BOVINE SUBFERTILITY MOSTLY Flashcards
WHAT IS THE FERGUSON REFLEX?
OCCURS IN STAGE 2 PARTURITION WHERE THE FETUS PUSHES AGAINST THE CERVIX AND ACTIVATES THE STRETCH RECEPTORS THAT CAUSE CONTRACTION OF THE UTERUS
DEFINE DISPOSITION
THE OVERALL RELATIONSHIP OF THE FETUS TO THE DAM
DEFINE PRESENTATION
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPINAL AXIS OF THE FETUS TO THE SPINAL AXIS OF THE DAM
IT CAN BE LONGITUDINAL, TRANSVERSE OR VERTICAL
DEFINE POSITION
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE MATERNAL PELVIS SURFACES TO THE DORSUM OF THE FETUS
HOW LONG DOES STAGE 3 PARTURITION LAST?
HALF AN HOUR TO 8HRS.
> 12 -24 HRS IS A RFM
LIST THE FOUR MAIN CRITERIA OF A FOLLICULAR CYST
- FLUID FILLED OVARIAN STRUCTURE
- ITS PRESENT IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY OTHER CYCLING STRUCTURES LIKE CL
- PERSISTS FOR >10 DAYS
- > 2.5cm IN DIAMETER
LIST THREE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A FOLLICULAR CYST AND LUTEAL CYST
FOLLICULAR: LARGER, THIN WALLED, RUPTURE EASILY.
LUTEAL: SMALLER, THICK WALLED, DOESNT RUPTURE AS EASY
LIST SIX PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF FOLLICULAR OVARIAN DISEASE IN CATTLE
- IGH OESTROGEN CONCENTRATION
- LOW GnRH
- POST PARTUM PERIOD…DAY 15-45
- HEREDITARY…GENETICS …SO DONT BREED
- OLDER CATTLE
- HIGH MILK PRODUCERS
WHAT IS A “ SEQUELAE” TO A FOLLICULAR CYST?
CYSTIC FOLLICULAR DEGENERATION.
A THIS WALLED CYST WITH EARLY SIGNS OF LEUTENIZATION
THE CONTRALATERAL OVARY COULD HAVE NORMAL STRUCTURES
LIST THREE CLINICAL SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE
- sacrosciatic relaxation…….chronic pelvic ligament relaxation…elevated tail head…called sterility hump:)…..all happens cuz of chronic FOLLICULAR degeneration
- nymphomania…frequent behavioural estrous….use them for heat detection
- anaestrous
how to diagnose CYSTIC OVARIAN disease
- palpation
- ultrasound
DDX for CYSTIC OVARIAN disease
- OVARIAN abscess…..shouldn’t affect cyclicity
- hydrosalpinx ….horn filled with fluid……can only reproduce with CONTRALATERAL horn
- CYSTIC granulosa cell tumour
describe the ideal treatment plan for a heifer with CYSTIC OVARIAN disease.
state one thing that SHOULD NOT be done.
GnRH- 100micrograms…….followed by 25mgs of prostaglandin in 10-14 days
progesterone can be used instead of GnRH
Try your best not to RUPTURE the cyst….it can haemorrhage and cause adhesions
when should you do a post-partum check on any cow?
25-30 days post parturition.
tell the farmer:
- she’s good to go
- she’s dirty…leave her for more time to cycle again
- she needs treatment
when does maternal recognition occur?
14 days into pregnancy
- if baby lost before MR……she will cycle like normal
- if the baby lost after MR…… she would take longer to return to cycle….take a while before you see estrous
what is the #1 cause of poor fertility in dairy cattle? be specific
anaestrous
90% is failure to detect heat cycle
what is the recommended treatment for a persistant CL
- prostaglandin/progesterone
- CIDr
who or what is a fremartin?
a sterile heifer resulting from a boy/girl twin
what anatomical medium is responsible for free martinis?
- the common chorion
- plus the ovaries form after testes
what two hormones are responsible for the sterility in a freemartin heifer?
- testosterone
- antimullerian hormone
what 2 hormones are responsible for the ‘bullish’ characteristics in a freemartin heifer?
- testosteron
- androstenedione
is a freemartin possible in a singleton birth?
yupzz!
if there were two and one died and was reabsorbed. This is because anastomosis occurs at day 30 and day 40 is when the testis is formed. If death of the male occurs soon after that, the female would have already been exposed to testosterone.
diagnose a freemartin based on vaginal length.
state 2 other methods of diagoses
Calves- 5-6 cm (FM) vs 13-15 cm in a normal animal
Adults- 8-10 cm (FM) vs 30 cm in a normal animal
typically use a glass rod to measure length.
2 other methods: sex chromosome chimerism in PCR; history/clinical signs
what is the ideal 1st calving age?
24 months
list 3 bacterial causes of SUBFERTILITY in cattle (genus and species!)
- campylobacter fetus veneralis
- histophilus somnii
- Chlamydia psittaci
list 4 causes of endometritis
- campylobacter fetus veneralis
- Chlamydia psittaci
- histophilus somnii…could cause salpingitis too
- tritrichomonus fetus…..causes vaginitis too
how does the heifer get campylobacter fetus veneralis ?
from the bull…he’s a carrier
concerning tritrichomonus fetus:
1. state 3 control methods
2. state the stage of embryonic death
3. state the transmission issue
4. state the mode of diagnosis
5. state a common sequelae
- use younger bulls/ cull carrier bulls……AI……vaccine
- late stage embryonic death
- bulls are asymptomatic…usually <3yrs.
- diagnosis: dark field microscopy…look for the 3 anterior flagella
- sequela: pyometra
what is the aetiological agent of BVD?
pestivirus
what are the two forms of BVD?
- cytopathic
- non-cytopathic
at what point of gestation are calves infected with BVD leading to persistent infection?
day 40-125
day 1-24 in early pregnancy
day 90-120- in-utero infection
how do persistently infected calves test…diagnose in cases of BVD?
antibody negative
virus positive
which disease is the fatal form of BVD?
mucosal disease
at what age do the clinical signs of mucosal disease in calves manifest?
6-18 months
list 4 clinical signs associated with mucosal disease….be specific
- anorexia
- biphasic fever (2 spikes of fever >105 degrees Celsius)
- diarrhea…after second spike
- GI erosion after second spike
prevention methods for BVD?
- cull persistently infected: virus positive; antibody negative
- vaccination
what aspect of the pregnancy does bluetongue affect?
hatched blastocyst
how are the following controlled?
- blutongue
- BOVINE herpes virus 1
- bluetongue: control culicoides vector
- BOVINE herpes virus 1: vaccinate
give 2 causes of early embryonic death
BOVINE herpes virus 1
histophilus somnii
how is BOVINE herpes virus 1 transmitted?
- veneral
- respiratory
