Small Animal Medicine Exam III Flashcards
Neurolocalization yields your _____.
differential list
What are the functional divisions of the brain?
What are upper motor neurons?
What are lower motor neurons?
The upper motor neuron system originates in various parts of the brain, what are they?
UMN ____ the neurons that directly innervate the muscles (LMN).
What are the responsibilities of the UMN system?
____ and ____ are mainly responsible for gait. The ____ is thought to play the biggest role in gait.
The ____ is the most important of the pathways through which a dog executes voluntary movement.
Identify the structure.
Identify the structure.
Identify the structures.
Name the different lobes of the cerebrum. What is their function?
What are the functions of the somatosensory cortex?
List the different forebrain signs that would indicate a lesion in the cerebrum.
The ____ is the chief sensory integrating center of the nervous system that contains a plethora of “rely” nuclei.
Diencephalon
What are the 5 major divisions of the diencephalon?
What is the location and function of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?
Describe the function of and influences of the hypothalamus.
The ____ nuclei in the hypothalamus secrete ADH while the ____ nuclei secrete oxytocin. These are the only neurons in the body capable of secreting hormones.
What clinical signs are consistent with a lesion in the diencephalon?
List the different structures that live in the midbrain, what is their function?
What are some clinical signs consistent with a lesion in the midbrain?
List the structures that make up the pons.
List some clinical signs that would indicate a lesion in the pons.
List the structures that course through the medulla.
Identify the structures.
What are some clinical signs consistent with a lesion in the medulla?
List the structures that make up the cerebellum.
What are the different functional units of the cerebellum?
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
List the clinical signs that would indicate a lesion in the cerebellum.
In the spinal cord, the UMN tracts descend in ___ and synapse on the LMN in the ___.
What are the different tracts in the spinal cord responsible for walking?
What are the different tracts in the spinal cord responsible for standing?
Identify the structures.
Describe the sensory function of the spinal cord.
Lesions affecting both the ____ and the ____ will result in proprioceptive ataxia and paresis (respectively).
Interference with the UMN’s influence over the LMY results in ____.
Identify the different parts of the spinal cord tract.
What are the different clinically important LMN in the spinal cord? In general, damage to these structures will result in what clinical presentation?
Identify the parts of the spinal cord.
Describe the pertinent anatomy that lives in C1-C5.
List the clinical signs that would indicate a lesion between C1 and C5.
Describe the pertinent anatomy that lives in C6-T2.
List some clinical signs that would indicate a lesion in C6-T2.
Describe the pertinent anatomy that lives in T3-L3.
List some clinical signs that would indicate a lesion from T3 to L3.
Describe the pertinent anatomy that lives in the L4-S3 region of the spinal cord.
List some clinical signs that would indicate a lesion in the L4-S3 region.
What are some clinical signs that would indicate a lesion in S1-S3?
What are some clinical signs that would indicate a lesion in Cd1-C5?
What are the goals of a neurological exam?
What are the indications for a neurological exam? (small animal medicine)
How should you approach a neuro case? (small animal medicine)
What will you need in order to perform a neurological exam on your small animal patient?
What are the different parts that make up the neurological exam? (small animal medicine)
What are the different time courses that we may see in our neurological patients?
____, ____, and ____ make up the observation portion of a neurological exam.
What are the different kinds of mentations we may see in our neurological patients?
What are the different postures we may see in our neurological patients?
What are the different kinds of gaits we may see in our neurological patients?
If gait is affected than there is a problem in the ____.
How can we evacuate the gait in our small animal patients?
Define ataxia.
Define paresis.
Define plegia.
What is monoparesis/plegia?
What is hemiparesis/plegia?
What is paraparesis/plegia?
Define tetraparesis/plegia.
You notice your patient is circling, what does this indicate? (small animal medicine)
What are the 3 forms of ataxia?
Describe vestibular ataxia.
Describe cerebellar ataxia.
Describe proprioceptive ataxia.
Why do we test for postural reactions?
Postural reactions not only test conscious proprioception, what else do they test?
What are the different ways we test postural reactions?
Describe how we perform hemiwalking to test postural reactions in our small animal patients.
