Small Animal Reproduction 1: Anatomy/Phys/Endocrinology Flashcards
1
Q
what is unique about the female bitch repro tract anatomy?
A
it is long!
2
Q
unique features of caudal vagina in bitch
A
- vulval lips
- vestibule: clitoral fossa as soon as you go in there, very large. if you put a swab/pipette in there the dog will be very unhappy
- urethral orifice: avoid if inseminating because you should not put semen in bladder!
- CAUDAL VAGINAL FOLDS: UNIQUE TO BITCH
3
Q
cranial vagina anatomy of bitch
A
- dorsal median fold: big rigid tissue hanging down from roof of vagina: if doing endoscopy, very little space there
- transverse fold
- cervical tubercle
- fornix
- cervical opening: faces downward
- cervical canal
4
Q
TCI
A
transcervical insemination: deposition of frozen-thawed semen into the uterus of a bitch
5
Q
surgical AI
A
- invasive
- non repeatable
- general anesthesia
- potential post op side effects
- higher running costs
- slower procedure
- in patient
evidence supports that TCI has better/equal pregnancy rates as surgical AI, now not currently performed in many countries
5
Q
advantages of TCI
A
- non-invasive! no anesthesia, no surgical things
- perform multiple AIs per heat
- visualization: see vaginal pathology
- fast out patient consultation: 1 min
- use for frozen semen or poor quality compromised semen, chilled or old dog
- pregnancy rates similar or better than other intra uterine AI techniques
need to bypass vagina and long uterine horns and put semen in uterus and up to top
6
Q
advantages of surgical AI
A
most clinics have the equipment, low skill level required
7
Q
anatomy of dog breeding
A
- testes oriented horizontally: epididymis located dorsally. when you palpate, you’ll feel the tail of the epididimys
- only have 1 accessory sex gland: large prostate gland, palpate unless intact
- dogs have an os penis
8
Q
BSE
A
breeding soundness exam
9
Q
what does a canine BSE involve
A
- PE: BCS, structural soundness
- examination of scrotum, testicles, epididimys, scrotal circumference, visual inspection of penis, rectal palpation of prostate
- semen evaluation!!
10
Q
what is the aim of a BSE?
A
detect problems/issues that may
- reduce fertility
- be a cause of infertility
- make the dog unsuitable for breeding
11
Q
how can you examine scrotal contents?
A
- size using measuring tape
- feel: symmetry, size, consistency
- scrotum: skin lesions interfering with thermoregulation?
- spermatic cord: thickness
- presence of 2 descended testicles by 6 weeks
12
Q
T/F: you never want to breed a dog with cryptorchidism
A
true: heritable
13
Q
semen collection
A
- collect 3 fractions
1st: thrusting pre sperm: seminal and prostatic fluid
2nd: important: sperm rich: no thrusting
3rd: prostatic fluid: mimic the tie
14
Q
technique of semen collection
A
- open hand using funnels
- collection cones with tube or latex
15
Q
why to collect canine semen?
A
- assessment BSE
- AI
- chilled shipment
- cryopreservation: storage of genetics
- assess prostatic fluid: indicator of prostate health
16
Q
female anatomy of queen
A
long repro tract
don’t typically do a lot of artificial breeding with cats, but can do TCI (anesthetized and hard to do)
17
Q
anatomy of tomcat
A
- testicles are oriented horizontally to diagonally and epididymis cranioventrally
- penile spines!! determine pubital status: don’t occur until 12 weeks
- tool to detect presence of testosterone!
- function in inducing ovulation reflex in queen
18
Q
what is the role of estrogen in the bitch?
A
edema! swelling of the vulva and the vaginal mucosal folds
- thickening of vaginal epithelium
- bleeding from endometrium
- attracting the male
- development of endometrial glands and mammary ducts, increased # of progesterone R on uterus
19
Q
what is the role of progesterone in the bitch?
A
- stimulate development of endometrial galnds
- suppress contractility of uterus
- close cervix
- suppress leukocyte response in uterus
- maintain pregnancy
- BUT ALSO IS CAUSE OF PYOMETRA
20
Q
what is the cause of pyometra in bitch?
A
progesterone
21
Q
how long is the canine estrous cycle?
A
7 months (range 4-12)
22
Q
when do dogs hit puberty?
A
7-12 months of age (range 6-24)
23
Q
canine estrous cycle
A
- monoestrous, little seasonal effect
- 1-2 cycles per year
- basenjis, wolves, mastiffs cycle once a year
- cycle lasts 7 months (varies, ranges from 4-12)
- puberty 7-12 months of age
- fertility starts to decrease from 4 years of age, lowered fertility beyond age of 8
24
when does canine fertility start to decrease?
4 years of age! lowered fertility at 8 years
25
what are the stages of the canine estrous cycle?
1. proestrus
2. estrus
3. diestrus
4. anestrus
26
what is unique about monestrus in the bitch?
long and obligatory anestrus (only cycle 1-2x year)
- "quiet repro period: no hormone changes
- 4 months involution/repair
= only 1 opportunity to get pregnant per year: cannot short cycle and breed next month
27
what is unique about the canine estrous cycle?
