROUS

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7
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF E2 IN BITCH?
A. MAINTAINS ESTROUS CYCLE
B. THICKENS ENDOMETRIUM
C. RELEASES PHEROMONES
D. CAUSES DIAPEDESIS
E. PREDOMINANT HORMONE IN PROESTROUS

A

ALL ARE CORRECT

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8
Q

WHEN DOES PROLACTIN INCREASE IN BITCH?

A

DAY 25- 30
- PROGESTERONE DROPS AND PROLACTIN TAKES OVER
- PREGNANCY SPECIFIC TAKE OVER

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9
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF PROGESTERONE IN BITCH?
A. DECREASES AT THE END OF PROESTROUS
B. PREDOMINANT HORMONE IN METESTROUS
C. DECREASES LH AND FSH
D. HELPS PREDICT OVULATION
E. HELPS PREP FOR PREGNANCY

A

A.
ACTUALLY INCREASES AT THE END OF PROESTROUS

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10
Q

KARYOLYSIS VS KARYORRHEXIS

A

KARYOLYSIS- NUCLEAR FADING
KARYORRHEXIS- NUCLEAR FRAGMENTATION

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF VAGINAL CELLS IN BITCH?

A

ANUCLEAR
SUPERFICIAL
INTERMEDIATE
PARABASAL

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12
Q

HOW TO INDICATE OESTROUS USING VAGINAL CYTOLOGY IN BITCH?

A

> 75% CORNIFIED CELLS INDICATES OESTROUS

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13
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF PROGESTERONE IN BITCH?
A. INCREASES PRIOR TO OVULATION IN DOG
B. INCREASES POST OVULATION IN DOG
C. PEAKS DURING METESTROUS
D. >2ng/mL is a good time for service

A

B.

STARTS TO INCREASE BEFORE OVULATION OCCURS
OVULATION OCCURS MID ESTROUS

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14
Q

WHEN DOES OVULATION OCCUR IN DOGS?

A

3-4 DAYS INTO OESTROUS
- MIDESTROUS

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15
Q

HOW LONG AFTER LH SURGE DOES OVULATION OCCUR IN DOGS?

A

24-48 HOURS AFTER

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16
Q

WHEN IS THE FERTILIZATION PERIOD IN THE BITCH?

A

APPROXIMATELY 2 DAYS AFTER OVULATION UP TO 5 DAYS AFTER OOCYTE MATURATION (~ 48-60 HRS POST OVULATION)

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17
Q

WHAT ARE THE PREDOMINANT CELLS SEEN DURING THE ANOESTROUS VAGINAL CYTOLOGY?

A
  • PARABASAL CELLS
  • SEE A LOT OF DEBRIS TOO
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18
Q

LIST 3 METHODS USED IN VETERINARY PRACTICE TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM MATING TIME

A
  1. EXFOLIATE VAGINAL CYTOLOGY
  2. MEASURE PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION (2ng/mL)
  3. vaginoscopy
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19
Q

LIST 4 CRITERIORS COMMONLY USED BY DOG BREEDERS TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM BREEDING TIME

A
  1. 11-13 DAYS POST PROESTROUS
  2. DRAMINISKI OVULATION DETECTOR
  3. MICROSCOPY- LOOKING FOR FERNING IN THE DISCHARGE
  4. 3 DAYS AFTER ONSET OF VULVULAR SOFTENING/CHANGE IN VAGINAL DISCHARGE
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20
Q

LIST 3 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FELINE OESTROUS CYCLE

A
  1. SEASONALLY POLYESTROUS
  2. PHOTOPERIOD DEPENDANT
  3. INDUCED OVULATORS
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21
Q

HOW CAN THE FELINE OESTROUS CYCLE BE CONTROLLED?

A
  • LIMIT LIGHT EXPOSURE
  • CHANGE SECRETION OF MELATONIN?
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22
Q

HOW LONG IS THE INTEROESTROUS PERIOD IN QUEENS?