Testing spinal reflexes helps us evaluate _____.
What are the different monosynaptic and multisynaptic parts of spinal reflexes?
What are some key points regarding the withdrawal (flexor) reflexes?
What muscles and spinal cords are tested with the forelimb flexor (withdrawal) reflex?
What muscles and spinal cords are tested with the patellar reflex?
What muscles and spinal cords are tested with the withdrawal reflex?
What muscles and spinal cords are tested with the cutaneous trunci reflex?
What are some general UMN signs we can see while performing our neurological exam of dogs/cats?
What are some general LMN signs we can see while performing our neurological exam of dogs/cats?
What are some general tips to test spinal reflexes in our small animal patients?
How do we perform a patellar reflex? What is a normal response and what nerve is being evaluated?
How do you perform a withdrawal (flexor) reflex of the pelvic limb? What is a normal response? What nerves and cord segments are involved?
How do you perform a withdrawal (flexor) reflex of the forelimb? What is a normal response? What nerves and cord segments are involved?
How do you perform a cutaneous trunci reflex? What is the normal response?
How to perform a perineal (anal) reflex? What is a normal response? What nerves are being evaluated?
Most cranial nerves are ___ but some are “responses”.
List the different cranial nerves. What are their functions?
What cranial nerves are tested during a menace response?
What cranial nerves are tested during a palpebral reflex / facial sensation?
What cranial nerves are tested during a pupillary light reflex?
Describe how you would preform a menace response test. What are you testing for?
Describe how you would preform a palpebral reflex test. What are you testing for?
Describe the role that the trigeminal nerve plays in facial symmetry.
How would a lesion in the trigeminal nerve affect jaw tone?
What role does the facial nerve play in facial symmetry?
What role does the trigeminal nerve play in nasal sensation?
Identify the afferent and efferent pathways for nasal sensation.
Identify which branches of the trigeminal nerve are responsible for sensations in the face.
What are you assessing during a pupillary light reflex?
What is the swinging light test?
What is a physiologic nystagmus? What reflexes and nerves are involved?
What are the different kinds of abnormal nystagmus? What are the different orientations?
What nerves are being assessed during a gag reflex?
What nerve is being assessed when evaluating the tongue?
What cranial nerves are being assessed during the menace response?
What cranial nerves are being assessed during the palpebral reflex and facial sensation?
What cranial nerves are being assessed during the pupillary light reflex?
What is hyperesthesia?
Describe how you would perform a spinal palpation as part of your neurological exam.
Sensation is being simultaneously evaluated throughout your neurological exam, what does our basic neuro exam miss?
What is nociception?
____ is a conscious, emotional sensation which means it requires input from the brain,
Pain
How do we test for nociception? What are some normal responses that indicate deep pain perception?
What should be included in your bare minimum or abbreviated neurological exam?
What is a seizure? Where do they originate and what are the different types?
What are the different stages of a seizure?
What is a cluster seizure?
What is status epilepticus?
What are some common things mistaken for seizures?
Are seizures harmful?
What are the different types of seizures that occur in animals?
Describe a generalized seizure in small animal patients.
What are some common complications associated with a generalized seizure in our small animal patients?
Differentiate between a simple and complex focal/partial seizure.
What is happening during a partial seizure in our small animal patients?
How do we classify animal epilepsy?
What are some causes of seizures in our small animal patients?
What is the common signalment for a patient with genetic/idiopathic epilepsy?
How do we diagnose idiopathic epilepsy?
Describe the use of imaging in diagnosing idiopathic epilepsy.
What physical exam findings are consistent with idiopathic epilepsy?
What physical exam findings are consistent with idiopathic epilepsy?
When should you refer your patient with idiopathic epilepsy?
What are the different types of therapies we use in our patients with idiopathic epilepsy?
Describe the use of cannabidiol in our small animal epileptic patients.
What are the goals of therapy in our small animal patients with epilepsy?
When should you recommend chronic therapy for an epileptic patient?
What is some important client education surrounding the treatment of epilepsy in our small animal patients?
What are some common management mistakes when it comes to treating the epileptic patient?
Most patients with idiopathic epilepsy respond well to _____.
What drugs do we use for the emergency management of seizures at home?
