Small Animal Medicine/Vaccinations Flashcards
Describe modified live - whole agent - vaccines
- attenuated but antigenic
- lower Ag mass = fewer reactions
- requires replication in host
- best vax to stimulate CMI
- long protection
-
vax-induced illness
- immunosuppressed animals
- neonates
Describe recombinant vector vaccines and list some examples
- genetic code for key immunogenic proteins is inserted into a non-pathogenic vector
- e.g. Poxvirus, herpesvirus, bovine papillomavirus, simian virus 40, PUREVAX Rabies and FeLv vax - BI
Describe genetic deletion vaccines and a potential use for them.
- selected genome removed to decrease virulence
- experimental vaxs
Describe nucleic acid vaccines and some potential uses for them.
- naked genes inserted into plasmid carrier
- gene therapy/cancer treatment
Describe non-infectious vaccines
- whole agent - killed
- higher Ag mass
- more allergenic reactions/adverse events
- requires adjuvant
- shorter duration of immunity than MLV
- primarily stimulates humoral immunity
- no reversion to virulence
- safe in immunosuppressed, neonates, or pregnant animals
Describe a purified subunit vaccine
- purified antigenic components of the infectious agent
-
less allergenic than killed whole agent
- many vaxs on market now
Describe recombinant protein and chimeric protein vaccines and give a couple examples
- Recombinant - desired gene cloned into organism that produces it in vitro - then harvested and purified
- e.g. Recombitek Lyme - BI
- Chimeric protein - one protein w/ genetic material from multiple sources
- e.g. Zoetis - Vanguard - Lyme
What could cause vaccination failures?
not all vaccines will effectively immunize
- host factors
- vaccine factors
- human factors
What are some host factors that could cause vaccine failure?
- immunodeficiency
- maternal Ab
- age
- pregnancy
- fever/hypothermia
- stress/illness (including parasitism)
What are some vaccine factors that could cause vaccine failure?
- improper storage/handling
- biologic variation (culture variability)
- strain differences
- excessive attenuation
- reversion to virulence
- overwhelming exposure
What are some human factors that could cause vaccine failure?
- hospital protocol
- exposed at time of disease
- vaccine interference (improper vax interval - 2 wk min.)
- improper mixing/amount
- improper route of admin
- improper use of disinfectants
- concurrent antimicrobials or immunosuppressants
What are some common vaccine reactions?
- local reaction (swelling, pain)
- mild systemic reactions (facial rxn, hives)
- fetal resorption, abortions, birth defects
- anaphylaxis
- immune complex dz
- incomplete attenuation causing dz
- vax-induced neoplasia (fibrosarc)
- immune-mediated destruction of RBCs or platelets
- polyradiculoneuritis
- contamination of multi-dose vials
- adventitious agents (Bluetongue virus) - rare today
What are the vaccination site guidelines for canines?
- DA2PP - SQ RS
- Rabies - SQ RR
- record other sites, manufacturer, type, serial #
- avoid interscapular space always
What are the vaccination site guidelines for felines?
