EQUINE_ ABNORMALITIES Flashcards
DESCRIBE THE PATHOGENESIS OF PLACENTITIS
- BACTERIA ASCENDS AND INFECTS CERVICAL STAR
- NECROTIZING INFLAMMATION OF CHORIOALLANTOIS
- UPREGULATING EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN PLACENTAL TISSUE
- PRODUCTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN BY PLACENTA
- UTERINE CONTRACTION
- PREMATURE LABOUR
- PREMATURE MATURATION OF HPA AXIS OF FOAL
- PREMATURE PARTURITION
HOW TO DIAGNOSE PLACENTITIS ON TRANSABDOMINAL AND TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND
- MEASURE THE COMBINED THICKNESS OF UTERUS AND PLACENTA (CTUP)
- DAYS 271- 300—CTUP 8mm
- DAYS 303-330—–CTUP 10mm
- DAYS 330 AND AFTER—CTUP 12mm
what 4 quadrants of the placenta must be inspected when doing transabdominal ultrasound?
- right cranial
- right caudal
- left cranial
- left caudal
how to get a definitive diagnosis of placentitis?
histopathological exam of chorioallantois membrane
how does placentitis affect the foetal membranes?
- thickened
- fibronecrotic exudate
- cervical star is most affected
describe the treatment for placentitis
- antimicrobials-penicillin
- anti-inflammatories- flunixin meglumine
- hormonal support
which is the most common uterine torsion?
anticlockwise (left)
60%
how to obtain a definitive diagnosis for uterine torsion?
rectal palpation
what are some characteristics of an anticlockwise rotation uterine torsion?
- left uterine ligament tighter
- the right uterine ligament is slacker
- the left ul is more caudal
- the right ul is cranial to the left ul
what is the most common post partum problem in the mare
retained placenta
WHAT ANATOMICAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN RETAINED PLACENTAS?
- MORE DEVELOPED MICOVILLI IN THE UTERINE HORNS THAN ITS BODY
- MORE BRANCHED AND LARGER MICROVILLI
LIST 4 CAUSES OF RETAINED PLACENTA
- BLOOD BORNE
- ASCENDING INFECTION
- UTERINE INERTIA
- HORMONAL IMBALANCE
WHAT IS THE MOST OBVIOUS SIGN OF A RETAINED PLACENTA?
PLACENTAL TISSUE PROTRUDING FROM VULVA
WHICH IS NOT A SEQUELAE OF RETAINED PLACENTA?
A. LAMINITIS
B. METRITIS
C. SEPTICEMIA
D. UTERINE INERTIA
UTERINE INERTIA
- IS A RISK FACTOR
WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED TREATMENT FOR RETAINED PLACENTA AFTER 4-6 HRS
- ANTIBIOTICS: POTASSIUM PENICILLIN; GENTAMYCIN; METRONIDAZOLE
- UTERINE LAVAGE WITH SALINE
- EXERCISE
- TETANUS TOXOID
WHICH IS NOT TRUE FOR RETAINED PLACENTA?
A. LUGOL’S SOLUTION CAN CAUSE FIBROSIS
B. MARES WITH RETAINED PLACENTA HISTORY SHOULD BE TREATED WITH OXYTOCIN IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE 3 RS
C. SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS IS NOT WARRANTED
D. OXYTOCIN SHOULD BE ADMINISTEREDIM EVERY 1-2 HRS (2O UNITS)
C.
<2% LUGOL CAN CAUSE FIBROSIS IF PLACED VAGINALLY
WHAT IS “RED BAG”
PROTRUSION OF THE CHORIOALLANTOIS DUE TO PREMATURE SEPARATION OF THE MEMBRANES
WHAT IS A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR NEONATAL HYPOXIA?
- INTACT CERVICAL STAR AFTER PARTURITION
LIST 3 CAUSES OF PREMATURE PLACENTAL SEPARATION
- PLACENTITIS
- FESCUE TOXICOSIS
- TWINNING
- INAPPROPRIATE INDUCTION METHODS
- STRESS
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PREMATURE PLACENTAL SEPARATION
- BURST THE CHORIOALLANTOIS
- DELIVER FOETUS WITH APPROPRIATE TRACTION
- ADMINISTER OXYGEN TO FOAL
WHAT IS 1 POSSIBLE SEQUELAE TO THE FOAL FROM A MARE WITH PREMATURE PLACENTA SEPARATION?
HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
WHAT COULD A > 8 KG PLACENTA INDICATE? IS IT NORMAL?
ABNORMAL
- OEDEMA
- INFLAMMATION
WHAT ARE THE 3 MOST IMPORTANT CLINICAL PROBLEMS IN EQUINE MEDICINE?
- COLIC
- RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
- ENDOMETRITIS
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS IN MARES?
