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Therio Exam 2 > Reproductive Endocrinology of the Female > Flashcards

Reproductive Endocrinology of the Female Flashcards

1
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary make

A

FSH
LH
prolactin

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2
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary make

A

oxytocin

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3
Q

what hormones does the ovary make

A

estradiol
inhibin
progesterone

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4
Q

where is GnRH made

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

what does GnRH do

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to make FSH and LH

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6
Q

hormones from hypothalamus pathway

A
  1. travel to anterior pituitary by vascular network
  2. directly by neurons and get released from posterior pituitary
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7
Q

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary for GnRH transmission?

A

vascular connection: travels down vascular network to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what is the connection from the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary for oxytocin?

A

neural connection: travels by neurons to posterior pituitary

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9
Q

what hormones are produced in the hypothalamus involved in repro function?

A
  1. kisspeptin
  2. GnRH
  3. dopamine
  4. TRH
  5. oxytocin
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10
Q

what does dopamine regulate?

A

prolactin

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11
Q

what does kisspeptin do

A

regulates secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus

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12
Q

GnRH

A
  • tiny peptide hormone
  • same in cattle/dogs/horses/people etc
  • can give to any species and have same biological effect
  • released into venous portal system
  • carried to anterior pituitary
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13
Q

what does GnRH do?

A

stimulate release of FSH + LH
FSH: causes follicles to grow
LH: causes mature follicles to ovulate

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14
Q

GnRH MOA

A

peptide hormone, binds to surface of cell in anterior pituitary, internalized, then MOA occurs, output is FSH and LH

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14
Q

how do we use GnRH in vetmed

A

many GnRH agonists: substituting an amino acid to make more potent than natural GnRH
- binds to same receptor as native/natural receptor, and enhances it
- also have antagonists: prevents natural hormone from doing its thing and blocks the situation
- **increases receptor binding and potency

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15
Q

what is deslorelin?

A

GnRH agonist

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16
Q

GnRH antagonists

A

blocks the GnRH receptor, no biological action
ex: antarelix

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17
Q

dopamine

A
  • produced in hypothalamus
  • released into portal venous system
  • carried to anterior pituitary
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18
Q

what is the function of dopamine

A

inhibition of prolactin synthesis!

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19
Q

when do you use dopamine?

A

ex fescue toxicosis: fungus infests the grass: this fungus produces a toxin that is a dopamine mimic: so these animals grazing on it will have prolactin suppression: causes mares to have a prolonged gestation and give birth and have no colostrum, no milk, etc because lactation is suppressed

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20
Q

if you want to bring an animal into milk, what med can you give?

A

a dopamine antagonist: blocks action, allows prolactin to rise and the animal will come into milk: what we do to create a nurse mare for orphan foals

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21
Q

oxytocin

A
  • small peptide (amino acids)
  • synthesized in hypothalamus
  • transported to posterior pituitary
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22
Q

where is oxytocin transported to?