A

8- 15 DAYS

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23
Q

T/F IF THE QUEEN ISN’T BRED SHE CAN CYCLE EVERY 3 WEEKS

A

TRUE
EVERY 2-3 WEEKS

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24
Q

WHAT ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE SECRETES PROGESTERONE UP TO 65 DAYS DURING PREGNANCY?

A

CORPUS LUTEUM

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25
Q

WHEN DO LACTATING QUEENS RESUME CYCLING?

A

2-3 WEEKS POST WEANING

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26
Q

DESCRIBE THE 3 FRACTIONS OF EJACULATE OF THE DOG

A

1ST/PRE SPERM FRACTION- SPERM POOR -05 -2mls - SLIGHTLY CLOUDY - foreplay
2ND/ SPERM RICH FRACTION- SPERM RICH - 0.5- 1ml - MILKY - intromission
3RD/ PROSTATIC FRACTION- SPERM FREE PROSTATIC FLUID - 15-20 mls - CLEAR - the tie (CAN BE USED AS AN EXTENDER)

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27
Q

what is the physiological significance of “the tie” during normal coital behaviour?

A

the vulvar constrictor muscles squeeze the body of the penis and the bulbus glandis becomes engorged and enables the penis to remain within the vagina for 5mins up to 1 hr. sperm free ejaculate is released to help push sperm towards cervix.

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28
Q

how long is bitch pregnancy?

A

~ 63 days
58-68 days

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29
Q

WAT ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE IS THE SOLE SITE OF PRODUCTION OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PREGNANT BITCH?

A

CL

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30
Q

WHAT ENDOCRINE CHANGES OCCUR WHEN THE CL IS LYSED NATURALLY DURING PREGNANCY OF BITCH

A
  • CL LYSIS OCCURS 24-36 HRS PRE-PARTUM
  • CAUSES SHARP DECREASE IN PROGESTERONE
  • SHARP INCREASE IN PROLACTIN
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31
Q

WHICH HORMONE IS PREGNANCY SPECIFIC IN THE DOG?

A

RELAXIN

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32
Q

STATE 3 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF RELAXIN IN BITCH

A
  1. PRODUCED BY PLACENTA
  2. INCREASES FROM DAY 25
  3. PEAKS AT DAY 40-50 (4-6ng/ml)
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33
Q

list 5 methods of pregnancy diagnosis in bitches

A
  1. palpation- abdominal/manual
  2. radiographic diagnosis
  3. ultrasonic diagnosis
  4. acute phase proteins
  5. hormonal assays (not reliable)
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34
Q

AT WHAT POINT IS MANUAL PALPATION GENERALLY NOT AN OPTION IN BITCH?

A

AFTER 5 WEEKS
- PLENTY FOETAL FLUID AND HUGE SIZE OF UTERINE HORNS MAKE IT DIFFICULT- EASY TO CONFUSE WITH PYOMETRA

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35
Q

LIST 3 CONS OF PD USING MANUAL/ABDOMINAL PALPATION IN BITCH

A
  1. LITTER SIZE??
  2. VIABILITY??
  3. NOT ACCURATE ALONE
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36
Q

DESCRIBE THE FOETAL SWELLINGS OF THE UTERINE HORN FOR MANUAL PALPATION BETWEEN 3-5 WEEKS IN BITCH?

A

3 WEEKS - 15mm - high in abdomen
4 WEEKS - 25mm - oval
5 WEEKS - 35 mm - oval, soft

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37
Q

LIST 3 PROS AND 1 CON ASSOCIATED WITH THE ULRASONOGRAPHY METHOD OF PD OF BITCH?

A

PROS:
- ASSES FOETAL VIABILITY
- PREDICT PARTURITION DATE (BY ASSESSING FOETAL SIZE -CROWN TO RUMP)
- IF IT’S NOT PREGNANCY CAN DIAGNOSE DISEASES: PYOMETRA, ENDOMETRITIS, CYSTIC OVARIAN FOLLICLES

CON:
- CAN’T ASSES EXACT NUMBER OF FOETI

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38
Q

WHICH ULTRASOUND MODES/ TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED TO DIAGNOSE PD OF BITCH?

