Small Animal Medicine Exam II (5-16) Flashcards
What are the approximate locations of the various valve along the chest wall?
What happens in the heart when you hear LUB-DUB with your stethoscope?
Describe the S1 heart sound.
Describe the S2 heart sound.
Describe the S3 heart sound.
Describe the S4 heart sound.
What is a gallop rhythm?
What causes a heart murmur? How do we describe them?
Identify the anatomy of the heart in this radiograph.
Identity the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the anatomy in this radiograph.
What structures are enlarged in this radiograph?
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the different structures that make up the heart.
Identify the different structures that make up the heart.
What controls the opening and closing of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle?
The right heart is ___ pressure and provides blood to the ___.
The left heart is ___ pressure and provides blood to the ___.
Identify the different pressures in the different structures of the heart.
Identify the different structures that play a role in the conduction of the heart.
What happens during the p wave of the ECG?
What happens during the QRS portion of the ECG?
What happens during the t wave of the ECG?
Identify the different parts of the ECG.
What is cardiac output and how do you calculate it?
What is the Frank-Starling Law?
What is cardiac preload?
What is cardiac afterload?
When reading an ECG, what questions should you ask?
What is the heart block poem?
How do we calculate the VHS?
What are the four basic echocardiography views of the heart?
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
Identify the electrocardiographic view of the heart.
Draw out the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Where is the blood pressure the highest in the CV system?
Where is most of the blood volume in the CV system?
The systolic blood pressure is not a fixed number, it is typically ___ mmHg greater than diastolic pressures.
How does sympathetic tone affect the CV system?
How does parasympathetic tone affect the CV system?
Define inotrophy.
Define chronotrophy.
Define dromotrophy.
Define lusitrophy.
How is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin II?
Reduced ___ perfusion will activate the RAAS system.
Renal
What effects does angiotensin II have on the body?
Name the different natriuretic peptides. What is their purpose?
Describe atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Describe B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
What is the equation for cardiac output?
What is the equation for cardiac resistance?
What is the equation for total peripheral resistance?
What is the equation for cardiac ejection fraction?
Which is more responsible for congestive heart failure, systolic of diastolic function?
Which is more responsible for low cardiac output, systolic of diastolic function?
Are you more likely to treat abnormal systolic function or abnormal diastolic function?
What is cardiac preload?
What is cardiac afterload?
Describe the general arrangement of circulation.
Name the determinants of the resistance Poiseuille equation.
Which physical mechanism is used primarily to alter vascular resistance?
List some of the common diagnostic tools we use in cardiology.
T/F: Most of the blood volume of the circulation (nearly 75%) resides in the systemic veins.
True
T/F: Most of the systemic vascular resistance is attributable to the micro-circulation (arterioles).
True
T/F: Generalized vasoconstriction of the arterioles changes TPR while vasoconstriction of the veins doesn’t.
True
The highest velocity of the blood flow occurs ____; the lowest velocity of blood flow occurs in the ____.
Blood flow in the arteries is ____ while the blood flow in the systemic veins is ____.
Pressure in the arteries _____, while pressure in the veins is ____.
Describe the term oxygen delivery.
Differentiate between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption.
____ is defined as the volume of blood a vessel can hold at a given pressure.
What is the role of compliance in the maintenance of the cardiovascular system?
______ (think arteries) determines blood flow distribution.
_____ (think veins) determines blood volume distribution.
Label the tracing.
Describe the different cardiac action potentials.
Identify the different refractory periods.
Differentiate between a premature depolarization and escape depolarization.
What is paroxysmal tachycardia?
The ECG standard calibration is ____ cm/Mv. If you wanted to make the QRS complexes smaller, you can ___ the cm/Mv.
What is a normal canine heart rate?
List the normal canine cardiac rhythms.
What is a normal feline heart rate?
List the normal feline cardiac rhythms.
By keeping the ECG leads below the elbows and the knees, you will decrease the chances of ____ artifact.
How can you calculate the heart rate on an ECG printout? (at 50mm/sec and 25 mm/sec)
What does a left atrial enlargement pattern look like on an ECG?
Based on this ECG, what pathology is present?
What does a right ventricular enlargement pattern look like on a n ECG?
What does s a left bundle brand block look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
What does a right bundle branch block look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
How should you approach an arrhythmia diagnosis?
All sinus rhythms originate in the ____.
Sinoatrial node
Describe a normal sinus rhythm.
What does a sinus arrhythmia look like on the ECG?
