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Prevention & Production Medicine > Small Animal Medicine/Vaccinations > Flashcards

Small Animal Medicine/Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

Describe modified live - whole agent - vaccines

A
  • attenuated but antigenic
  • lower Ag mass = fewer reactions
  • requires replication in host
  • best vax to stimulate CMI
  • long protection
  • vax-induced illness
    • ​immunosuppressed animals
    • neonates
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2
Q

Describe recombinant vector vaccines and list some examples

A
  • genetic code for key immunogenic proteins is inserted into a non-pathogenic vector
    • e.g. Poxvirus, herpesvirus, bovine papillomavirus, simian virus 40, PUREVAX Rabies and FeLv vax - BI
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3
Q

Describe genetic deletion vaccines and a potential use for them.

A
  • selected genome removed to decrease virulence
  • experimental vaxs
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4
Q

Describe nucleic acid vaccines and some potential uses for them.

A
  • naked genes inserted into plasmid carrier
  • gene therapy/cancer treatment
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5
Q

Describe non-infectious vaccines

A
  • whole agent - killed
  • higher Ag mass
  • more allergenic reactions/adverse events
  • requires adjuvant
  • shorter duration of immunity than MLV
  • primarily stimulates humoral immunity
  • no reversion to virulence
  • safe in immunosuppressed, neonates, or pregnant animals
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6
Q

Describe a purified subunit vaccine

A
  • purified antigenic components of the infectious agent
  • less allergenic than killed whole agent
    • many vaxs on market now
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7
Q

Describe recombinant protein and chimeric protein vaccines and give a couple examples

A
  • Recombinant - desired gene cloned into organism that produces it in vitro - then harvested and purified
    • e.g. Recombitek Lyme - BI
  • Chimeric protein - one protein w/ genetic material from multiple sources
    • e.g. Zoetis - Vanguard - Lyme
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8
Q

What could cause vaccination failures?

A

not all vaccines will effectively immunize

  • host factors
  • vaccine factors
  • human factors
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9
Q

What are some host factors that could cause vaccine failure?

A
  • immunodeficiency
  • maternal Ab
  • age
  • pregnancy
  • fever/hypothermia
  • stress/illness (including parasitism)
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10
Q

What are some vaccine factors that could cause vaccine failure?

A
  • improper storage/handling
  • biologic variation (culture variability)
  • strain differences
  • excessive attenuation
  • reversion to virulence
  • overwhelming exposure
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11
Q

What are some human factors that could cause vaccine failure?

A
  • hospital protocol
  • exposed at time of disease
  • vaccine interference (improper vax interval - 2 wk min.)
  • improper mixing/amount
  • improper route of admin
  • improper use of disinfectants
  • concurrent antimicrobials or immunosuppressants
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12
Q

What are some common vaccine reactions?

A
  • local reaction (swelling, pain)
  • mild systemic reactions (facial rxn, hives)
  • fetal resorption, abortions, birth defects
  • anaphylaxis
  • immune complex dz
  • incomplete attenuation causing dz
  • vax-induced neoplasia (fibrosarc)
  • immune-mediated destruction of RBCs or platelets
  • polyradiculoneuritis
  • contamination of multi-dose vials
  • adventitious agents (Bluetongue virus) - rare today
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13
Q

What are the vaccination site guidelines for canines?

A
  • DA2PP - SQ RS
  • Rabies - SQ RR
  • record other sites, manufacturer, type, serial #
  • avoid interscapular space always
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14
Q

What are the vaccination site guidelines for felines?

A
  • FVRCP - SQ R foreleg - distally
  • FeLV - SQ LR leg - distally
  • Rabies - SQ RR - distally
  • record manufacturer, type, and serial #
  • other SQ injections on sides or L forelimb distally
  • avoid interscapular space always
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15
Q

Describe the canine distemper virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • MLV
  • vaccinate pups @ 6-8 wks then every 2-4 wks until 14-16 weeks of age
  • Dogs > 16 wks - 2 doses 3-4 wks apart
  • Can use heterotypic measles vax (IM) at 6-8 wks ONLY
  • Recombinant CDV can be used in the face of passive immunity
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16
Q

Describe the infectious canine hepatitis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • MLV, SQ or IN
  • Canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) vaccine
    • can cause anterior uveitis/nephritis
  • CAV-2 vaccine provides cross protection w/o reaction
  • Vaccinate @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks untlk 14-16 wks
  • Dogs > 16 wks - 2 doses 3-4 wks apart
17
Q