A
  1. B-MODE REAL TIME SCANNER CAN IDENTIFY VESICLES FROM DAY 17
  2. SIMPLE DOPPLER CAN DETECT FOETAL HEARTBEAT FROM DAY 24-28
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39
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST ACCURATE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE NUMBER AND POSITION OF FOETI DURING LATE PREGNANCY IN THE BITCH?

A

RADIOGRAPHY
NOT GOOD FOR VIABILITY

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40
Q

WHEN DOES THE FOETAL CALCIFICATION OF THE SKULL, PELVIC BONE AND TEETH OCCUR IN PUPS?

A

SKULL- 45-49
PELVIC BONE - 53-57
TEETH - 58 -63

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41
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST CLINICAL SIGN OF IMPENDING PARTURITION IN THE BITCH?

A

MARKED DROP IN RECTAL TEMPERATURE
- BECAUSE YOU HAVE RELEASE OF PROSTAGLANDIN WHICH CAUSES SHARP DROP OF PERIPHERAL PLASMA PROGESTERONE WHICH IS THERMOREGULATORY

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42
Q

DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF PARTURITION IN THE BITCH

A

1ST - 6-12 HRS
1. CERVICAL RELAXATION AND DILATION
2. INTERMITTENT UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
3. DROP IN RECTAL TEMP (<37.5 oC)
4. NESTING, SHIVERING, LOOKING AT FLANK
2ND - 3-12 HRS
1. STRONG UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
2. NORMAL RECTAL TEMP
3. ALLANTOIS BURST
4. ABDOMINAL STRAINING
5. PUPS PASSED WITHING 30MINS OF STRAINING
3RD - 5-15 MINS
1. EXPULSION OF PLACENTA
2. PASSED WITH OR AFTER SUBSEQUENT BIRTHS
3. BITCH CAN EAT IT
4. DONT LET HER EAT MORE THAN 2

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43
Q

HOW LONG POST PARTUM IS LOCHIA SEEN?

A

UP TO 3 WEEKS IS NORMAL

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44
Q

HOW LONG DOES UTERINE INVOLUTION TAKE IN THE BITCH AND THE QUEEN?

A

BITCH- 3-4 MONTHS
QUEEN - 3-4 WEEKS

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45
Q

HOW CAN HUMANS MANUALLY STIMULATE UTERINE CONTRACTIONS IN THE BITCH?

A

FEATHERING
- TICKLING ROOF OF VAGINA WITH GLOVED FINGERS

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46
Q

WHICH STATISTIC IS INACCURATE?
A. 60-70% OF PUPS ARE BORN IN ANTERIOR POSITION
B. 30-40% OF PUPS ARE BORN IN POSTERIOR POSITION
C. 5-6% OF PREGNANCIES IN THE BITCH AND QUEEN CAN RESULT IN DYSTOCIA
D. BRACYCEPALIC BREEDS ARE MORE PREDISPOSED TO DYSTOCIAS DUE TO RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
E. UTERINE INERTIA CAUSES 60-70% OF ALL DYSTOCIA CASES

A

D
BRACHYCEPHALLICS ARE MORE PRONE TO DYSTOCIAS DUE TO A NARROW FLATTENED PELVIS

47
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMMON CAUSES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY UTERINE INERTIA?

A

PRIMARY - HYPOCAL, HEREDITARY
SECONDARY- UTERINE EXAUSTION

48
Q

HOW IS UTERINE INERTIA TYPICALLY COMBATED IN THE BITCH DURING PREGNANCY

A

OXYTOCIN IN SEVERAL SMALL DOSES (GIVE 15 MINS AFTER Ca)
- INCREASES FREQUENCY OF CONTRACTION
WITH CALCIUM GLUCONATE
- INCREASES STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION

IF MEDICAL TREATMENT DONT WORK- C-SECTION

49
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 KEY COMPONENTS OF MANUAL INTERVENTION OF DYSTOCIAS IN LARGE BREED DOGS?

A
  1. RETROPULSION
  2. REALIGNMENT
  3. TRACTION
50
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS OF UTERINE INERTIA IN BITCHES?