Differentiate respiratory sinus arrhythmia and a wandering pacemaker.
Both normal!
What does sinus bradycardia look like on ECG?
What does sinus tachycardia look like on ECG?
What does supraventricular premature depolarizations look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology on this ECG.
What does supraventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
What does atrial fibrillation look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
What does a ventricular premature depolarization look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
What does ventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
What does ventricular fibrillation look like on an ECG?
Identify the different waveforms in this ECG.
Differentiate between a junctional and ventricular escape rhythm.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
What is sinus arrest? What does it look like on an ECG?
What is sick sinus syndrome? What does it look like on an ECG?
What is atrial standstill? What does it look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Briefly differentiate between a first, second, and third degree AV block.
List some causes of a first degree AV block.
What does a first degree AV block look like on an ECG?
What does a second degree AV block look like on an ECG?
What are some causes of a second degree AV block?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
List the causes of a third degree AV block.
What does a third degree AV block look like on an ECG?
Identify the pathology in this ECG.
ST segment alterations are non-specific but may indicate _____.
Identify the different ST segment changes.
What information can you gain from a physical exam and auscultation relative to the CV system? (small animal medicine)
Describe the normal heart sounds in the small animal patient.
What is the etiology of an S4 gallop? (small animal medicine)
What is the etiology of an S3 gallop? (small animal medicine)
What is the etiology of a mid-systolic click? (small animal medicine)
Describe a 1/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
Describe a 2/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
Describe a 3/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
Describe a 4/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
Describe a 5/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
Describe a 6/6 heart murmur. (small animal medicine)
Where are the different cardiac auscultation locations in the small animal?
Name and describe the different kinds of systolic murmurs in the small animal.
Name and describe the different kinds of diastolic murmurs in the small animal.
Name and describe the different kinds of continuous murmurs in the small animal.
What are some of the different causes of pulmonary crackles? (small animal medicine)
How should we evaluate RR/RE in our small animal patients? What is normal?
Describe the significant of a cough in our small animal patients when evaluating their CV system.
What are some terms we use to describe arterial pulses in our small animal patients?
What is the significant of ascites found in our CV exam of a small animal patient?
What can the jugular vein tell us in our small animal patients?
What are some of the indications for thoracic radiographs in our small animal patients?
What questions can be answered from thoracic radiographs? (small animal medicine)
What do thoracic radiographs miss? (small animal medicine)
What are some structures of cardiovascular interest in thoracic radiographs? (small animal medicine)
Which lateral thorax radiograph is more common when trying to evaluate the CV system?
You small animal patient is dyspneic but you need to get thoracic radiographs. Which is more appropriate, a DV or VD?
How do the CV structures differ in a thoracic radiograph of a deep chested dog?
How do the CV structures differ in a thoracic radiograph of a barrel chested dog?
This is a normal thoracic radiograph of a ____.
This is a normal thoracic radiograph of a ____.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
How would you know if the heart is big in your canine and feline patients?
What is a normal canine vertebral heart size?
What is a normal feline vertebral heart size?
What does a vertebral left atrial size tell us in our canine or feline patients?
Describe how to measure/calculate a vertebral left atrial size? (small animal medicine)
Is this small animal thoracic radiograph normal?
Is this small animal thoracic radiograph normal?
Identify the structures in the small animal thoracic radiograph.
What are your differentials if both the pulmonary arteries and veins are small on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
What are your differentials if both the pulmonary arteries and veins are big on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
What are your differentials if only the pulmonary artery is big on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
What are your differentials if only the pulmonary vein is big on radiographs? (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathology in this thoracic radiograph. (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathology in this thoracic radiograph. (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathology in this thoracic radiograph. (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathology in this small animal thoracic radiograph.
If your canine/feline patient is hypovolemic what would you expect to see on their thoracic radiograph?
A caudal vena cava to aorta ratio that is greater than ___ suggests right sides heart disease.
Identify the pathology in this small animal thoracic radiograph.
List the structures of pulmonary interest when evaluating a thoracic radiograph in your small animal patient.
Identify the different areas that make up the pulmonary portion of a thoracic radiograph.
List the different pulmonary patterns that exist.
What are your differentials for an interstitial pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
What are your differentials for a bronchial pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
What are your differentials for an alveolar pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
Identify the pathological lung pattern.
What are your differentials for a vascular pattern in the lungs? (small animal medicine)
Identify the pathological lung pattern in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
What are some common tracheal pathologies we may see in our small animal thoracic radiographs?