- FVRCP - SQ R foreleg - distally
- FeLV - SQ LR leg - distally
- Rabies - SQ RR - distally
- record manufacturer, type, and serial #
- other SQ injections on sides or L forelimb distally
- avoid interscapular space always
Describe the canine distemper virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- MLV
- vaccinate pups @ 6-8 wks then every 2-4 wks until 14-16 weeks of age
- Dogs > 16 wks - 2 doses 3-4 wks apart
- Can use heterotypic measles vax (IM) at 6-8 wks ONLY
- Recombinant CDV can be used in the face of passive immunity
Describe the infectious canine hepatitis vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- MLV, SQ or IN
- Canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) vaccine
- can cause anterior uveitis/nephritis
- CAV-2 vaccine provides cross protection w/o reaction
- Vaccinate @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks untlk 14-16 wks
- Dogs > 16 wks - 2 doses 3-4 wks apart
Describe the leptospirosis vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- non-core vax
- killed, non-infectious
- immunization reduces incidence and severity (not every vax prevents carrier state)
- shorter duration of immunity, 10-12 mo
- older combo vaxs (DA2LPP) were vs. serovars - canicola and icoterohaemorrhagie
- newer 4-way vaxs vs. above 2 + pomona and grippotyphosa
- no evidence of cross protection b/t serovars
- vax is highly allergic ( incr risk in small dogs/combo w/ other killed products)
- if anaphylaxis > treat appropriately & discontinue further lepto vaxs
- vax pups @ > 9 wks then q 2-3 wks for 2-3 times
- can cause suppression of Ab response to other Ag
Describe the infectious canine tracheobronchitis vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus, CAV-1, CAV-2, canine herpes virus, CDV, reovirus, mycoplasma, influenza
- bordetella vax - parenteral (killed)
- parainfluenza vax - parenteral (MLV)
- combo CPIV/Bordetella vax - IN (MLV + live avirulent)
- influenza vax - killed single agent and bivalent - parenteral
Describe the canine influenza virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- against emerging pathogens - H3N8 and H3N2
- parenteral - SQ
- no cross protection b/t strains
- new bivalent vax (killed, Merck and Zoetis)
Describe the parainfluenza vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- intranasal - 1 dose @ > 3 wks or 7-14d before boarding
- stimulates IgA, CMI, and interferon
- no maternal Ab interference
- rapid onset of protection
- reduced clinical dz & viral shedding
- mild CS post-vax
- parenteral - 2 MLV vax given 2-4 wks apart
- protects vs. CS, not shedding
- takes longer for protection - 6 wks
- given in DA2PP combo
Describe the bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- intranasal - live avirulent
- IgA within 4 days post-vax
- protects vs. clinical dz & viral shedding
- mild CS post-vax (resp)
- zoonotic potential, primarily to children or immunosuppressed w/ very close contact
- some may contain CAV-2
- parenteral - inactivated
- not as effective due to mucosal nature of dz
- produces higher titer
- 2 doses 2-4 wks apart 7-14d before boarding
- Vax reactions possible (systemic)
Describe the canine parvo virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- maternal Ab interference
- critical period for susceptibility
- high titer/low culture passage vax (attenuated)
- overcomes maternal Ab - most by 12 wks
- e.g. Vanguard Parvo Vax - Zoetis, @ 6, 9, 12, 16 wks
Describe the canine corona virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- not recommended
- primarily a dz of puppies < 6 wks
- subclinical or mild self-limiting dz
Describe the Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme dz) vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- non-core group vax
- 99% of cases in Northeast & Mid-Atlantic coast, upper Midwest & West Coast
- Ab titer only indicates exposure
- 2 doses given > 12 wks 2-3 wks apart - annually
- Tick control important
- whole cell, subunit, and chimeric vaxs
Describe the canine and feline rabies vaccines and the vaccination protocol
- non-core group vax
- vax at 3-4 months then in 1 year
- booster as required by state/local law
- killed product, strongly adjuvanted
- anaphylaxis - adverse effect
- feline fibrosarcoma
- cutaneous vasculitis
- non-adjuvanted products available (1 and 3 yr)
- check laws on vaccination of wolf-hybrids
What vaccines are considered core-group vaccines for canines?
- canine distemper
- infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus 1/2)
- infectious canine tracheobronchitis - influenza, parainfluenza, Bordetella
- canine parvovirus
Describe the panleukopenia, herpes, and calici virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- core in shelter/cattery
- vax at 6-8 wks, then q 2-4 wks until 16 wks
- can vax as early as 4 wks in shelter
- revax at one yr, then q 3 yrs
- attenuated and inactivated available for parenteral use
- attenuated available for intranasal use
- in outbreak, causes CS
Describe the Chlamydia felis vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- non-core in shelter/cattery
- live avirulent and inactivated vaxs available
- some protection, not complete immunity
- primarily conjunctivitis - mild signs of short duration, low prevalance < 5%
- may be useful where confirmed endemic in cattery or shelter (otherwise limited benefit)
- rxns: lethargy, anorexia, lameness, fever
- maternal Ab interference = negligible
- vax > 3 wks and repeat in 4 wks if < 12 wks old
Describe the feline leukemia virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- non-core vax
- vax @ 8-10 wks and booster in 3-4 wks, then annually or q 2 yrs depending on risk
- killed and avirulent, canary pox vectored (MLV) available
- test 1st, if high risk may test again in 2-3 mo.