Describe the leptospirosis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • non-core vax
  • killed, non-infectious
  • immunization reduces incidence and severity (not every vax prevents carrier state)
  • shorter duration of immunity, 10-12 mo
  • older combo vaxs (DA2LPP) were vs. serovars - canicola and icoterohaemorrhagie
  • newer 4-way vaxs vs. above 2 + pomona and grippotyphosa
    • no evidence of cross protection b/t serovars
  • vax is highly allergic ( incr risk in small dogs/combo w/ other killed products)
    • ​if anaphylaxis > treat appropriately & discontinue further lepto vaxs
  • vax pups @ > 9 wks then q 2-3 wks for 2-3 times
  • can cause suppression of Ab response to other Ag
18
Q

Describe the infectious canine tracheobronchitis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus, CAV-1, CAV-2, canine herpes virus, CDV, reovirus, mycoplasma, influenza
  • bordetella vax - parenteral (killed)
  • parainfluenza vax - parenteral (MLV)
  • combo CPIV/Bordetella vax - IN (MLV + live avirulent)
  • influenza vax - killed single agent and bivalent - parenteral
19
Q

Describe the canine influenza virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • against emerging pathogens - H3N8 and H3N2
  • parenteral - SQ
  • no cross protection b/t strains
  • new bivalent vax (killed, Merck and Zoetis)
20
Q

Describe the parainfluenza vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • intranasal - 1 dose @ > 3 wks or 7-14d before boarding
    • stimulates IgA, CMI, and interferon
    • no maternal Ab interference
    • rapid onset of protection
    • reduced clinical dz & viral shedding
    • mild CS post-vax
  • parenteral - 2 MLV vax given 2-4 wks apart
    • protects vs. CS, not shedding
    • takes longer for protection - 6 wks
    • given in DA2PP combo
21
Q

Describe the bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • intranasal - live avirulent
    • IgA within 4 days post-vax
    • protects vs. clinical dz & viral shedding
    • mild CS post-vax (resp)
    • zoonotic potential, primarily to children or immunosuppressed w/ very close contact
    • some may contain CAV-2
  • parenteral - inactivated
    • not as effective due to mucosal nature of dz
    • produces higher titer
    • 2 doses 2-4 wks apart 7-14d before boarding
    • Vax reactions possible (systemic)
22
Q

Describe the canine parvo virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • maternal Ab interference
  • critical period for susceptibility
  • high titer/low culture passage vax (attenuated)
    • overcomes maternal Ab - most by 12 wks
    • e.g. Vanguard Parvo Vax - Zoetis, @ 6, 9, 12, 16 wks
23
Q

Describe the canine corona virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • not recommended
  • primarily a dz of puppies < 6 wks
  • subclinical or mild self-limiting dz
24
Q

Describe the Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme dz) vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • non-core group vax
  • 99% of cases in Northeast & Mid-Atlantic coast, upper Midwest & West Coast
  • Ab titer only indicates exposure
  • 2 doses given > 12 wks 2-3 wks apart - annually
  • Tick control important
  • whole cell, subunit, and chimeric vaxs
25
Q

Describe the canine and feline rabies vaccines and the vaccination protocol

A
  • non-core group vax
  • vax at 3-4 months then in 1 year
  • booster as required by state/local law
  • killed product, strongly adjuvanted
    • anaphylaxis - adverse effect
    • feline fibrosarcoma
    • cutaneous vasculitis
  • non-adjuvanted products available (1 and 3 yr)
  • check laws on vaccination of wolf-hybrids
26
Q

What vaccines are considered core-group vaccines for canines?

A
  • canine distemper
  • infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus 1/2)
  • infectious canine tracheobronchitis - influenza, parainfluenza, Bordetella
  • canine parvovirus
27
Q

Describe the panleukopenia, herpes, and calici virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • core in shelter/cattery
  • vax at 6-8 wks, then q 2-4 wks until 16 wks
  • can vax as early as 4 wks in shelter
  • revax at one yr, then q 3 yrs
  • attenuated and inactivated available for parenteral use
  • attenuated available for intranasal use
  • in outbreak, causes CS
28
Q