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Describe e what pleural effusion looks like on thoracic radiographs.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
What does pericardial effusion look like on thoracic radiographs?
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
In CV cases, should you routinely get 2 views or 3 views? (small animal medicine)
In dogs and cats, a systolic blood pressure less than ___ mmHg is considered hypotension. A MAP of less than ___ mmHg is problematic.
In most cats and dogs with chronic CHF, you want a BP grater than ___ mmHg.
Dogs typically have a systolic blood pressure greater than __mmHg while cats have it less than ___ mmHg.
How do we measure blood pressure in our small animal patients?
What are some situations where we want to measure systemic blood pressure in our small animal patients?
What is a cardiac biomarker?
Name and describe the different leakage cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
Name and describe the different functional cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
Describe troponin I and troponin T as cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
Describe C-BNP as cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
Describe NT-proBNP as cardiac biomarkers in our small animal patients.
____ testing can help differentiate if a cough is due to CHF or respiratory disease.
BNP testing can help us identify animals with ___ heart disease.
When should you use a SNAP NT-proBNP in cats?
Natriuretic peptides are a _____, the gold standard remains _____.
List the different kinds of echo modes we can use during echocardiography. (small animal medicine)
What will you see on echo of a small animal patient with pericardial effusion?
The left atrium MUST be enlarged in animals with _____.
What are the goals of a focused echo exam in our small animal patient?
How can we differentiate CHF for respiratory disease in dogs?
How can we differentiate CHF for respiratory disease in cats?
____ suggests there is active fluid accumulation (ascites, edema).
Define left sided congestive heart failure.
Define right sided congestive heart failure.
Forward heart failure is synonymous with low ____.
Describe Stage A heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
Describe Stage B heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
Describe Stage C heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
Describe Stage D heart disease according the the ACVIM/ECVIM stages of heart disease.
What are the most important tests/signs to confirm congestive heart failure? (small animal medicine)
How do we pick drugs to treat heart disease in veterinary medicine?
What are the most common causes of death in dogs and cats with CHF?
What are the most common CHF drugs that we use in small animal medicine?
Initial treatment for CHF in small animals includes a 4 drug regimen, what are they?
Describe the use of furosemide in treating CHF in small animal patients.
What are the side effects of furosemide? (small animal medicine)
What are the different ways we use furosemide in our small animal patients with CHF?
Describe the use of pimobendan in treating CHF. (small animal medicine)
What are the possible side effects of pimobendan in small animal patients?
Describe the use of pimobendan in cats.
How do we use pimobendan off label? (small animal medicine)
What positive effects do ACE inhibitors have in small animal patients?
Why do we use ACE inhibitors in our small animal patients?
What are the therapeutic recommendations for using ACE inhibitors? (small animal medicine)
What are the possible side effects of ACE inhibitors?
What are the side effects of spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
What are the side effects of spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
What are the side effects of spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
What are the effects of benazepril and spironolactone? (small animal medicine)
When is a thoracentesis indicated?
When is an abdominocentesis indicated? (small animal medicine)
What should our dietary recommendations be in our patients with CHF? (small animal medicine)
When should we recommend exercise restriction in our small animal patients with CHF?
What are some reasons to recurrent CHF in our small animal patients?
Describe the different antiarrythmic drugs based on the Vaughan-Williams classification. (small animal medicine)
____ is a cardiac glycoside that is used as an antiarrhythmic drug in small animal medicine.
Digitalis
Describe class 1A antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
Describe class 1B antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
Describe class 1B antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
Describe class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
Describe the clinical use of lidocaine in small animal medicine.
Describe the clinical use of mexiletine in small animal medicine.
Describe the clinical use of quinidine in small animal medicine.
Describe the clinical use of procainamide in small animal medicine.
List the different class II antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
Describe the clinical use of class II antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine.
What are the side effects of class II antiarrhythmic drugs? (small animal medicine)
What are the different class III antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine? What are they used for?
What are the different class IV antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine?
What are the clinical uses class IV antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine?
What are the side effects of class IV antiarrhythmic drugs used in small animal medicine?
What is digitalize glycoside used for in small animal medicine? What are its two main effects?
What ECG changes would you expect to see in your small animal patient treated with digitalis?
What are the signs of digitalis intoxication in small animals?
How do we monitor digoxin concentrations in our small animal patients?
What are the potential effects of cardiac arrhythmias in our small animal patients?