1. monoestrus: long and obligatory anestrus
2. no luteolytic mechanism: no known maternal recognition mechanism
3. females will stand for breeding several days before onset of fertility period
4. canine sperm longevity = 7 days
5. standing heat = decreasing estrogen and rising progesterone
6. progesterone levels start to increase BEFORE ovulation
7. after ovulation does not go into diestrus but is still in estrus another 3-8 days with increasing progesterone
28
what are the 2 outcomes for dogs
1. successful breeding + subsequent fertilization of oocytes
2. not successful breeding: pseudopregnancy or diestrous: 60-90 days
both outcomes result in about 2 months of progesterone
29
how long is the gestation of a dog?
65 days
30
levels of what increase in dogs before ovulation?
progesterone
31
T/F: after ovulation, the bitch will go into diestrus
false: is still in estrus for 3-8 days with increasing progesterone
32
what is canine sperm longevity
7 days (age and male dependent)
33
T/F: female dogs will stand to be bred several days before the onset of fertility period
true
behavioral estrus (13 days) does NOT EQUAL fertile period (3 days!)
34
when does ovulation occur in the bitch?
- 48 hours after LH surge
35
what type of oocyte do canines release?
immature! takes another 48 hours in the oviduct for the oocyte to mature to M2
fertile period when fertilizable oocytes present is approx 3 days (ovulation is not synchronous; over 24-36 hrs)
36
how long is the bitch in heat for? how many of these are days where oocytes are capable of fertilization?
in "heat" for 3 weeks
BUT there are only 3 days when oocytes capable of fertilization are present in the oviduct
37
what methods/tools can be used to monitor the estrous cycle of the female dog? rank them from least invasive to most invasive
1. behavioral signs: reflexes, vulva, lordosis
2. anatomy: vulvular consistency/turgidity
3. vaginal cytology
4. vaginoscopy
5. ovarian US
6. blood hormone assays
38
what reproductive behavior is seen during proestrus?
attracted but not receptive
39
what reproductive behavior is seen in estrus?
attracted and receptive/standing heat
40
what repro behavior is seen during diestrus/pregnancy/anestrus?
not attractive and not receptive, can be aggressive!
41
what is the most common reason a bitch is presented for AI?
failure to stand for the male when in a known fertile period
42
what is the "poke" test?
poke the perineal region and dog will flag/stand when in estrus
43
what vulval changes are seen in proestrus in dogs?
swelling of vulva AND bleeding
44
what vulval changes are seen during proestrus?
swelling of vulva but no bleeding
45
what is the "tissue" test?
done weekly" hold tissue to vulva to see if there is colored discharge. to prevent missing bitches who are hard to detect when they are in heat
46
vaginal cytology
- indirect measurement of ESTROGEN
- reflected by the % of superficial cornified (cornflake) vaginal epithelial cells
- will not tell you when ovulation has occurred but will identify the "fertilization" period
- simple and cheap for other pathologies too
47
vaginal cytology is an indirect measurement of
estrogen
48
describe the role of vaginal cytology
protect bitch at the time of intromission
- estrogen has a mitotic effect: thickening of vaginal epithelium leads to many layers of epithelium
= cornified/keratinized top layer
use as a timeline
*exfoliative cytology is key!
49
can you use estrogen to see when a bitch is in heat?
doesn't tell you when ovuulation has occurred, bettter to do cytology and vaginoscopy
50
what is the gold standard test for canine repro staging?
progesterone: unique slow preovulatory rise in the bitch can be used to indirectly detect the LH peak (LH0) and ovulation
51
how soon after LH 0 does ovulation occur in the bitch?
approx 2 days after and is associated with an abrupt rise in progesterone
fertility period begins 48 hours after ovulation (LH+4)
52
natural mating/fresh semen in dogs
viable up to 7-13 days in female tract
53
fresh chilled semen (shipped 24 hr) in dogs
viable from 2-5 days after AI
54
frozen-thawed semen in dogs
lifespan 6-24 hrs after thawing and AI
55
dual-sired inseminations
- accelerated genetic gain
- optimize likelihood of pregnancy and litter size when poor quality frozen but genetically valuable semen required
- breeding bitch doesn't lose a heat due to failed pregnancy
- overall increase in repro performance
goal: dual-sire breeding facilitates both genetic gain and improved reproductive performance
56
feline estrous cycle
- puberty: 4-12 months of age
- seasonally polyestrous: long day breeders: summer
- INDUCED OVULATORS, but spontaneous ovulation common in oriental breeds
- estrus: around 7 days long
57
how long is a cat's gestational period?
66 days (64-69)
cats will kitten in the presence of progesterone
58
stimulation of queen ovulation
1. coital role of penile spines: need approx 4 matings
2. mechanical vaginal swab
3. induce with drugs: GnRH, hCG
stress will prevent manual stimulation from inducing
ovulation will occur approx 30 hr later (24-52)
progesterone increase and behavior changes not detected until 72 hours after mating
59
what will a queen do when calling?
crouch, roll, vocalize, move tail to side
60
what is the problem of a pseudopregnancy?
estrogen priming, then progesterone, can get increased pyometra risk