A
  1. PROLONGED GESTATION (>72 DAYS)
  2. COPIOUS GREEN BLACK VULVAR DISCHARGE MINUS FOETUS
    - RED-BROWN IN QUEEN
  3. STRONG PERSISTENT LABOUR, MINUS FOETUS (>30 MINS)
  4. WEAK AND INFREQUENT CONTRACTIONS (>4-6HRS)
  5. > 4HRS SINCE LAST FOETUS
51
Q

A BITCH PRESENTED TO THE CLINIC AFTER EXPELLING COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF GREENISH FLUID FROM THE VULVAR, FOLLOWED BY A BRIGHT YELLOW VULVAL DISCHARGE THE FOLLOWING DAY WITHOUT A FOETUS BEING PASSED. WHAT WERE THE FLUIDS? WHAT IS DIAGNOSIS?

A

GREEN- PLACENTA
YELLOW- MECONIUM
SHE HAS DYSTOCIA
- POSSIBLE UTERINE INERTIA

52
Q

LIST 4 COMMON SIGNS OF DYSTOCIA IN BITCH

A
  1. FAILURE TO PROGRESS FROM STAGE 1 TO 2 AFTER 12 HRS
  2. PARTIALLY DELIVERED FOETUS 9>15MINS)
  3. > 3HR STAGE 2 WITHOUT 1ST PUP
  4. > 30MIN ACTIVE UNPRODUCTIVE STRAINING
53
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST USEFUL DYSTOCIA DIAGNOSTIC TOOL?

A

RADIOGRAPHY

54
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE FOR ECLAMPSIA?
A. COMMON IN SMALL BREED NURSING LARGE LITTERS IN THEIR 2ND-3RD WEEK OF LACTATION
B. ONLY OCCURS DURING LACTATION
C. CAN BE DUE TO HYPOCAL
D. 1 MOA IS THE ATROPHY OF PARATHYROID GLAND WHICH INHIBITS RELEASE OF PTH

A

B.
CAN ALSO OCCUR WHEN THE FOETUI MINERALIZE

55
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DOGS WITH VAGINAL PROLAPSE?

A

NEOPLASIA

56
Q

TREATMENT OF VAGINAL PROLAPSE INCLUDES:

A
  1. DECREASE OESTROGEN STIMULUS AND REMOVE PRLAPSED TISSUE
  2. USE PROGESTOGENS FOR FOLLICULAR REGRESSION EG. MEGETEROL ACETATE
  3. OVH
57
Q

DEFINE CYSTIC ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA AND STATE HOW IT RESULTS IN PYOMETRAS

A

CEH ISASSOCIATED WITH AGEING, THICKENING OF ENDOMETRIUM AND MUCUS ACCUMULATION WITHIN UTERINE LUMEN

CEH WITH BACTERIAL INFECTION CAUSES PYOMETRA

58
Q

WHAT IS THE NIDUS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TROPHOBLASTIC REACTION THEORY?

A

UTERUS

59
Q

WHO IS PREDISPOSED TO PYOMETRA?

A

YOUNGER BITCHES

60
Q

WHAT IS THE BETTER METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF CYSTIC ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA IN BITCHES?

A

AGLEPRISTINE (COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS)
- OPENS CERVIX
- CAN CONTINUE BREEDING

61
Q

LIST 4 COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH OVARIAN CYSTS

A
  1. LACTATION DURING ESTROUS
  2. PROLONGED OESTROUS
  3. SHORTENED INTERESTROUS INTERVALS
  4. SYMMETRICAL ALOPECIA
62
Q

HOW TO TREAT FOLLICULAR CYSTS?

A
  1. OVH/OVE
  2. INDUCTION OF LUTENISATION OF CYSTS BY HORMONES
63
Q

LIST 4 COMMON CAUSES OF VIRAL ABORTION IN DOGS

A
  1. CANINE HERPES VIRUS
  2. CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS
  3. CANINE PARVOVIRUS
  4. CANINE ADENOVIRUS
64
Q

HOW IS CANINE HERPES VIRUS TRANSMITTED?