_____ causes acute fulminant hepatic necrosis in cats.
When can you consider weaning an epileptic patient off of their medications?
Name the different anticonvulsants that we use in our small animal patients.
Describe the use of phenobarbital in our small animal patients.
What are the pros to using phenobarbital in our small animal patients?
What are the cons to using phenobarbital in our small animal patients?
Describe the use of potassium bromide in our small animal patients.
What are the pros to using potassium bromide in our small animal patients?
What are the cons to using potassium bromide in our small animal patients?
Describe the use of zonisamide in small animals patients.
What are the pros to using zonisamide in our small animal patients?
What are the cons to using zonisamide in our small animal patients?
Describe the use of levetiracetam in our small animal patients.
What are the pros to using levetiracetam in our small animal patients?
What are the cons to using levetiracetam in our small animal patients?
Describe the use of topiramate in our small animal patients.
What are the pros to using topiramate in our small animal patients?
What are the cons to using topiramate in our small animal patients?
What are some other possible anticonvulsants that we use in our epileptic small animal patients?
What are the take home points for dealing with epileptic patients?
What is the role of the vestibular system?
Describe the labyrinth of the peripheral vestibular system.
Describe CNVIII of the peripheral vestibular system.
What are some of the central vestibular structures of the vestibular system?
What are the 3 main targets of the central vesicular projections?
Describe the role of the cerebellum in the vestibular system.
Describe the role of the vestibulospinal tract in the vestibular system.
Describe the regular control of eye movements.
What are some common clinical signs that align with peripheral and central vestibular disease?
Describe a pathological nystagmus.
What are the different types of pathological nystagmus?
What is a pendular nystagmus?
What is a positional strabismus?
What is vestibular ataxia?
How can we differentiate between a peripheral or central vestibular disease?
What structures may play a role in central vestibular disease?
What is paradoxical vestibular disease?
What are the clinical signs of paradoxical vestibular disease?
Describe bilateral vestibular disease.
List some peripheral disease that cause vestibular dysfunction.
Describe the role of otitis media/interna in contributing to vestibular disease.
Describe K9 idiopathic vestibular disease.
Describe feline idiopathic vestibular disease.
Neurolocalization to central vestibular system is an indication of _____. As a general rule, most of the common causes can be associated with ____.
What are some diseases/conditions that contribute to central vestibular disease?
In general, what is the time frame for degenerative diseases.
What is cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
What are some pathological findings you would expect in a patient with cognitive dysfunction syndrome?
What is the most common signalment for a patient with cognitive dysfunction syndrome? How do we diagnose and treat it?
In general, describe the time frame for anomalous/structural neurological diseases.
What is hydrocephalus? How do we classify it?
What are the clinical signs and findings consistent with a patient with hydrocephalus?
How do we diagnose hydrocephalus?
What is the treatment for hydrocephalus?
What is the prognosis for hydrocephalus?
Acquired obstructive hydrocephalus is usually due to ____.
What is a chiari-like malformation? What breeds are predisposed?
What are the clinical signs of COMS?
How do we diagnose COMS?
What is the treatment for COMS?
What is the prognosis for a patient with COMS?
What are the causes and clinical signs of hepatoencephalopathy?
In general, describe the time frame for neoplastic neurological conditions.
What are the common locations for primary brain tumors in our small animal patients?
What are some primary brain tumors that we se in our small animal patients?
What are some of the common breed dispositions when it comes to primary brain tumors?
What are the most common clinical signs of a primary brain tumor?
How do we diagnose and treat primary brain tumors? What is the prognosis?
In general, describe the time frame of an inflammatory brain disease.
What are the general classifications of inflammatory brain diseases?
What are the clinical signs of inflammatory brain disease? How do we diagnose it? What is the prognosis?
List some causative agents of infectious inflammatory brain diseases.
Describe the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus and its role in infectious inflammatory brain diseases.
What are the different forms of canine distemper virus (that lead to infectious inflammatory brain disease)?
How do we diagnose canine distemper virus (that lead to infectious inflammatory brain disease)? What is the treatment and prognosis?
Describe the role of FIP in infectious inflammatory brain diseases.