Describe the Chlamydia felis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • non-core in shelter/cattery
  • live avirulent and inactivated vaxs available
  • some protection, not complete immunity
  • primarily conjunctivitis - mild signs of short duration, low prevalance < 5%
  • may be useful where confirmed endemic in cattery or shelter (otherwise limited benefit)
  • rxns: lethargy, anorexia, lameness, fever
  • maternal Ab interference = negligible
  • vax > 3 wks and repeat in 4 wks if < 12 wks old
29
Q

Describe the feline leukemia virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • non-core vax
  • vax @ 8-10 wks and booster in 3-4 wks, then annually or q 2 yrs depending on risk
  • killed and avirulent, canary pox vectored (MLV) available
  • test 1st, if high risk may test again in 2-3 mo.
  • vax high risk healthy cats
  • consider vax more as kittens & less as adults (incr immunity)
  • may be needed in communal housing situations
  • immunogen is gp70 enveloped protein; ELISA test - p27 Ag
30
Q

Describe the Bordetella bronchiseptica virus feline vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • non-core vax
  • similar to kennel cough in dogs
  • URI, pyrexia, cough
  • bronchopneumonia cyanosis & dyspnea
    • can be fatal
  • primarily cattery problem
  • vax may be useful where confirmed endemic in cattery/shelter (otherwise limited benefit)
  • e.g. Protex-Bp - Intervet
  • vax @ >4 wks, 1 dose, 0.2 ml intranasal
31
Q

Describe the feline corona virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • not generally recommended
  • attenuated, temp sensitive mutant virus
  • replicates in cooler temps of nasal mucosa
  • efficacy of vax not well established
  • may be helpful in catteries & multi-cat household w/ hx of FIP
  • 2 vax @ > 16 wks and booster in 3-4 wks, revax annually
32
Q

Describe the feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

A
  • not generally recommended
  • killed virus, adjuvanted
  • vax at 8 wks w/ 2 boosters every 3-4 wks (3 doses required)
  • causes positive test post vax (Ab test)
  • possibly needed in communal housing situations
  • no longer made/distributed in North America
33
Q

What are the principles guiding the duration of immunity (DOI) of an individual vaccine?

A
  • annual vax rx by AVMA 20 yrs ago
  • most vaxs were challenged 2-3 wks after last vax administered
  • 1 yr revaccination rx was arbitrary
  • exception = rabies, 1 & 3 yr DOI
  • since 1995, USDA required DOI for any new novel vax
34
Q

What are the vaccination guidelines at UF VMC for canines?

A
  • DA2PP (NO L) @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks until 16 wks, then in 1 yr - triennial (Core)
  • Bordetella/Parainfluenza (IN) @ 3 wks, repeat in 6-12 mo if at risk (Bord.-only oral available too) - (Core in puppies and at risk adults)
  • Rabies @ 12-16 wks, repeat in 1 year then q 3 yrs (Core)
  • Lyme, Lepto, and Bivalent Influenza are given at <10 wks then in 2-4 wks, then annually (at risk)
35
Q

What are the vaccination guidelines at UF VMC for felines?

A
  • FVRCP @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks until 15-16 wks, repeat in 1 year then triennial (Core)
  • FeLV vax (FeLV - and high risk) @ > 10 wks, repeat 2-4wks, then annually or every 2 yrs (Core in kittens and at risk adults)
  • Rabies @ 12-16 wks, repeat in 1-3 yrs depending on vax used/label (adjuvant/non-adjuvanted) (Core)
36
Q

Describe some changing trends in vax protocols

A
  • objective is to vax more animals in the population but to vax indivduals LESS often
  • vaccination is a medical procedure that should include same considerations and reasoning skills required when deciding on tx/sx
  • clients must be educated to the value and need for the annual health exam + vaccines
    • educate clients before they find info elsewhere
37
Q

What are things included for the preventative treatment for ascarids and hookworms?

A
  • puppies - deworm @ 3,6,8,12 wks
  • kittens - deworm @ 6,8,12 wks (no parenteral infxn)
  • deworm dam at breeding and with pups
  • collect and dispose of pet waste
  • must make owners aware of zoonotic potential
  • larval migrans
  • good personal hygiene
38
Q

What are 3 important intestinal parasites to worry about in small animals?

A
  • Trichuris spp.
  • Dipylidium spp.
  • Taenia spp.
39
Q

What is UF CVM’s heartworm protocol?

A
  • start prevs @ 6-8 wks
  • if > 6 mo., must test 1st
  • retest in 6 mo. if missed prevention
  • on monthly prev - ELISA Ag test q 1-2 yrs

Prevention & Production Medicine (17 decks)

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