Describe what a sinus rhythm looks like on ECG. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Describe what a sinus arrhythmia looks like on ECG. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. What is the treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
What are the different treatment options for supraventricular tachycardia? (small animal medicine)
Describe the use of vagal maneuver to correct an arrhythmia. (small animal medicine)
What is the main indication for diltizem? What are the side effects? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
How does the presence or absence of heart disease affect our treatment for atrial fibrillation in our small animal patients?
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation if there is significant heart disease? (small animal medicine)
What is the optional heart rate during atrial fibrillation? (small animal medicine)
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation if there is no significant heart disease? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
How do we manage ventricular arrhythmias in the short term and the long term? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, does it need treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, does it need treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, does it need treatment? (small animal medicine)
What are the indications for defibrillation in our small animal patients?
What is defibrillation?
Defibrillation chances of restoring a pulse decrease rapidly with ____.
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
What is the treatment for sick sinus syndrome? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
What are the causes of atrial standstill? (small animal medicine)
What are the treatment options for atrial standstill in our small animal patients?
Identify the rhythm, does it require treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, does it require treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, does it require treatment? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, is treatment required? (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm. (small animal medicine)
Identify the rhythm, is treatment required? (small animal medicine)
What are the different therapeutic options for bradycardias? (small animal medicine)
How would you preform an atropine response test?
List the different kinds of cardiac pacemakers we have in small animal medicine.
What do we know about the effects of pacemakers in our small animal patients?
____ abounds to 5% of heart diseases in dogs and cats.
Congenital Heart disease
What are the different congenial heart diseases we see in our small animal patients?
What are the most common congenital heart diseases found in cats?
What are the most common congenital heart diseases found in dogs?
Describe your clinical approach to congenial heart disease. (small animal medicine)
What is patent ductus arteriosus? What are the outcomes?
What clinical signs and history are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
What physical exam findings are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
What ECG findings are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
What thoracic radiographic findings are most consistent with patent ductus arteriosus?
What are the minimally invasive treatment options for patent ductus arteriosus? (small animal medicine)
Describe a thoracotomy as a treatment option for patent ductus arteriosus.
Compare and contrast the different treatment options for patent ductus arteriosus.
What is pulmonic stenosis? What are the consequences? (small animal medicine)
List some canine breeds that are predisposed to pulmonic stenosis.
Describe the clinical signs and history consistent with pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the physical exam findings consistent with pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the thoracic radiographic findings consistent with pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the different Doppler gradients we may see in pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
What are the classical findings in a dog/cat with pulmonic stenosis?
Describe the use of a balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe aortic stenosis in our small animal patients.
Describe subvalvular aortic stenosis in our small animal patients.
What are some of the canine breeds predisposed to subaortic stenosis?
Describe the clinical signs and history consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the physical exam findings consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the ECG findings consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the thoracic radiographic signs consistent with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
Describe the different Doppler gradients we can see with subaortic stenosis. (small animal medicine)
What are the treatment options for subaortic stenosis? (small animal medicine)
What are the classical findings for a dog/cat with subaortic stenosis?
How can we use OFA screening to help diagnose early subaortic stenosis? (small animal medicine)
What is a ventricular septal defect? (small animal medicine?
What are the consequences of a ventricular septal defect? What canine breeds are predisposed?
.
What physical exam findings are most consistent with a ventricular septal defects? (small animal medicine)
What ECG findings are most consistent with a ventricular septal defects? (small animal medicine)
What thoracic radiographic findings are most consistent with a ventricular septal defects? (small animal medicine)
What are the different therapeutic options for ventricular septal defects in cats/dogs?
What are the classification findings for a dog/cat with a ventricular septal defect?
What is an atrium septal defect? What breeds are predisposed? (small animal medicine)
What canine breeds are predisposed to an atrial septal defect?
What auscultation findings would you expect in a dog with an atrial septal defect?
What is AV valve dysplasia? (small animal medicine)
What are the cardiac consequences of AV valve dysplasia? (small animal medicine)
List some of the the defects associated with right to left shunting and cyanosis. (small animal medicine)
What are some problems associated with right to left shunting? (small animal medicine)
What are the 4 pathologies that make up tetrology of fallot? (small animal medicine)
What are the classical findings of a dog/cat with tetralogy of fallot?
What are the consequences of right to left VSD? (small animal medicine)
What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome? (small animal medicine)
Describe Cor Triatriatum Dexter in dogs.
Describe Cor Triatriatum Sinister in cats.
Describe supravalvular mitral stenosis in cats.
