Equine Medicine Exam III Flashcards
What are some important aspects in our signalment that we need to clarify during our equine neuro exam?
What are some important aspects in our history that we need to clarify during our equine neuro exam?
Describe the general approach to the equine neurological exam.
Identify the different structures of interest during an equine neuro exam.
What are the 5 components that you need to evaluate during your equine neuro exam?
What are some clinical signs of decreased consciousness in the horse?
What are some clinical signs of increased consciousness in the horse?
What are some clinical signs consistent with lethargy in the horse?
What are some clinical signs consistent with stupor in the horse?
What are some clinical signs consistent with a coma in the horse?
What are some neurological behaviors we see in the horse?
What are some different postures we may appreciate during our equine neuro exam?
How do we assess the menace, vision and fundus in the horse?
How do we assess strabismus, nystagmus, pupillary size, and pain in the horse?
What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve in the horse? How do we assess its function clinically?
What are the functions of the facial nerve in the horse? How do we assess its function clinically?
What should you be looking for in your distance observation of the neck and thorax of the horse during a neuro exam?
Describe your palpation of the equine neck and thoracic limbs as part of your neurological exam.
What reflexes should you test during your evaluating of the neck and thorax as part of your neurological exam?
Describe how to perform the slap test in the horse. What are you assessing during this test?
Describe how to perform the slap test in the horse. What are you assessing during this test?
What should you be looking for in your distance observation of the trunk and pelvic limbs of the horse during a neuro exam?
Describe your palpation of the trunk and pelvic limbs as part of your equine neurological exam.
How do we assess the rectum, bladder, anus, and tail in the equine during a neurological exam?
What are some signs you would appreciate in the hind end of a horse with cauda equine syndrome?
What is wrong with this horse?
What are you assessing during your gait and posture portion of an equine neurological exam?
Describe how you would perform the gait and posture portion of an equine neurological exam.
What clinical signs would you see in a horse with a lesion in the C6 to T2 region?
What clinical signs would you see in a horse with a lesion in the T3 to L3 region?
What is paresis? How do we differentiate between UMN and LMN paresis in the horse?
How do we assess for paresis in the horse?
What is the most common type of ataxia in the horse?
What are some general clinical signs of ataxia in the horse?
What is GP ataxia? What are the clinical signs in the horse?
What is vestibular ataxia? What are the clinical signs in the horse?
What are the clinical signs of cerebellar ataxia in the horse?
Differentiate between dysmetria, hypermetria, and hypometria.
How can we differentiate between ataxia and lameness in the horse?
How can we assess limb strength in the horse?
What are some of the different gaits that we ask horses to perform to assess their neurological status?
What does a tail pull or sway tell us in the horse?
A blind fold helps us assess ____ in the horse.
Asking a horse to step over a curb helps us assess _____.
What are some potential abnormal findings we may see in a horse that we ask to walk in a small circle?
What are some potential abnormal findings we may see in a horse that we ask to back up?
Describe how we grade ataxia in the horse.
How do we use a CBC in our diagnosis of an equine neurological disease?
How do we use a biochemistry in our diagnosis of an equine neurological disease?
List the different upper motor signs in a horse.
List the different lower motor signs in a horse.
Describe the position, restraint, depth and potential complication associated with an AO CSF tap in a horse.
Describe the position, restraint, depth and potential complication associated with an C1-C2 CSF tap in a horse.
Describe the position, restraint, depth and potential complication associated with a lumbosacral CSF tap in a horse.
How do we analyze CSF fluid in our equine patients?
What is the most frequent test that we run on equine serum/CSF? What does it test for?
We can use a nasal swab to diagnose ____ in the horse.
What are the different imaging modalities that we use in equine neurology.
You need ___ radiographs to capture the entirely of the equine neck.
How do we use the sagittal ratio to evaluate for CVM in the horse?
What are some of the complications associated with performing a myelogram in the horse?
What are the different neuroelectrodiagnostics that we use in equine medicine?
Describe the use of an EMG and NCS in veterinary medicine.
What neuroelectrodiagnostic modality is being performing on this horse?
What neuroelectrodiagnostic modality is being performed on this horse?
____ and ____ biopsies are commonly performed in equine neurology as a diagnostic tool.
For ANY neurological horse, always suspect ____ or ___.
EPM or rabies
How should we consider the owner when caring for a neurological horse?
How should we consider the patient when caring for a neurological horse?
How is recumbency a prognostic indicator in the neurological equine?
What are some secondary complications when it comes to the neurological horse that is recumbent?
How do we protect our neurological equine patients from self injury?
How do we support the hydration and nutritional status of the neurological equine patient?
How do we support the GIT of the neurological equine patient?
How do we support the urinary system of the neurological equine patient?
How do we support the lungs of the neurological equine patient?
How do we support the eyes of the neurological equine patient?
Describe the use of physiotherapy in the neurological equine patient.
How do we support the positioning/orientation of the equine neurological patient?
Describe the use of slings for the neurological equine positioning.
What are the different kinds of slings we use in the neurological equine patient?
What should be confirmed/done prior to transporting the neurological equine patient?
What are the different drugs we use for sedation, analgesia or anesthesia of the neurological equine patient?
List some seizure control medications that can be used in the horse.
List some NSAIDs that can be used in the horse, what are the precautions?
List some steroids that can be used in the horse, what are the side effects?
List some antioxidant drugs that can be used in the horse.
List some drugs that can be used in a horse with head trauma.
List some antimicrobial drugs that can be used in the horse.
What are the 3 FDA approved drugs for the treatment of EPM?
In general, how much does it cost to treat EPM? What is the prognosis?
What is the MOA, duration, and adverse reactions associated with sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine in the horse?
