Equine Medicine & Surgery Exam II (16-21) Flashcards
Identify what is happening at different points of the diagram.
In horses, atrial fibrillation occurs almost exclusively in _____ while arrhythmias occur oftentimes in ___ horses.
Large (no foals/ponies) ; athletic
What are the different diagnostic tools we have to assist our cardiovascular exam of the equine?
How do we assess peripheral perfusion in the equine?
What are the 3 reasons we palpate pulses in the equine?
What information can pulse quality give us in the equine?
What do we look for in the jugular vein of horses as part for our CV exam?
What are some causes of peripheral edema in the horse? Where can it most often be found?
How do we evaluate the respiratory system in the equine?
What are some of the clinical signs of pulmonary edema in the horse?
What are the main reasonings why we perform cardiac auscultations in the equine?
What should you be evaluating during your cardiac auscultation on the horse?
What is the normal heart rate of a horse at rest?
What occurs during the different heart sounds? How does this align with systole and diastole?
____ is defined as cardiac contraction/ejection and occurs from S1 to S2.
_____ is defined as cardiac relaxation and filling and occurs during S2 to S1.
Is this systole or diastole?
Describe what occurs during systole.
Is this systole or diastole?
Describe what happens during diastole.
What are the different ways we characterize and describe heart murmurs?
Describe the different heart murmur grades.
List the regurgitation murmurs that occur in the horse.
Describe systolic regurgitation murmurs (equine).
Describe diastolic regurgitation murmurs (equine).
Describe the timing/durations of heart murmurs and how they’re described.
List the different qualities/pitches of heart murmurs.
A murmur audible between S1 and S2 on the left side is coming from which valve?
Mitral
A murmur audible between S1 and S2 on the right is coming from which valve?
Tricuspid
A murmur audible between S2 and S1 on the left is coming from which valve?
Aortic (pulmonary extremely rare)
List the different regular cardiac rhythms in the equine.
List the different regularly irregular cardiac rhythms in the equine.
List the different irregularly irregular cardiac rhythms in the equine.
What the different indications for an echocardiogram in the equine?
What should you be assessing during your echocardiogram of an equine horse?
Describe m-mode echocardiograms.
Describe Doppler echocardiography.
What are some limitations to cardiac echocardiography?
What are the indications for an ECG in a horse?
What is the role of the sino-atrial node in the conduction on the heart?
What is the role of the atrio-ventricular node in the conduction on the heart?
What is the role of the bundle branches / Purkinje fibers in the conduction on the heart?
What is a physiologic arrhythmia in horses and athletes that does away with exercise?
Second degree AV block
List the equipment needed to perform an ECG in a horse.
What are the different types of ECGs we use in equine medicine?
What are the different ways we evaluate arrhythmias in horses?
What are the different laboratory tests we can use as part of our CV exam on the horse?
I’m
What are the different cardiac enzymes and proteins we test for as part of our CV exam of the horse?
Describe the use of cardiac troponin I in equine medicine?
What are some other, less commonly used tests as part of the CV exam in the horse?
Name the different structures that make up the conduction system of the heart.
What are the different parts of the ECG you should look at to assist your interpretation? (equine medicine)
_____ is a cardiac arrhythmia that can be described as a battle for leadership ensuing chaos.
_____ is the most common cardiovascular cause of poor performance in horses.
Atrial fibrillation
What is the etiology of atrial fibrillation in horses?
What are the consequences of atrial fibrillation in horses?
What will you see on physical exam of a horse with atrial fibrillation?
What will you see on the ECG of a horse with atrial fibrillation?
How do we diagnose atrial fibrillation in the horse?
When should we pursue treatment for atrial fibrillation in horses?
Describe the medical treatment for atrial fibrillation in the horse.
What are the risks and secondary effects due to quinidine sulfate in the horse?
What are some factor you need to consider prior to treating atrial fibrillation in horses?
Describe the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses.
____ is an arrhythmia that can be described as an isolated hit and run attack.
What is the etiology of APC in horses?
What are the consequences of APC in horses?
What will you hear on auscultation of a horse with APC?
What will a you see on the ECG of a horse with APC?
Describe physiologic APC in the horse.
Describe pathological APC in the horse.
Describe the etiology and origin of sinus arrhythmias in the horse.
Describe the frequency and appearance of sinus arrhythmias in the horse.
What will you hear on auscultation of horses with sinus arrhythmias?
What will you see on the ECG of a horse with a sinus arrhythmias?
What are the clinical signs of a physiological sinus arrhythmias in the horse?
What are the clinical signs of a pathological sinus arrhythmias in the horse?
Describe the etiology, origin, and consequences of 2nd degree AV blocks in the horse.
____ is the most frequent physiologic arrhythmias in horses.
What will you hear on auscultation of a horse with a 2nd degree AV block?
What will you see on the ECG of a horse with a 2nd degree AV block?
Describe an advanced 2nd degree AV block in the horse.
What is the treatment and prognosis for an advanced 2nd degree AV block in the horse?
What is the etiology and consequences of VPCs in horses?
What will you hear on auscultation of a horse with VPC?
What will you see on the ECG of a horse with a VPC?
Describe physiologic VPCs in the horse.
Describe pathological VPCs in the horse.
Define ventricular tachycardia (horses). What will you hear on auscultation?
What is the prognosis and treatment of ventricular tachycardia in horses?
What is the prognosis and treatment of ventricular tachycardia in horses?
What do you see in the equine ECG?
What do you see in the equine ECG?
What do you see in the equine ECG?
What do you see in the equine ECG?
If there is a leak in the AV valve, what kind of murmur would you expect?
If there is a leak in the semilunar valve, what kind of murmur would you expect?
In general, physiologic murmurs are _____ and _____.