A

posterior pituitary

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23
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A
  • stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions: stimulate labor!! parturition + evacuation of uterine fluid
  • contraction of oviduct
  • contraction of myoepithelial cells (milk let down
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24
**what causes milk PRODUCTION?**
prolactin
25
**what causes milk LETDOWN?**
oxytocin: stimulates contraction of alveoli in mammary glands to allow milk letdown
26
what is the ferguson reflex?
baby moves into birth canal (cervix), cervix has a release of oxytocin which causes smooth muscle of uterus to contract: pushes fetus into pelvic canal
27
what happens if a calf is coming out sideways? what will you see/not see?
not in cervix/birth canal = no contractions because no ferguson reflex (oxytocin reflex) = won't see contractions = red flag
28
what will stimulate release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary?
1. nursing: bump mammary gland area triggers release: causes milk letdown 2. ferguson reflex: cervical stimulation
29
anterior pituitary development
derived embryologically from small diverticulum off the dorsal pharynx (Rathke's pouch) + buds off and surrounds outpouch from the hypothalamus
30
posterior pituitary development
hypothalamic outpouching: why posterior pituitary is connected/linked to hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary needs a vascular transport
31
what cells make gonadotropins?
gonadotroph cells: make FSH and LH
32
FSH and LH are big/small hormones
big hormones: have alpha and beta subunits with sugar residues: won't cross skin, but steroid hormone WILL: you can absorb it
33
T/F: steroid hormones can be absorbed across the skin
true
34
structure of FSH and LH
alpha subunit: the exact same beta subunit: different, and this causes function: confers specific function
35
what does FSH do?
- stimulates ovarian follicular growth** - stimulates estradiol production by granulosa cells - induction of synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells
36
stimulation of ovarian follicular growth
FSH
37
structure of LH?
- glycoprotein with alpha and beta chains with sugar residues - alpha same as FSH - beta different! creates specific function - matures a follicle and gets it to ovulate
38
what does LH do?
matures a follicle and gets it to ovulate
39
regulation of LH
- progesterone: potent negative feedback: if horse has a large follicle and is producing a lot of progesterone, won't be able to ovulate in diestrus - positive feedback by estradiol - stimulated by GnRH
40
functions of LH ** exam
1. maturation of the dominant follicle and oocyte 2. induction of ovulation of follicle
41
how does a follicle grow and then ovulate?
1. FSH: causes follicle to grow 2. LH: causes maturation and ovulation
42
cascade of events for follicle
1. hypothalamus makes GnRH 2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to stimulate FSH and LH 3. FSH and LH travel to ovary: follicles grow and ovulate
43
how are FSH and LH regulated?
pulsatile secretion of GnRH from hypothalamuse causes pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH from pituitary pulse frequency will dictate what is more likely to be produced
44
in the follicular phase, is the frequency of LH/FSH pulses increased or decreased?
pulse frequency increased to stimulate follicular development
45
in the luteal phase, is frequency of LH/FSH pulses increased or decreased?
decreased
46
T/F: you can measure LH in dog
true: a blood sample one day will have a surge of LH: 48 hours after, the dog ovulates pulse frequency increases and reaches a peak
47
T/F: in most species, the LH pulse is long-lived
false: it is short lived in most species except horses
48
the LH pulse is short-lived in most species except
horses
49
LH stimulates what event
ovulation
50
T/F: prolactin is a steroid hormone
false; it is a polypeptide (amino acids)
51
prolactin
- single chain polypeptide hormone - controlled by dopamine: how we regulate it to increase or block lactation
52
if you have an animal that is lactating inappropriately, what can you do to stop that?
give a dopamine agonist: will inhibit prolactin
53
function of prolactin
- mammary gland growth and development - initiation and maintenance of lactation - stimulates lactation
54
a horse with PPID will have what symptoms associated with repro? why?
- increased lactation/inappropriate lactation - because of increased prolactin levels from a pituitary adenoma = loss of dopamine regulation - need to give her a dopamine agonist = pergolide
55
what is pergolide?
a synthetic dopamine agonist to regulate prolactin in PPID
56
after ovulation, what does a follicle become?
a corpus luteum
57
where are the 2 primary sites of hormone production in the ovary?
1. follicle: estradiol, AMH, testosterone 2. corpus luteum: progesterone
58
what 2 kinds of cells are in and around the follicle involved in hormone production?
1. thecal cells: on outside of follicle, and convert cholesterol to progesterone and then converts progesterone to androgens. androgens then cross basement membrane 2. granulosa cells: on inside of follicle, converts androgens to estrogens (estradiol)
59
what do thecal cells do?
converts cholesterol to progesterone, then progesterone to androgens
60
what do granulosa cells do?
convert androgens to estrogens (estradiol)
61
estradiol
- steroid hormone - produced by granulosa cells of follicle - multiple functions: behavior, repro, endocrine - what causes an animal to come into estrus: associated with growing follicles - endocrine effects: positive feedback to LH, negative feedback to FSH
62
progesterone
- steroid hormone - produced by luteal cells of the corpus luteum (same in every species) - one hormone that is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy (if progesterone = 0, animal cannot be pregnant) - not a definitive pregnancy test: could have just recently ovulated
63
inhibin
- needed to regulate # of follicles (esp in large animals having 1 baby) - when follicles grow, FSH causes ex 8 to grow: is a race: the follicle that gets the biggest first, produces inhibin: inhibin blocks FSH from being produced by anterior pituitary - the follicle is now dependent on LH, but the smaller ones still need FSH but this dominant follicle has produced inhibin and stopped FSH from being produced
64
what is the most commonly used hormone in LA repro?
prostaglandin: PGF2a and PGE
65
what part of the animal makes prostaglandins?
uterine lining (endometrium)
66
what is the function of prostaglandins?*
- luteolysis: destruction of the corpus luteum!! draw up some and give to cow/horse to short cycle them to get rid of their CL to come back in to be able to be bred - if animal pregnant, there is a window in animals post-ovulation where the embryo has to tell the uterus to not release prostaglandins because it's pregnant. if embryo doesn't make signal or uterus doesn't understand signal, animal will cycle back and she will los the pregnancy

Therio Exam 2 (10 decks)

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