Reproductive Pathology of the Non-Pregnant Female Flashcards
what is the karyotype of turner’s syndrome?
63, X0
X chromosomal deletion
turner’s syndrome
- X chromosome deletion (XO)
- 63, XO
- ovaries lack germ cells and follicles
- underdeveloped ovaries and infantile repro track
- phenotypically female because lacking Y
- almost undetectable ovaries on US
what ovarian abnormality is very common in high producing dairy cows?**
cystic ovaries aka cystic follicles!
cystic follicles**
- cow and sow most commonly affected
- dairy cows high producing in early postpartum period are at highest risk
- risk increases w disease
- persistent (>10 days) follicle >25mm in diameter is considered to be an anovulatory/cystic follicle
what size follicle is considered a cystic/anovulatory follicle?
> 10 days, >25 mm
what are potential causes of cystic ovaries?
- negative energy balance
- stress
- inadequate or mistimed LH surge
- insufficient estrogen production by follicle
what are consequences of cystic ovaries?
- won’t ovulate = follicular cyst
- partial luteinization may occur : follicular wall may have rim of luteal tissue: get a little bit of progesterone, so a risk if that there will be a longer period of time between calving and when they get pregnant again
- increased days open/decreased fertility
clinical signs of cystic ovaries
- BEHAVIORAL CHANGES! persistent estrus, masculinization, anestrus behavior
- elevated tail head
- cystic endometrial hyperplasia
- mucometra** (mucus accumulation in uterus)
- vulva enlargement
elevated tail head can be commonly seen with what pathology in dairy cows?**
cystic ovaries!!
what are the 2 cysts that can be formed with cystic ovaries?
- follicular cyst: just make estrogen, if partially luteinized can make progesterone
- luteal cyst
follicular cyst**
- cystic ovaries
- 2 step process to get rid of it
1. luteinization of cyst: administer GnRH or hCG (LH biological equivalent), GnRH will cause LH to be secreted by cow to luteinize the abnormal follicle. if can luteinize, then you can kill by prostaglandins
2. luteolysis: give prostaglandins
luteal cyst**
- 1 step to get rid of
- partial luteinization: has luteal tissue with follicular lumen
- already luteonized: so just have to induce luteolysis: give prostaglandins
what is the most common ovarian abnormality in the horse?
follicular cyst/anovulatory follicle ***
can get massively big (grapefruit), hang around for a long time
some partially luteonize
primary luteal insufficiency
- lack of development of CL, low P4 production
- little evidence
- suggested in horses, cattle, pigs, dogs and cats
- idea that there isn’t enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy in animals
- common to supplement animals with progesterone: especially equine vets supplementing horses with fertility issues (ex regumate)
- hard to determine if this actually works
what is premature luteolysis?***
- **inflammation of endometrium/endometritis can result in PGF release and premature luteolysis
- short estrous cycles (<21 days) in large animals suggest presence of uterine infection/endometritis (short cycling)
- luteal phase shortened, not follicular phase
what are the 2 ways a cow or horse can short cycle?
- vet gives PGF
- UTERINE INFECTION!!
luteal phase shortened, not follicular phase
what is persistence of luteal function
“pseudopregnancy”
- dog: ovulates and luteal phase (pregnant or not) will be about 60 days. this is NOT pseudopregnancy. some dogs in heat and not pregnant at end of luteal phase will start nesting behavior/coming into milk, etc. dog luteal phase is the same pregnant or not
- goats; can have persistent CL, anestrus, hydrometra, cloud burst
- horses: can have persistent CL: can last for 2-3 months, anestrus for 2-3 months
what are causes of persistence of luteal function in LARGE ANIMALS?**
- inadequate PGF release (hard bc it comes in pulses)
- embryonic loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy**
- severe uterine pathology**
- ovulations late in diestrus
dog pseudopregnancy refers to what
BEHAVIORAL pseudopregnancy: abdominal enlargement, contractions, lactation, mothering behavior
dogs always have prolonged elevated P4 levels after ovulation
when will embryonic loss cause a persistent CL?
when the pregnancy is lost AFTER MATERNAL RECOGNITION (ex after day 14 in the horse!!)
- the body has recognized the pregnancy, and won’t release prostaglandins and will wall off the uterus and will hold onto and maintain the CL for months
= continuation of CL
what is another common cause of a persistent CL (think infx)
CHRONIC UTERINE INFECTION = PYOMETRA
- if a cow has chronic uterine infection, the uterus walls itself off with inflammation and degenerative damages to get to the point where it cannot produce prostaglandins!!
- hallmark of pyo in LA: chronic uterine damage = lack of prostaglandin production and persistent CL
will a cow short cycle with an acute or chronic infection?
short cycle: has an acute infection, can still release prostaglandins from endometrium bc of acute inflammation so will still short cycle
T/F: a cow will short cycle with a chronic infection
FALSE: chronic infection causes inadequate prostaglandin release from endometrium from loss of endometrial function associated with chronic infection
- prolonged luteal phase because they cannot make prostaglandins
when will cows/horses get a PROLONGED luteal phase
with a CHRONIC uterine infection: cannot release prostaglandins