How do we diagnose FIP?
What is the treatment and prognosis for FIP?
List some causative agents of fungal infectious inflammatory brain disease.
What is SRMA? What are the clinical signs?
Describe the pathophysiology of SRMA.
How do we diagnose and treat SRMA? What is the prognosis?
What is GME? What are the different forms?
Describe the pathophysiology of GME. What are the clinical signs?
How do we diagnose GME?
What is the treatment for GME?
What is the prognosis for GME?
What is NME/NLE? What is the most common signalment?
What are the clinical signs of NME/NLE? How do we diagnose and treat it? What is the prognosis?
Identify the different diseases based on their gross pathological findings.
Describe white shaker disease in its entirety. (Signalment, signs, path, dx, tx, px)
How should you go about diagnosing and treating brain disease without having an MRI or CSF?
In general, describe the time frame of head trauma related neurological diseases.
Differentiate between primary injury and secondary injury relative to head trauma.
What are some of the clinical signs we see with head trauma?
The lower your head trauma patient scores on the modified Glasgow Coma Scale, the ____ the prognosis.
What is the treatment for head trauma?
In general, describe the time frame for neurotoxicity.
Describe the causative agents, signs, dx, tx, px relative to tremorgenic mycotoxins.
Describe the MOA, clinical signs, treatment, tx, and px relative to metronidazole toxicity.
In general, describe the time frame of neurological disease secondary to ischemia or other vascular diseases.
Why is the brain so sensitive to ischemic injures?
What are the two different kinds of cerebrovascular accidents we see in dogs?
What are some of the causes of hemorrhagic CVA? How do we diagnose and treat it?
What are some of the causes of ischemic CVA?
Describe the pathophysiology, clinical signs and diagnosis of ischemic CVA?
How do we treat ischemic PVA? What is the prognosis?
What is feline ischemic encephalopathy? Describe the pathophysiology.
Describe the clinical signs and treatment of FIE.
What is Horner’s syndrome?
What is the pathway of Horner’s syndrome?
What are the clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome?
What conditions are associated with Horner’s syndrome?
What testing do we have available for Horner’s syndrome?
What is idiopathic facial nerve paralysis?
What are the clinical signs of idiopathic facial nerve paralysis?
How do we diagnose idiopathic facial nerve paralysis?
How do we treat idiopathic facial nerve paralysis?
What is the prognosis for idiopathic facial nerve paralysis?
What is trigeminal neuritis?
What are the clinical signs of trigeminal neuritis?
How do we diagnose trigeminal neuritis?
What is the treatment and prognosis for trigeminal neuritis?
What is laryngeal paralysis? Describe the two different forms.
What are the clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis?
What is the treatment for laryngeal paralysis?
What is the prognosis for laryngeal paralysis?
Describe a brachial plexus injury.
Describe a cranial brachial plexus injury.
Describe a caudal brachial plexus injury.
What is the treatment for a brachial plexus injury?
What is the treatment and prognosis for a brachial plexus injury?
What is tetanus? Describe the pathophysiology.
What are the clinical signs of tetanus?
How do we diagnose tetanus?
How do we treat tetanus?
What are the two forms of myasthenia gravis?
Describe acquired myasthenia graves. What are the 3 forms and what diseases can it be associated with?
What are the main clinical signs of myasthenia grvais in the dog?
What are the main clinical signs of myasthenia gravis in the cat?
How do we diagnose myasthenia grvais?
How do we treat myasthenia grvais?
What is the prognosis of myasthenia gravis?
List three examples of polymyositis.
What is masticatory muscle myositis? What is the pathophysiology?
What are the clinical signs of masticatory muscle myositis?
How do we diagnose masticatory muscle myositis?
How do we treat masticatory muscle myositis?
What is the prognosis for masticatory muscle myositis?
What is a saddle thrombus? Describe the pathophysiology.
What are the clinical signs of a saddle thrombus in cats?
Describe canine ischemic neuromyopathies. What diseases is it commonly associated with?
How do we diagnose canine ischemic neuromyopathies?
How do we treat canine ischemic neuromyopathies?
What is the prognosis for canine ischemic neuromyopathies?