A
  • VAGINAL FLUIDS
  • ORONASAL SECRETIONS
65
Q

AT WHAT STAGE OF PREGNANCY DOES INFECTION WITH CANINE HERPES VIRUS CAUSE TE FOLLOWING:
1. FOETAL DEATH
2. PREMATURE BIRT
3. NEONATAL DEATH WITHIN 1ST FEW WEEKS OF LIFE
4. MUMMIFICATION
5. ABORTION

A
  1. FOETAL DEATH- EARLY
  2. PREMATURE BIRTH - LATE
  3. NEONATAL DEATH - LATE
  4. MUMMIFICATION - EARLY
  5. ABORTION - MID AND LATE
66
Q

WHICH IS NOT A CLINICAL SIGN OF CANINE HERPES VIRUS IN NEONATES?
A. SEROUS NASAL DISCHARGE
B. PETECHIATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES
C. HARD PAD
D. DYSPNOEA

A

C.
HARD PAD IS A COMMON SIGN IN CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS

67
Q

DESCRIBE THE VACCINATION PROTOCOL TO PREVENT ABORTION CAUSED BY CANINE HERPES VIRUS

A

1ST VACC- TIME OF MATING/7-10 DAYS AFTER
2ND- 1-2 WEEKS BEFORE WHELPING

68
Q

WHICH VIRAL INFECTION MAIFESTS AS ACUTE MYOCARDIAL DISEASE IN PUPS?

A

CANINE PARVOVIRUS

69
Q

WHAT IS THE AETIOLOGICAL AGENT OF CANINE HEPATITIS VIRUS

A

CANINE ADENOVIRUS TYPE 1

70
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR DOGS AND CATS WITH TOXOPLASMA GONDII TO PREVENT ABORTIONS?

A

CLINDAMYCIN

71
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR PUPPY VAGINITIS?

A

CLEAN PERI-VULVAR AREA WITH BABY WHIPES
- NOT ANTIBIOTICS
- IT USUALLY RESOLVES AT 1ST ESTROUS

72
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSATIVE AGENT OF METRITIS IN BITCHES AND QUEENS?

A

E. COLI

73
Q

WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METRITIS?

A
  • PROSTAGLANDIN
  • OXYTOCIN
  • OVH
  • ERGOMETRINE
  • FLUIDS
    AMPICILLIN
74
Q

HOW WOULD YOU KNOW IF TO USE ERYTHROMYCIN OR AMPICILLIN IN A MASTITIS CASE?

A

ACIDIC MILK- ERYTHROMYCIN
BASIC MILK- AMPICILLIN

75
Q

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GALACTOSTASIS AND GALACTORRHOEA

A

GALACTOSTASIS- ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF MILK IN MAMMARY GLANDS

GALACTORRHOEA- INAPPROPRIATE LACTATION LIKE FOLLOWING A DECREASE IN PROGESTERONE

76
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF SUB-INVOLUTION OF PLACENTAL SITES/ SIPS?
A. COMMON IN DOGS <3 YRS
B. LOCHIA LASTS 8-16 WEEKS
C. PERITONITIS
D. PROLONGED UTERINE INVOLUTION
E. SEROSANGUINOUS VULVULAR DISCHARGE AFTER WHELPING
F. DISTENDED UTERUS
G. POLYNUCLEATED VACUOLATED GIANT CELLS
H. OVH IS NOT A VIABLE TREATMENT OPTION

A

H
OVH IS A VIABLE TREATMENT:
OTHERS INCLUDE
- ERGONOVINE
- OXYTOCIN

77
Q

WHEN DO MALE PUPS TESTES NORMALLY DESCEND?

A

7-10 DAYS AFTER BIRTH

RETAINED IF NO DESCENT BY 6 MONTHS

78
Q

LIST THE ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS IN THE DOG

A

THE PROSTATE IS THE ONLY ACCESSORY SEX GLAND IN THE DOG

79
Q

WHAT ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM DECREASES DISEASE IN THE URINARY SYSTEM/PROSTATE?