- vax high risk healthy cats
- consider vax more as kittens & less as adults (incr immunity)
- may be needed in communal housing situations
- immunogen is gp70 enveloped protein; ELISA test - p27 Ag
Describe the Bordetella bronchiseptica virus feline vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- non-core vax
- similar to kennel cough in dogs
- URI, pyrexia, cough
- bronchopneumonia cyanosis & dyspnea
- can be fatal
- primarily cattery problem
- vax may be useful where confirmed endemic in cattery/shelter (otherwise limited benefit)
- e.g. Protex-Bp - Intervet
- vax @ >4 wks, 1 dose, 0.2 ml intranasal
Describe the feline corona virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- not generally recommended
- attenuated, temp sensitive mutant virus
- replicates in cooler temps of nasal mucosa
- efficacy of vax not well established
- may be helpful in catteries & multi-cat household w/ hx of FIP
- 2 vax @ > 16 wks and booster in 3-4 wks, revax annually
Describe the feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol
- not generally recommended
- killed virus, adjuvanted
- vax at 8 wks w/ 2 boosters every 3-4 wks (3 doses required)
- causes positive test post vax (Ab test)
- possibly needed in communal housing situations
- no longer made/distributed in North America
What are the principles guiding the duration of immunity (DOI) of an individual vaccine?
- annual vax rx by AVMA 20 yrs ago
- most vaxs were challenged 2-3 wks after last vax administered
- 1 yr revaccination rx was arbitrary
- exception = rabies, 1 & 3 yr DOI
- since 1995, USDA required DOI for any new novel vax
What are the vaccination guidelines at UF VMC for canines?
- DA2PP (NO L) @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks until 16 wks, then in 1 yr - triennial (Core)
- Bordetella/Parainfluenza (IN) @ 3 wks, repeat in 6-12 mo if at risk (Bord.-only oral available too) - (Core in puppies and at risk adults)
- Rabies @ 12-16 wks, repeat in 1 year then q 3 yrs (Core)
- Lyme, Lepto, and Bivalent Influenza are given at <10 wks then in 2-4 wks, then annually (at risk)
What are the vaccination guidelines at UF VMC for felines?
- FVRCP @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks until 15-16 wks, repeat in 1 year then triennial (Core)
- FeLV vax (FeLV - and high risk) @ > 10 wks, repeat 2-4wks, then annually or every 2 yrs (Core in kittens and at risk adults)
- Rabies @ 12-16 wks, repeat in 1-3 yrs depending on vax used/label (adjuvant/non-adjuvanted) (Core)
Describe some changing trends in vax protocols
- objective is to vax more animals in the population but to vax indivduals LESS often
- vaccination is a medical procedure that should include same considerations and reasoning skills required when deciding on tx/sx
- clients must be educated to the value and need for the annual health exam + vaccines
- educate clients before they find info elsewhere
What are things included for the preventative treatment for ascarids and hookworms?
- puppies - deworm @ 3,6,8,12 wks
- kittens - deworm @ 6,8,12 wks (no parenteral infxn)
- deworm dam at breeding and with pups
- collect and dispose of pet waste
- must make owners aware of zoonotic potential
- larval migrans
- good personal hygiene
What are 3 important intestinal parasites to worry about in small animals?
- Trichuris spp.
- Dipylidium spp.
- Taenia spp.
What is UF CVM’s heartworm protocol?
- start prevs @ 6-8 wks
- if > 6 mo., must test 1st
- retest in 6 mo. if missed prevention
- on monthly prev - ELISA Ag test q 1-2 yrs