What is the MOA, duration, and adverse reactions associated with ponazuril in the horse?
What is the MOA, duration, and adverse reactions associated with diclazuril in the horse?
What are some antitoxins that are used in equine medicine?
What are the 5 AAEP core vaccines?
What are some risk based vaccines used in equine medicine?
What is the most infectious neurological disease in the horse?
Name the etiologic agents in equine protozoan myeloencephalitis.
What are the risk factors associated with EPM?
Describe the life cycle of sarcocystis neurona.
Describe the life cycle of neospora hughesi.
Describe the pathogenesis/pathology of EPM.
Don’t stall is a common term when it comes to preventing EPM. What does it stand for?
What are the clinical signs of EPM?
How do we diagnose EPM?
Describe the supportive treatment that we give to horses with EPM.
What is the prognosis for a horse with EPM?
How can we prevent EPM?
List some viral causes of equine inflammatory neurological disease.
Describe the equine herpes virus.
What are the risk factors associated with equine herpes virus?
Describe the transmission of equine herpes virus.
What are the clinical signs of equine herpes virus?
How do we diagnose equine herpes virus?
How do we treat equine herpes virus?
What is the prognosis for equine herpes virus?
How do handle outbreaks of equine herpes virus?
How do we prevent equine herpes virus?
List the mosquito born infections capable of causing an infectious neurological disease in the horse.
What is the mortality of EEE?
Describe the zoonosis, amplification and viremia associated with VEE.
What are the risk factors associated with mosquito born neurological infections in the horse?
What are the transmission of with mosquito born neurological infections in the horse?
What are clinical signs associated with mosquito born neurological infections in the horse?
How do we diagnose mosquito born neurological infections in the horse?
How do we prevent mosquito born neurological infections in the horse?
What are the 3 contagious infectious neurological diseases we find in the horse?
Describe the etiology/epidemiology of equine rabies.
What are the risk factors associated with equine rabies?
What are some precautions we should take when we have a case of equine rabies?
What are the 3 forms of rabies? Describe their clinical signs in the horse.
How do we diagnose equine rabies?
How do we prevent equine rabies?
Describe equine botulism.
What are the 3 different causes of botulism in the horse?
Describe the MOA of botulism.
What are the clinical signs of equine botulism?
How do we diagnose equine botulism?
How do we treat equine botulism?
What is the prognosis for equine botulism?
How do we prevent equine botulism?
Describe tetanus in the equine.
What are the risk factors associated with tetanus in the equine?
What is the MOA of tetanus?
What are the clinical signs of equine tetanus?
How do we diagnose equine tetanus?
How do we treat equine tetanus?
What is the prognosis of equine tetanus?
Describe normal sleep in the horse.
Differentiate between sleep deprivation and narcolepsy/cataplexy in the equine.
How do we diagnose sleep disorders in the horse?
How do we treat sleep disorders in the horse?
Differentiate between a generalized and localized seizure in the horse.
How do we diagnose seizures in the horse?
How do we treat seizures in the horse?
Describe how an intracarotid injection can lead to a seizure in the horse.
Describe how a reaction to procaine penicillin can lead to a seizure in the horse.
What are the four different Arabian foal diseases?
Describe the etiology, clinical signs and diagnoses of juvenile idiopathic epilepsy.
Describe the etiology, clinical signs and diagnoses of lavender foal syndrome.
Differentiate between OAAM in Arabians versus non-Arabian breeds.
Describe the clinical signs of equine OAAM.
What is equine cerebellar abiotrophy?
What are the clinical signs of equine cerebellar abiotrophy?
What is equine shivers?
What are the clinical signs of equine shivers?
What is the pathology of equine shivers?
What does eNAD and EDM stand for?
Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of eNAD/EDM.
Describe the clinical signs of eNAD/EDM.
How do we diagnose eNAD/EDM?
How do we treat eNAD/EDM?
Describe the location, age of onset, compression and cause of type I CVM.
Describe the location, age of onset, compression and cause of type II CVM.
Describe the etiology and risk factors associated with equine CVM.
What are the clinical signs of equine CVM?
Describe how we use radiographs to diagnose equine CVM.
Describe how we use positive contrast myelography to diagnose equine CVM.
Describe the medical treatment for equine CVM.
Describe the surgical treatment for equine CVM.
What is cauda equine syndrome?
What are the clinical signs of cauda equine syndrome?
How do we diagnose cauda equine syndrome?
What is equine motor neuron disease? What is the etiology?
What are the clinical signs of equine motor neuron disease?
How do we diagnose equine motor neuron disease?
What is the treatment and prognosis for equine motor neuron disease?
What is equine grass sickness?
Describe the epidemiology of equine grass sickness.
What are the clinical signs associated with equine grass sickness?
How do we diagnose equine grass sickness?
What is the treatment and prognosis for equine grass sickness?
Describe eNAD/EDM based on the following factors:
- breed
- sex
- age
- hereditary basis?
- vit E deficiency?
- UMN or LMN?*
- mentation/behavior
- recumbency?
- ataxia?
- proprioceptive?
- muscle atrophy?
- fasciculations?
- antemortem test?
Describe EMND based on the following factors:
- breed
- sex
- age
- hereditary basis?
- vit E deficiency?
- UMN or LMN?*
- mentation/behavior
- recumbency?
- ataxia?
- proprioceptive?
- muscle atrophy?
- fasciculations?
- antemortem test?
Describe EMND based on the following factors:
- breed
- sex
- age
- hereditary basis?
- vit E deficiency?
- UMN or LMN?*
- mentation/behavior
- recumbency?
- ataxia?
- proprioceptive?
- muscle atrophy?
- fasciculations?
- antemortem test?