A
  1. HIGH PRESSURE
  2. UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW
  3. SHORTER URETHER THAN BITCH
  4. HIGH pH
80
Q

LIST DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF PROSTATE

A
  1. PALPATION
  2. SACRAL PROMONOTARY TO PUBIC DISTANCE FOR PROSTATIC MEASUREMENT (>70% IS AN ENLARGED PROSTATE)
  3. POSITIVE CONTRAST CYSTOURETHROGRAM
  4. PROSTATIC WASH
  5. ULTRASOUND
  6. FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATE
81
Q

WHAT IS THE NUMBER 1 PROSTATIC DISEASE IN DOGS?

A

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

82
Q

WHAT IS A SECONDARY DISEASE TO BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA?

A

CYSTIC METAPLASIA
- FROM OBSTRUCTION OF EXCRETORY DUCTS

83
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA?

A
  • TOOTHPAST/RIBBON-LIKE STOOL
  • MILD HEMATURIA
  • PREPUTIAL HAEMORRHAGIC DISCHARGE
  • TENESMUS

BUT IT’S USUALLY ASYMPTOMMATIC

84
Q

LIST 2 DIFFERENTIALS FOR BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

A
  1. CHRONIC PROSTATITIS
  2. TRANSMISSABLE VENERAL TUMOUR
85
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST COURSE OF ACTION FOR TREATMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

A

CASTRATION
- ATROPHIES WITHIN WEEKS

86
Q

A MALE DOG PRESENTS TO YOUR CLINIC FOR TENESMUS AND A STIFFENED GAIT. YOU PALPATE THE PROSTATE AND NOTICE A LOSS OF THE MEDIAN RAPHE. WHAT IS YOUR INITIAL DIAGNOSIS?

A

ACUTE PROSTATITIS

87
Q

HOW TO TREAT ACUTE PROSTATITIS WHEN THE PROSTATIC FLUID IS ACIDIC?

A

FLUROQUINOLONES EG. ENROFLOXACIN

TREAT FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS

88
Q

WHERE DO PARAPROSTATIC CYSTS DEVELOP?

A

REMNANTS OF MULLERIAN DUCT

89
Q

WHAT IMPORTANT STEP IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PROSTATIC DISORDERS SHOULD BE DONE?

A

OMENTALIZATION

90
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON PROSTATIC NEOPLASIA OF DOGS?

A

ADENOCARCINOMA

91
Q

WHICH IS FALSE REGARDING PROSTATIC NEOPLASIAS?
A. 5O% OF DOGS WITH ADENOCARCINOMAS ARE CASTRATED
B. CHEMOTHERAPY OFFERS GOOD PROGNOSIS WITH EARLY TREATMENT
C. MEDIAN RAPHE IS USUALLY OBLITERATED
D. PROSTATITIS IS A DIFFERENTIAL
C.

A

B.
PROGNOSIS IS POOR CUZ OF IGH METASTATIC RATES

MOST TREATMENTS ARE UNREWARDING
CHEMO ISN’T EFFECTIVE

92
Q

WHEN IS EUTHANASIA WARRANTED IN PROSTATIC NEOPLASIA?

A

WHEN THERE IS URETHRAL, URETERAL AND RECTAL OBSTRUCTION PLUS METASTESIS

93
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 BASIC PROCEEDURES INVOLVED IN AI IN THE BITCH?

A
  1. DETECTING TIME OF OVULATION BY VAGINAL SMEAR
  2. COLLECTION OF SEMEN FROM DOG
  3. INSEMINATION OF BITCH
94
Q

HOW TO DETECT OVULATION IN BITCH?

A
  • CYTOLOGY OF VAGINAL SMEAR (>50% CORNIFIED CELLS)
  • PROGESTERONE ASSAY (>5ng/ml)
  • LH ASSAY
95
Q

WHAT IS THE AI PROTOCOL FOR FRESH SEMEN?

A

INSEMINATE 2 DAYS AFTER OVULATION

AGAIN 48-72 HRS AFTER 1ST

96
Q

WHAT IS THE AI PROTOCOL FOR FROZEN SEMEN?