Shorter and softer
We use ______ to locate valvular insufficiency and regurgitations.
Auscultation
What are the clinical signs of valvular insufficiency and regurgitations in horses?
Describe the diagnostic approach to valvular insufficiency and regurgitation in horses.
Acquired murmurs are all ____ murmurs.
Regurgitation
In horses, ____ is most likely to affect performance and most likely to evolve and cause heart failure.
Mitral valve regurgitation
A systolic murmur best heard on the right side is likely coming from the ____.
Tricuspid valve
Describe the etiology of mitral valve regurgitation in horses.
Describe the consequences of mitral valve regurgitation in horses.
What will you hear on auscultation in a horse with mitral valve regurgitation?
What are the clinical signs associated with mitral valve regurgitation in horses?
How do we diagnose mitral valve regurgitation in horses?
Under what conditions, would the prognosis for a horse with mitral valve regurgitation be good?
Under what conditions, would the prognosis for a horse with mitral valve regurgitation be guarded?
What are some of the critical factors that affect the prognosis of a horse with mitral valve regurgitation?
Rupture of the mitral valve (or chordinae tendinae) leads to ____.
Pulmonary edema
______ is a murmur that is most frankly found in older horses (>10 years). Its severity is not proportional to the intensity of the murmur.
What is the etiology of aortic valve regurgitation in horses?
What are the consequences of aortic valve regurgitation in horses?
You are examining a horse with aortic valve regurgitation, what pulse would you expect to feel?
What will you hear on auscultation of a horse with aortic valve regurgitation?
How do we diagnose aortic valve regurgitation in horses?
Under what conditions would the prognosis of a horse with aortic valve regurgitation be good?
Under what conditions would the prognosis of a horse with aortic valve regurgitation be guarded?
What factors play a role in the prognosis of aortic valve regurgitation in horses?
_____ is a murmur that is common in athletic horses. The intensity of the murmur increases with training.
What is the etiology of tricuspid valve regurgitation in horses?
What are the consequences of tricuspid valve regurgitation in horses?
What will you hear on auscultation in a horse with tricuspid valve regurgitation?
How do we diagnose tricuspid valve regurgitation in horses?
What is the prognosis for tricuspid valve regurgitation in horses?
What is infective endocarditis? What is the etiology in horses?
What are the clinical signs of infective endocarditis in horse?
How do we diagnose infective endocarditis in horses?
What is the treatment for infective endocarditis in the horse?
What is the prognosis for infective endocarditis in the horse?
What presentations should make you suspect congenital heart diseases in a horse?
What are your CV differentials for a horse with cyanosis?
____ is the most common cardiac malformation in the horse.
Describe ventricular septal defects in horses. What is the etiology?
What are the consequences of a VSD in horses?
What are the clinical signs associated with VSD in horses?
What will you hear on auscultation in a horse with a VSD?
How do we diagnose VSD in horses?
List the prognostic factors for a horse with VSD.
What is patent ductus arteriosus? What is the etiology in horses?
What will you hear on auscultation in a horse with PDA?
What is tetralogy and pentalogy of fallot? What is the etiology in horses?
What are the clinical signs of tetralogy and pentalogy of fallot in horses?
What is the most common site for endocarditis in the horse?
Aortic regurgitation is most frequent in what type of horse?
Describe the etiology of pericarditis in horses.
What are the risk factors associated with pericarditis in horses?
What is the pathophysiology of pericarditis in horses? What are the 3 forms?
What are the clinical signs of pericarditis in horses?
How do we diagnose pericarditis in the horse?
How do we treat pericarditis in the horse?
What is the prognosis for pericarditis in the horse?
Differentiate between myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis.
Differentiate between the clinical signs of heart failure that’s right sides versus left sided.
Define myocarditis.
What is the etiology of myocarditis in the horse?
Describe the pathophysiology of myocarditis in the horse.
What are the clinical signs of myocarditis in the horse?
How do we diagnose myocarditis in the horse? What would you expect to see on the different diagnostic tools?
What is the treatment for myocarditis in the horse?
List the different kinds of toxic injuries to the myocardium that occurs in horses.
Describe the etiology and history consistent with ionophore toxicity in the horse.
Horses are uniquely sensitive to ____, _____, and ____.
What are the clinical signs consistent with ionophore toxicity in horse?
How do we diagnose ionophore toxicity in the horse? What would you expect to see on the different diagnostic tools?
What is the treatment for ionophore toxicity in the horse?
What is the etiology of blister beetle toxicosis in horses?
What are the clinical signs of blister beetle toxicosis in horses?
How do we diagnose blister beetle toxicosis in the horse?
What is the treatment for blister beetle toxicosis in the horse?
What are the different kinds of peripheral vascular diseases that horses get?
Define vasculitis.
What is the etiology of vasculitis in the horse?
What are the clinical signs of vasculitis in the horse?
What is an aneurysm?
What is the etiology of aneurysm in horses?
Define thrombosis.
What is the etiology of thrombosis in horses?
What is an embolism?
What is the etiology of an embolism in the horse?
Describe the etiology, clinical signs and pathophysiology associated with Equine Purpura Hemorrhagica (EPH).
How do we diagnose EPH? What is the treatment?
Define thrombophlebitis. What is the etiology in horses?
What are the clinical signs associated with thrombophlebitis in the horse?
How do we diagnose and treat thrombophlebitis in the horse?
What is the etiology and clinical signs associated with aortoiliac thrombosis in horses?
Describe the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment for aortoiliac thrombosis in horses.
Describe the most common signalment and clinical signs associated with aortic root rupture / aortopulmonary fistulation in the horse.
How do we diagnose aortic root rupture or aortopulmonary fistulation in the horse?