- DAILY INTRA-UTERINE INFUSIONS WITH PENICILLIN, AMPICILLIN, NEOMYCIN
- SCRUB CLITORAL BODY, FOSSA AND SINUS WITH 4% CLORHEXIDINE SOLN
- CLITORAL SINOSECTOMY
WAT IS THE DIAGNOSTIC TOOL OF CHOICE FOR CHRONIC INFECTIOUS ENDOMETRITIS?
ENDOMETRIAL CYTOLOGY
WHAT TREATMENTS ARE USED TO CONTROL CHRONIC INFECTIOUS ENDOMETRITIS?
- UTERINE LAVAGE
- SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS
- INTRAUTERINE THERAPY (PENICILLIN)
- ANTISEPTICS (NOT CLORHEXIDINE- YES-IODINE, GENTIAN VIOLET)
- PLASMA THERAPY
- ANTIFUNGAL(FLUCONAZOLE/ NYSTATIN)
DESCRIBE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERSISTENT MATING METRITIS
MARE CAN’R CLEAR INTRALUMINAL FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN 12-24 HRS OF MATING DUE TO REDUCED MYOMETRIAL CONTRACTILITY AND ACTIVITY. POSSIBLE DUE TO ISSUES WITH PGF AND OXYTOCIN SECRETION
WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE MOST PUBLICIZED MOLD DISEASE IN HORSES?
FESCUE TOXICITY
- CAUSED BY ACREMONIUM COENOPHIALUM AN ENDOPHYTE WHICHICH SECRETES ERGOT ALKALOIDS
WHAT ARE THE COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH FESCUE TOXICITY?
- AGALACTIA
- DECREASED BLOOD PROLACTIN CONC.
- OVERSIZED FOETUS
- PROLONGED GESTATION
- WEAK/DEAD FOALS
- RED BAG DELIVERY
IN UNILATER CRYPTORCHIDS, WHAT IS THE FAVOURED ANATOMICAL LOCATION FOR EAC SIDE?
LEFT- ABDOMEN
RIGHT- INGUINAL REGION
WHICH IS NOT TRUE TEMPORARY INGUINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHIDISM?
A. WEIGHS <40 g
B. USUALLY IN PONIES
C. >75% OCCUR ON RIGHT SIDE
D. CAN BE PALPATED IN STANDING HORSE IF LARGE
E. USUALLY DESCENDS AT AGE 5
E.
IT DESCENDS BY 3 YEARS
WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF PERMANENT INGUINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHIDISM?
A. WEIGHS >40g
B. CAN ALWAYS BE PALPATED IN STANDING HORSE
C. LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES ARE EQUALLY AFFECTED
D. USUALLY UNILATERAL
B.
MOSTLY PALPABLE IN DORSAL RECUMBANCY OF ANESTHETIZED HORSE WITH MUCH DIFFICULTY
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN A COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHID
COMPLETE- TESTES AND EPIDIDYMIS COMPLETELY RETAINED IN ABDOMEN
INCOMPLETE- TESTES IS WITHIN ABDOMEN BUT CLOSE TO DEEP INGUINAL RING
WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF COMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION CRYPTORCHIDISM
A. TESTES ARE MOBILE WITHIN ABDOMEN
B. WEIGH 10-20g
C. VAGINAL PROCESS IS WELL DEVELOPED
D. CHARACTERISTICALLY FLABBY
C. VAGINAL PROCESS IS WELL DEVELOPED IN INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION
- VAGINAL TUNIC AND CONTENTS CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR SMALL INGUINAL TESTES IN INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL RETENTION
HOW CAN A BILATERALY CRYPTORCHID HORSE RETAIN FERTILITY?
IF IT’S TEMPOARARILY RETAINED IN THE INGUINAL REGION
WHICH TYPES OF CRYPTORCHIDISM IS RECOMMENDED FOR CASTRATION?
PERMANENT INGUINAL
COMPLETE/INCOMPLETE ABDOMINAL
HOW ARE BLOOD TESTS USED TO DIAGNOSE CRYPTORCHID HORSES?
- CHECK TESTOSTERONE LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER ADMIN OF hCG
- TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ARE HIGH INITIALLY AND INCREASE AFTER ADMIN IN STALLIONS AND CRYPTS
- BUT LOW INITIALLY AND DONT INCREASE IN CASTRATED - CONJUGATED OESTROGEN LEVELS
- SAME
- UNRELIABLE IN DONKEYS AND HORSES <3 YRS
WHAT ARE THE 4 ACESSORY SEX GLANDS IN THE HORSE?
- SEMINAL VESICLES
- PROSTATE
- BULBOURETHRAL GLAND/COWPER’S
- AMPULLAE