A

DAY 3-4 AFTER OVULATION

AGAIN 48 HRS LATER

97
Q

T/F CERVICAL INSEMINATION IS BETTER THAN UTERINE

A

FALSE
UTERINE INSEMINATION IS BETTER THAN CERVICAL

98
Q

LIST 2 VALID SPERM EXTENDERS

A
  1. EGG YOLK
  2. PROSTATIC FRACTION OF EJACULATE
  3. TRIS
  4. MILK
99
Q

STATE THE NORMAL VALUES FOR THE FOLLOWING IN DOGS:
1. SPERM CONC.
2. TOTAL SPERM/EJACULATE
3. PROGRESSIVE MOTILITY
4. MORPHOLOGY

A
  1. sperm conc. 100-700 million/ml
  2. total sperm/ejaculate - 200-1200 million
  3. progressive motility - >70%
  4. morphology - >80%
100
Q

what is the more typically done method of AI in the bitch?

A

the non-surgical, trans-cervical using a catheter and/or endoscope

101
Q

which fraction of ejaculate is used for AI?

A

sperm rich of course!
- 2nd one

102
Q

WHAT IS THE CONCEPTION RATE OF THE INTRA-VAGINAL AI TECHNIQUE USING RAW SEMEN?

A

60%

103
Q

LIST 4 PRECAUTIONS TO ENSURING A HIGH CONCEPTION RATE WHEN USING THE INTRA-VAGINAL TECHNIQUE

A
  1. DEPOSIT SMEN SLOWLY
  2. ELEVATE HIND LEGS DURING AND POST INSEMINATION
  3. FEATHER THE VAGINA
  4. USE 2-3mls OF SPERM RIC FRACTION
104
Q

WHY IS INTRAUTERINE TECHNIQUE OF AI SO DIFFICULT?

A

REQUIRES SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT
- PAEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPE
REQUIRES LAPAROTOMY

105
Q

WHEN SHOULD INTRA-UTERINE AI BE DONE?

A

END OF OESTROUS

106
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE USED FOR INTRAUTERINE AI?
A. FROZEN SEMEN
B. FRESH SEMEN
C. COOLED SEMEN
D. <40 CONC. OF SEMEN

A

A. FROZEN SEMEN

SHOULD USE CONC. 40-100MILLION/ml

107
Q

WHAT ARE SOME CONS OF AI IN THE BITCH?

A
  • CERVIX DIFFICULT TO CANNULATE
  • SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
  • IU BETTER
108
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST CRITICAL ASPECT OF AI

A

TIMING ;)

109
Q

LIST 2 DRUGS THAT CAN BE USED IN THE DOG TO PREVENT PREGNANCY

A
  1. MIFEPRISTONE
  2. AGLEPRISTONE
110
Q

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF AGLEPRISTONE?
A. CAN BE USED FROM DAY 1- 45 POST MATING
B. MAX VOLUME PER INJECTION SITE IS 10mls
C. ITS A SYNTHETIC STEROID
D. IT HAS A GREATER AFFINIT IN QUEENS THAN DOGSFOR THE UTERINE PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS

A

B
MAX VOL. IS 5mls PER SITE

111
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON PROTOCOL FOR OESTROGENS TO PREVENT PREGNANCY?

A

3 INJECTIONS
- DAY 3
DAY 5
DAY 7

112
Q

STATE 3 SIDE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN USE

A
  1. CYSTIC ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA
  2. PYOMETRA
  3. BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION
113
Q

WAT ARE THE CONS OF USING CORTICOSTEROIDS TO PREVENT PREGNANCY POST MATING IN BITCH?

A
  1. SIDE EFFECTS:
    - VAGINAL DISCHARGE
    - PROLONGED PU/PD
    - DIABETES
    - HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
  2. REPEATED DOSES NEEDED
  3. ONLY FROM DAY 30
  4. ABORTION OCCURS 7-13 DAYS AFTER TREATMENT

THERIOGENOLOGY (4 decks)

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